Scholars have classified guilt as, anticipatory, reactive, and existential guilt. Past studies show that specific types of guilt appeals are more effective in advertising (e.g. Lindsey, 2005). However, researchers have mostly relied on the use of unified guilt to investigate advertising effectiveness. Thus the paper highlights the inherent need to investigate a specific type of guilt, namely anticipatory guilt in a luxury branding context. The paper will fill this gap by measuring consumer’s reactions to anticipatory guilt within two luxury product categories (non-durable and durable). The research is one of the first to explore anticipatory guilt in a luxury advertising context. Considering the importance of the guilt appeals in advertising, the paper provides a comparison of anticipatory guilt under three different conditions. Thus, it provides a greater understanding of an advertising tool for practitioners and scholars.
미술사에서 소위 이성적인 예술이라 일컬어지는 솔 르윗의 작품은 수학에 연관되어 논의되어 왔다. 그러나 역사적 정황은 모호하다. 즉 르윗은 1960년대 초 이래 수학에 의거하여 기하학적 외견을 보이는 작품을 제작하면서도, 동시에 수학의 중요성에 반론을 제기한다. 이 논문은 솔 르윗의 작품 <벽면구성(Wall Structure)> (1963), <연속작업 #1 (Serial Project #1) (ABCD)> (1966), <미완 입방체의 모든 변형체 (All Variations of Incomplete Cubes)> (1974) 를 비교분석하고 이에 대한 미술사적인 담론을 재구성함으로써 그가 “예술적-수학적” 작업을 변경한 방식을 고찰한다. 그리고 그 작품에서 보여지는 수학적인 내용, 특히 그가 사용한 법칙이 어떻게 차별화되며 작가의 의도에 어떻게 연관되는지를 살펴본다. 따라서 이 논문은 자신의 작품이 수학적이고 이성적인 작품이라고 이해되는 것에서 탈피하고자 하는 취지에서 르윗이 예술과 수학 간의 상호관계를 규정하는 것을 고찰하고자 한다.
Research on medical tourism (MT) has focused more attention on the growing supply side of the market than the demand side (Gan & Frederick, 2013). There is a need therefore for more research to better understand the demand aspects of this growing industry. Most of the research on MT consumers focuses on two main factors for deciding to travel abroad for medical care: cost and quality of the service (Gan & Frederick, 2013; Lunt et al., 2011). Since both outcome and process healthcare service quality (SQ) remain a concern for medical tourists (Gan & Frederick, 2013; Lunt et al., 2011), it is important to understand medical tourists’ perceptions of their international patient experience. This study aims to investigate this topic, and address the demand side research gap, by content analyzing the online testimonials of medical tourists, who traveled to Thailand for medical care, through a SQ lens. By doing so, this research strives to provide a first-person perspective of Thailand’s MT SQ. No other studies in the MT literature have been identified that used this approach to investigate MT SQ.
This study focuses on Singaporeans’ perceptions of ecotourism products. Singapore is a highly urban country with very little green areas. Most of Singapore’s green spaces are man-made. Because of the lack of natural environment as compared to other Asian countries, such as Taiwan, Japan and China, Singaporeans generally have very little exposure, understanding and appreciation of eco-products. This study attempts to add knowledge to the understanding of urban residents’ (such as Singaporeans) attitudes towards ecotourism products so that marketers are able to better develop or customize their ecotourism products to better meet the needs of these potential customers. A survey was conducted in high traffic areas throughout Singapore, such as train stations, bus interchanges and shopping malls. Convenience sampling was used because the study is exploratory. Interviewers were instructed to survey people aged 20 and older, an age group when people make their own vacation choices. The survey was divided into five parts: travel motivation, vacation choices, environmental consciousness, vacation selection and demographic profiles. Respondents were asked to rank their travel motivations, similar to the ones used by Eagles (1992). Respondents were classified as “ecotourists” or “mainstream” using the criteria of Litvin (1996) and Litvin and Chiam (2014). Respondents were asked to rate a series of statements pertaining to their perception of new ecotourism products. For vacation choices, the respondents were asked to rate a series of statements related to their leadership abilities to influence others on ecotourism products and their knowledge about tourist products, especially those related to ecotourism. In the section on environmental consciousness, respondents were asked how their attitude towards environmental issues influences their purchasing decisions when they are on vacation. Data was analyzed using the t-test to determine if there was any significant difference between the ecotourists and the mainstream tourists. The respondents were then given two vacation choices, an ecotourism product and a mainstream tourist product. They were required to select one of them for their vacation.The last section collected demographic data, such as age, education, household income as well as their marital status. A total of 333 adults participated in this study, 60% female, most younger than 40 years old and single. More than half of the respondents had completed their post-secondary education and belong to middle-income households. About a third of the respondents were classified as “ecotourists” and the rest as mainstream tourists. The average age of the ecotourists was slightly lower than the mainstream tourists (34.19 as compared to 36.93). More than half (55.6%) of the ecotourists have at least a university degree, while the rate of this for mainstream tourists was slightly lower (42.9%). More mainstream tourists (81.6%) see themselves as belonging to upper- and middle-income households than do ecotourists (79.6%). Both the ecotourists and mainstream tourists selected “having fun and being entertained” and “being together as a family” as their top two motivations for travel. Not surprisingly, the desire to be in the wilderness and undisturbed nature and visiting national and state parks appears to be more prominent among the ecotourists than among the mainstream tourists. When the respondents were asked to choose between a pair of vacation packages, one mainstream and one ecotourism, the results were not surprising. More than half (54.8%) of the ecotourists chose an ecotourism package, as compared to only 30.5% of the mainstream tourists. The ecotourists tended to be more knowledgeable about travel destinations and were more proactive in searching for information on new vacation destinations. They were more willing to try new and even unknown vacation destinations. For example, using a Likert scale of 1 to 5, with 1 signifying “strongly disagree” and 5 “strongly agree,” ecotourists were more willing to go to a new destination even if they had not heard about it (3.29) than were mainstream tourists (3.15), Using a Likert scale of 1 to 6, with 1 signifying “strongly disagree” and 6 “strongly agree,” the ecotourists were more environmentally conscious than mainstream tourists. For example, they were willing to pay extra for eco-friendly travel products (4.13) than were mainstream tourists (3.87). The ecotourists were also more likely to consider environmental issues when making their tourism purchases (3.97) than were the mainstream tourists (3.79). The results show that there were significantly more ecotourists among this adult sample (34.8%) than among Litvin’s (1996) sample of students (26%). There are several possible explanations for this phenomenon. For instance, an adult population might be more aware of ecotourism and more conscious of environmental conservation. The ecotourists tend to be younger and have slightly lower income than mainstream tourists. In order to incentivize this younger population to consume ecotourism products, marketers will have to source more value-for-money eco-destinations for these cost-conscious tourists. This could be done through using the existing facilities used by the locals and authentic experiences could be created by lodging and eating with the locals using local produce found in the same vicinity. This study also found differences based on nationality. The top two motivations among the Singaporean ecotourists are (1) have fun and being entertained and (2) being together as a family, whereas the Canadian ecotourists ranked (1) wilderness and undisturbed nature and (2) lakes and streams as their two top motivations for travel. These differences can be attributed to national values (Asian vs. Canadian) as well as differences in exposure to eco-sites. Asian families value being together. Therefore, when they go overseas for a holiday, they like to go as a family, viewing vacation as an opportunity for bonding among the family members. The results seem to reflect that Singapore is a city, and most of the livable space is filled with concrete buildings and structures. Most of the limited green space in Singapore is man-made, with the exception of a few eco-sites. In contrast, many western countries offer vast natural sites such as mountain, streams, parks and wilderness for the locals to use for their leisure activities. Therefore, the urban Singaporeans might choose to spend leisure hours in activities that are not available at home, such as wild water rafting, trekking in the wilderness and camping next to a lake. What can marketers do to market ecotourism products to Singaporeans? Since being with family for holiday and having fun with each other are deemed important to Singaporeans, marketers may want to develop ecotourism products that are suitable for families. In these packages, this could include some fun activities such as staying in a log house next to the lake where they can enjoy meals cooked from produce found in that location and also learn about conservation of the environment. Since Singaporean ecotourists are environmentally conscious, marketers may want to sell ecotourism products that have an environmental conservation message. For instance, they might create programs whereby, for every dollar spent in each of these ecotourism products, a certain percentage will be donated to conservation programs. By educating the Singaporean travelers, more mainstream travelers may be made aware of these travel options and may want to try these ecotourism products. To attract ecotourists, marketers may want to strengthen their ecotourism product offerings to give these travelers more vacation options.
This essay examines Jacques Callot’s Les Grandes Misères et Malheurs de la Guerre (1633) as a moral meditation on war as catastrophe. It also uses Callot’s Miseries to reflect on the nature of catastrophe as such, particularly as “An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things.” As such, catastrophe refers less to nature or the natural gone awry, than it does to the abnegation or suspension of moral aspects of human nature. More than a reflection on war as catastrophe, and catastrophe as fundamentally moral, Callot’s Miseries are a timeless meditation on aspects of the human condition; or on human beings in what amounts to state of nature―as evidenced in times of disaster. Such reflection, again, does not by itself imply that all war―even when catastrophic― is unnecessary, let alone necessarily unjust. But it does suggest that artistic engagement with war understood as catastrophic, may yield insights into human nature that are as important to human self-understanding as those represented in artistic subject matter that is more quotidian.
The following article is based on a lecture the author gave at Gachon University College of Law on April 3, 2012. It mainly provides an overview on the central provisions against misleading advertising in German competition law, i.e. the law against unfair business practises. The form of the lecture manuscript has been retained. The references of the scientific literature were restricted to a necessary minimum in favour of the relevant case law of the German Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof – BGH), the German Higher Regional Courts (Oberlandesgerichte – OLG) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
The countries in East Asia continue to have problems in maritime boundary delimitation. The collision on September 7, 2010 between a Chinese fishing vessel (Minjinyu) and a Japanese patrol boat in the waters near Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands is interesting to observe as a step in dispute settlement process. The differences between the PRC and Japan on maritime boundary delimitation for the East China Sea and the legal status of Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands are demonstrated by this incident. To see things in their context, it is necessary to observe the practices of East Asian countries in handling their maritime boundary delimitations, especially those involving islands with disputed legal status. The rules of international law relating to the pacific settlement of dispute and maritime delimitation dispute resolution, which involve a preliminary sovereignty dispute over islands, are also relevant as a much broader background. The author will examine why certain maritime delimitation cases are particularly hard to handle. The lessons drawn from this paper is inspiring for Taiwan, a long-time marginalized player in East Asian regional affairs. The author will examine the difficulties and opportunities for Taiwan in maritime boundary delimitation and offer a suggestion on how to accomplish such task with neighboring countries.
The spectroscopic properties of bright extragalactic planetary nebulae are reviewed, considering primarily their chemical abundances and their internal kinematics. Low-resolution spectroscopy is used to investigate how the precursor stars of bright planetary nebulae modify their original composition through nucleosynthesis and dredge up. At present, the evidence indicates that oxygen and neon abundances usually remain unchanged, helium abundances are typically enhanced by less than 50%, while nitrogen enhancements span a very wide range. Interpreting these changes in terms of the masses of their progenitor stars implies that the progenitor stars typically have masses or order 1.5M⊙ or less, though no models satisfactorily explain the nitrogen enrichment. High-resolution spectroscopy is used to study the internal kinematics of bright planetary nebulae in Local Group galaxies. At first sight, the expansion velocities are remarkably uniform, with a typical expansion velocity of 18 km/s and a range of 8-28 km/s, independent of the progenitor stellar population. Upon closer examination, bright planetary nebulae in the bulge of M31 expand slightly faster than their counterparts in M31's disk, a result that may extend generally to the planetary nebulae arising from old and young stellar populations. There are no very strong correlations between expansion velocity and global nebular properties, except that there are no large expansion velocities at the highest Hβ luminosities (i.e., the youngest objects never expand rapidly). These results independently suggest that bright planetary nebulae arise from a similar mass range in all galaxies. Nonetheless, there are good reasons to believe that bright planetary nebulae do not arise from identical progenitor stars in all galaxies.
Modern business trends call for miniaturization of electronic systems. One of the major impedances in this miniaturization is the conductive and inductive components in chips and circuit boards. Direct Write Technology can write these soft magnetic materials, thus allowing for further miniaturization of inductor devices. Another obstacle in electronics fabrication is the size limitations of thick screen-printing and the material limitations in ink jet printing. Direct Write Technologies address both of these limitations by providing feature sizes less than 20 microns with a wide range of materials possibilities. A discussion of the application of these nano-particulate materials by Direct Write Technologies will be presented.
In anticipation of starting a new online journal in the field of educational technology, we conducted a review of existing journals, dividing them into two categories-online-only and online +print. The 30 journals in the review were analyzed with respect t frequency of publication; their content emphases, goals, and audiences; policies on subscription and copyright,· and technical functions, such as search and discussion. We were looking for the features that made the online journals distinctive from the others, which were based in the print paradigm. The aspects that yielded significant differences were subscription policy, redistribution policy, and search function. The online-only journals were more liberal in their subscription and redistribution policies, but the online + print journals had more extensive search capabilities. In addition, we identified gaps in the topical coverage of the existing journals, in the areas of educational technology management, educational systems design/reform, policy issues, and cultural issues.