Methyl Bromide (MB) has been regulated by montreal protocol due to ozone depletion since 1992, and there is a need to develop MB alternative fumigation methods. To find out the efficacies and tolerance in developmental stages of citrus mealybugs (Planococcus citri) which frequently infested in imported pineapples, phosphine(PH3) gas was tested in different exposure times (2~24 hr) and concentrations (0.1∼2g/m3) in small desiccators at 8℃. Based on Lethal 99% concentration × time products (LCTP 99%) of PH3 gas to target developmental insect, 2g/m3 PH3 was applied for 24 hr in 300 m3 fumigation facility, which was designed in well sealed and evacuation system (5 air exchange/min). We monitored PH3 gas in fumigation facility to confirm CTP and checked PH3 gas in atmospheres in air ventiliation process after fumigations to make quarantine guideline and protocol for worker safety as well as efficacy to target pest.

Kang Mi-young and Lee Bolami. 2013. A Study on the Strategy of Approach for Language Policy from the Perspective of Interculturalism: Focus on the Projects of Korean Language Spread Policy Overseas. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). The purpose of this paper is to consider possible strategies for spreading the Korean Language overseas based on ‘Interculturalism’. Firstly, this paper tries to determine the meaning of Language policy based on ‘Interculturalism’ by discussing several philosophical theories on intercultural relationships: Cultural pluralism, Multiculturalism, Intercultural (Education) and Cultural relativism among others. From these theories, this paper elicits two basic premises into the strategy for realization of interculturalism: (1) interaction based on the equal rights and (2) recognition of the unique and inherent value of individual culture. These premises can be enforced by maximizing free choice volition of recipient of the culture (including Korean as a foreign language or second language). This paper expects a mature Korean language spread policy based on interculturalism - which prefers intercultural relationship to education efficiency - to King Sejong Institute and Nuri-King Sejong Institute which are well known as an offline and online institution respectively, for teaching and promoting Korean language and culture to people who want to learn Korean as a foreign language or second language. (172 words)

The recent development in genetic assisted selection (combining traditional- and genome assisted selection method) and reproduction technologies will allow multiplying elite cow in Hanwoo small farm. This review describes the new context and corresponding needs for genome assisted selection schemes and how reproductive technologies can be incorporated to get more genetic gain for cow genetic improvement in Hanwoo. New improved massive phenotypes and pedigree information are being generated from commercial farm sector and these are allowing to do genetic evaluation using BLUP to get elite cows in Korea. Moreover cattle genome information can now be incorporated into breeding program. In this context, this review will discuss about combining the reproductive techniques (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer; MOET) and genome assisted selection method to get more genetic gain in Hanwoo breeding program. Finally, how these technologies can be used for multiplication of elite cow in small farm was discussed.

Stick insect has several peculiarities like parthenogenesis, unique external features and dropping oviposition, so it is very hopeful to use for industrial insect. The oviposition was established by only female without fertilization with sperm of male which was not discovered during this study. The oviposition period was 37.3±14.9 days and the number of eggs per female was 41.5±16.5 eggs. The hatchability was 73.3% at 25℃and 66.7% after low temperature treatment(8℃, 60 days). The developmental periods and the length of egg were 100.9±4.2 days and 0.33±0.0cm, respectively, and the adult's life span was 49.7±16.0days. Differently other research which reported five nymph stage, the developmental stages of nymph showed five(62.9%) or six(37.1%) stages. The duration and the length of nymph increased according to the increase of nymph stage. Stick insect preferred the leaf of American locust, White oak, Chestnut, Bush clover in order but could be reared with food of the leaf of all these trees. Stick insects are herbivorus but made an attack each other when encountered in the small space. For sustaining mass rearing of stick insect, it is needed that the development of artificial diet and high density rearing method.

Effects of Vegemil® containing soybean proteins and isoflavones on the growth and bone density of broiler chickens were investigated. One-week-old male and female Arbor Acres broiler chickens were fed on Vegemil® A containing 3% soybean proteins and 162 ppm isoflavones, instead of water, for 30 days and their growth indices (body weight, leg weight and femur length) and bone density were analyzed. The body weight gains in male and female chickens were increased by 15.6% and 31.7%, respectively, following feeding Vegemil® A compared to normal water. Vegemil® A increased leg weight as well as femur length of females by 22.9% and 15.0%, respectively. In addition, Vegemil® A feeding enhanced femoral bone density by 21.3% in comparison with water feeding. Therefore, it is suggested that Vegemil® A not only facilitates body growth, but also strengthens bone density of normal chickens, and that it could be a promising candidate for the improvement of infant growth and for the prevention of menopausal osteoporosis.

The tribe Atimiini LeConte containing two genera (Atimia and Paratimia) and about 12 species is distributed in East Asia and North America. The systematic position of the Atimiini has long puzzled the Coleopterist due to the Lamiid-like aspect of the Atimia. But the Atimiini has regarded as a tribe of the subfamily Aseminae since Webb (1912) associated the Atimia with the Asemum on the basis of larval characters. The tribe is very specialized in food habits, the species of Atimia are all restricted to trees of the Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae, including Cupressus, Libocedrus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Taxodium, Sequoia, and their relatives. Members of the Atimiini are characterized by the combination of following features: head transverse, front short, vertical, mouthparts nearly horizontal; antennae 11-segmented, shorter than the body in both sexes, eyes large, moderately granulated, deeply emarginate, embracing antennal insertion; labrum transverse, ciliated; palpi unequal in length, the maxillary longer; pronotum quadrate, transverse; anterior coxae rounded, cavities usually not angulated, completely closed behind; mesonotum with a large, divided, stridulatory area; scutellum subquadrate; intermediate coxal cavities closed; metasternum deeply emarginate posteriorly, metepisterna narrow, attenuated behind; legs short; femora feebly clavate; tibiae armed with short spurs; wings with a closed cell in the anal sector. Here, we report the tribe Atimiini for the first time in Korea based on provisional identified species, Atimia spec. okayamensis Hayashi. We also provide a diagnosis, habitus photo, and drawings of diagnostic characters.

This study is Korean traditional heating system, named 'AZABANG'. Ondol characterized by" Azabang "is dated back to 119 AD and it has approximately 2000 years history. Among various kinds of traditional radiant floor heating system, Ondol is the most reasonable and scientific one. This type of imaginative Ondol which have superior ability to keep temperature during a long period, roughly I 00 days could be attributable to the special structural pattern . The Ondol characterized by ''Azabang" represents extraordinary creativeness originated from Korean traditional culture and at the same time, it is the significant evidence that those missing historical rings, in some degree, have been connected. Therefore we well do our best to apply the scientific and reasonable concept into the real world.

Ondol is a traditional heating system in Korea. After new building type, apartment was introduced from western world around 1960, there have been dynamic changes in heating system in apartment. At first, designers supposed that apartment should match to the stand-up-living-style and the radiator system regardless traditional life style. Dwellers, however, didn't accept such a heating system even though the increase of the use of standing type furnitures such as bed, sofa, table, sink etc. Nowadays, Ondol is facilitated to the entire of the home even to the living room and dining/kitchen which radiator system was supposed to be accepted by designers. This try and error process shows that heating system is not only the physical facility itself, but also the cultural element reflecting the properties of way of life. And also it prove that one culture can not substitute the other culture, but merely conflict, mediated each other.

일반촬영의 저관전압 촬영에서 발생되는 저 에너지 X-선은 신체에 흡수가 많고 영상 품질 향상에는 도 움을 주지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 일반 촬영에서 적정 농도를 유지하면서 환자의 피폭 선량을 줄이기 위해 농도에 따른 관전압 15%법칙과 농도에 비례하는 관전류량을 이용하여 면적 선량과 입사표면선량을 측정 하여 환자의 피폭선량을 비교하였다. Hand, Knee, Abdomen, Skull 촬영에서 kVp를 115%까지 증가하면서 mAs를 50%까지 감소시키고, kVp를 85%까지 감소시키고 mAs를 200%까지 증가시키면서 면적선량과 입사표 면선량을 측정하여 각각의 선량을 비교하였다. 그리고 각 영상의 5군데를 정하여 농도를 측정하고 Kruskal wallis H 검증을 하여 집단–간의 유의확률을 알아보았다. 농도를 일정하게하기 위해 관전압을 115%로 증가 하고, 관전류를 50%로 감소시킨 조건에서 각 부위별 평균 면적선량과 입사표면선량을 측정한 결과 기준 선량을 100%로 할 때 각각 58.68%, 59.85%로 감소하고, 관전압을 85%로 감소하고 관전류를 200%로 증가시킨 조건에서 각각 147.28%, 159.9%로 증가하였다. 농도 변화를 비교한 결과 Hand, Knee, Abdomen, Skull 촬영 모두 유의확률 >0.05 나타나 농도 변화는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 해상력과 대조도에 영향을 주지 않는 범위에서 적정한 계산을 통해 관전압을 증가시키고 관전류를 낮게 해서 촬영하는 것이 적정농도를 유지하면서 환자의 피폭 선량을 줄이는 간단한 방법으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the method of estimating the areal precipitation reflecting the altitude of the mountainous terrain on Jeju Island by comparing and analyzing the areal precipitation using the Thiessen polygon method and the isohyetal method in mountainous streams. In terms of constructing the Thiessen polygon network, rainfall errors occurred in 94.5% and 45.8% of the Thiessen area ratio of the Jeju and Ara stations, respectively. This resulted in large areal precipitation and errors using the isohyetal method at altitudes below 600 m in the target watershed. In contrast, there were small errors in the highlands. Rainfall errors occurred in 18.91% of the Thiessen area ratio of Eorimok, 2.41% of Witseoreum, and 2.84% of Azalea Field because of the altitudinal influence of stations located in the highlands at altitudes above 600 m. Based on the areal precipitation estimation using the Thiessen polygon method, it was considered to be partially applicable to streams on Jeju Island depending on the altitude. However, the method is not suitable for mountainous streams such as the streams on Jeju Island because errors occur with altitude. Therefore, the isohyetal method is considered to be more suitable as it considers the locations of the rainfall stations and the orographic effect and because there are no errors with altitude.

현재 Neck CT의 경우 Thyroid와 같은 표재성 장기의 피폭을 줄이기 위해 Bismuth 차폐체를 많이 사용하 고 있다. 그러나 Bismuth 차폐체의 경우 표재성 장기 부근에서 선속 경화현상이 많이 발생하고 CT Number, Noise, Uniformity값의 변동이 심하게 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 주위에서 쉽게 구할 수 있고 가공성이 좋은 Aluminum과 Silicone을 이용하여 기존의 Bismuth 차폐체와 비교하여 차폐체로서의 유용성을 알아보았다. Bismuth(0.06 mmPb)와 차폐율이 비슷한 두께의 Aluminum 7.3mm와 Silicone 21.5mm를 제작하였다. 팬텀 (RS-108T)의 Thyroid부근에 TLD(TLD-100)을 올려놓고 각각 5회씩 선량을 측정하였다. 화질 비교를 위해 N eck CT 영상에서 Thyroid 부근 axial영상의 CT Number와 Noise의 변화를 비교하였다. 그리고AAPM팬텀의 영상에서 각각 CT Number와 Noise, Uniformity의 변화를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과에서 Thyroid에 대한 차 폐체별 선량 비교에서 Non-Shield에 비해 Bismuth 차폐체가 14%, Silicone 21.5mm 15%, Aluminum 7.3mm 1 3%가 감소되었다. 통계적으로 Bismuth 차폐체와 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. Thyroid 부근 영상의 CT Number의 변화에서는 Bismuth 차폐체의 변동이 가장 크게 나타났다. AAPM팬텀 영상평가의 Unifor mity 평가에서는 Bismuth차폐체는 부적합으로 Aluminum 7.3mm와 Silicone 21.5mm은 합격기준을 만족하였다. 연구결과 현재 임상에 사용되고 있는 고가의 Bismuth 차폐체와 비교하여 차폐율에서 Aluminum 7.3mm와 Silicone 21.5mm은 비슷한 차폐율을 나타냈으며, 팬텀 영상평가의 항목인 CT Number의 감약 계수 변동, No ise, Uniformity의 비교 실험에서 Bismuth 차폐체보다 우수하게 나타났다. Aluminum과 Silicone을 이용하여 표재성 장기의 크기에 맞게 다양한 차폐체를 만들어 사용한다면 환자 선량을 감쇠시키는데 유용할 것으로 판단된다.