Electrochemical synthesis was employed to prepare a novel hydroxyapatite/graphene (HAP/ Gr) composite powder suitable for medical applications as a hard tissue implant (scaffold). The synthesis was performed in a homogeneous dispersion containing Na2H2EDTA·2H2O, NaH2PO4 and CaCl2 with a Ca/EDTA/PO4 3− concentration ratio of 0.25/0.25/0.15M, along with 0.01 wt% added graphene nanosheets, at a current density of 137 mA cm−2 and pH value of 9.0. The field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations of the composite HAP/Gr powder indicated that nanosized hydroxyapatite particles were uniformly placed in the graphene overlay. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed graphene incorporation in the HAP/Gr powder. The electrochemically prepared HAP/Gr composite powder exhibited slight antibacterial effect against the growth of the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus.

The global economic and financial conditions in 2010 and 2011 were positive and the business trade grew at about twice of the rate of that in 2009. The container shipping players started to enjoy a new chapter of international business trade having struggled to operate their vessels since 2008. So we now have to consider if the shipping business will return to its old strategy? What will happen to the container shipping sector in 10 years from now still remains uncertain. Recently, the uncertain situation globally has been giving shipping companies in difficulty the opportunity to make decision as to whether it is necessary to use super slow steaming for containerships. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the necessity of super slow steaming on containerships despite such uncertainty. A Fuzzy Rule-based Bayesian Reasoning method has been used which incorporates the membership function and 14 selected nodes. Finally, the outcome of this study is 48 rules which have been proposed to assist shipping companies in their decision making processes when dealing with the dynamic business environment. Each rule gives a clear-cut understanding of the result which is able to be applied to real situations the containership industry faces.

In the last 10 years, porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate transgenic pig has been performed tremendous development with introduction and knockout of many genes. However, efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer is still low and embryo transfer (ET) is one of important step for production efficiency. In porcine ET for production of transgenic cloned pig, we can consider many of points to increase production rates. In respect of seasonality and weather, porcine ET usually is not performed in summer and winter. Cloned transgenic embryos must be transferred into reproductive tracts of recipients where embryos are located after natural fertilization with similar estrous cycle. If cloned embryos with 2∼4 cell stage are transferred, they must be transferred into oviducts in periovulatory stage. Number and deposition sites of transferred cloned embryos are important. And we must compare the methods of ET between surgical and non-surgical ones in respect of production efficiency. Sow recipients after natural estrus is most preferred recipients however its cost is must be considered. Here we will review many of current studies about porcine embryo transfer to increase production efficiency of transgenic pigs and strategies for further studies.

The present in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of buffer solubility of eight protein feeds (coconut meal, distillers grain, sesame meal, perilla meal, soy source cake, rape seed meal, soybean meal and lupine) on the fermentation characteristics, degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), and methane (CH4) production by rumen microbes. Buffer extraction increased pH (P<0.05 ~ p<0.001) of the culture solution but tended to lower ammonia- N concentration for all protein feeds. Total volatile fatty acids(VFAs) and each VFAs concentrations in all incubation was decreased by buffer extraction (P<0.01 ~ P<0.001). Also, molar proportion of acetate in 1h (P<0.001), 3h (P<0.01) and 12h (P<0.05) incubations and molar proportion of propionate in 1h (P<0.001), 3h (P<0.01), 6h (P<0.05) and 12h (P<0.05) were decreased by buffer extraction. But molar proportion of butyrate in 1h (P<0.001), 3h (P<0.01) and 6h (P<0.05) were increased by buffer extraction. The in vitro effective degradability of dry matter (P<0.001) and CP (P<0.001) was decreased by buffer extraction. The methane production (P<0.01~P<0.001) in all incubation was decreased by buffer extraction. The results from in the current study might be useful for diet formulation to improve the feed efficiency of the ruminant animals without massive loss of major nutrients.

백색, 적색(680±20nm), 황색(600 ± 20 nm), 녹색(525 ± 25 nm),청색(400 ± 10 nm), 흑색(365 ± 10 nm) 및 변환(다양한 파장)램프를 가지는 솔라트랩을 잡곡 및 두류포장에서 설치하여 나비목, 노린재목 및 딱정벌레목의 주요 해충에 대한 유인효과를 잡곡 및 두류포장에 설치하여 10일 간격으로 조사하여 평가하였다. 채집된 충수는 조사시기와 램프의 색깔에 따라 크게 영향을 받았으며, 조사시기와 램프의 색깔의 상호작용 효과도 있었다. 암청색램프에서 매미충류를 제외하고 가장 많은해충이 유인되었다. 따라서 암청색램프는 해충의 대량포획뿐만아니라 예찰을 위해 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다. 솔라트랩의 암청색램프와 페로몬의 조합은 잡곡 및 두류 해충의 포획효과를 증진시킬 수 있어 종합관리를 위한 유망한 수단으로사용될 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.

A new facility, known as Pyrel III, has been installed at ENEA laboratories for pyrochemical process studies under inactive conditions. It is a pilot plant which allows electrorefining and electroreduction experiments to be conducted on simulated fuel. The main component of the plant is a zirconia crucible. The crucible is heated by a furnace which is supported in an externally water-cooled well under the floor of a steel glove-box, where an argon atmosphere is maintained by a continual purge of about 10 L·min-1. The vessel is loaded with LiCl-KCl eutectic salt (59-41 mol%) and is currently operated at 460 °C. Several improvements on Pyrel II (the previous operating plant) have been introduced into Pyrel III. They are described in detail, together with the results from the first experimental campaign which used lanthanum metal.Moreover, studies about the treatment of chloride salt wastes from pyroprocesses have been conducted in parallel. They follow two main routes: on one hand, a matrix termed sodalite, a naturally occurring mineral containing chlorine, has been synthesized from a mix of nepheline, simulated exhausted salts and glass frit; on the other hand, a novel method proposed by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is under assessment. The final waste forms have been fully characterized with the support of the Politechnique of Milan, by means of density measurements, thermal analysis, and stereomicroscopy observations, FTIR, XRD, and RAMAN spectra, as well as leach tests under static conditions.

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) based ceramics are considered potential lead-free alternatives for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT) based ceramics in various applications such as sensors, actuators and transducers. However, BNT-based ceramics have lower electromechanical performance as compared with PZT based ceramics. Therefore, in this work, lead-free bulk 0.99[(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.935Ba0.065](1-x)LaxTiO3-0.01SrZO3 (BNBTLax-SZ, with x = 0, 0.01, 0.02) ceramics were synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction The crystal structure, dielectric response, degree of diffuseness and electric-field-induced strain properties were investigated as a function of different La concentrations. All samples were crystallized into a single phase perovskite structure. The temperature dependent dielectric response of La-modified BNBT-SZ ceramics showed lower dielectric response and improved field-induced strain response. The field induced strain increased from 0.17% for pure BNBT-SZ to 0.38 % for 1 mol.% La-modified BNBT-SZ ceramics at an applied electric field of 6 kV/mm. These results show that Lamodified BNBT-SZ ceramic system is expected to be a new candidate material for lead-free electronic devices.

Grapholita molesta occur four times a year and Carposina sasakii occur twice a year, and both pests do damage on stone fruits such as peach, apple, plum, apricot, etc. Grapholita molesta is worldwide distributed in temperate and subtropical areas including South Korea. But, Carposina sasakii distributed in South Korea, Japan, China and Asia, and has been managed as an important import quarantine pest by the authorities of United States, Canada and Taiwan. Forecasting of both pests in Korea is currently done through the investigation of 1,000 fruits per 10 trees (100 fruits / tree) in designated peach orchard. However, this method is very difficult to observe the pest by bagging of peach and require too much time and labor. Therefore, we tried to carry out a new forecasting method by using of sex pheromone traps for newly standardized method as an alternative. Using sex pheromone trap, attractiveness of G. molesta was proved to be 2.5 > 1.5 > 0.5 m by the height and the border => outside > center by the position. Attractiveness of C. sasakii made no difference in height, but, more trapped at the center and border than outside in position at peach orchard.

A predatory genus Cryptalaus Ôhira, 1967 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Korea is taxonomically reviewed in this study. Up to date, two species of the genus Cryptalaus, C. berus Candèze, 1865 and C. larvatus pini Lewis, 1894, have been reported from Korea. From the present study, C. yamato Nakane, 1957 which has been regarded as an endemic to Japan, is reported from the Korean peninsula for the first time. A key to the Korean species of the genus Cryptalaus, diagnosis, illustrations of diagnostic characteristics are provided.

서울시 도로포장은 대부분 30년 이상 노후화된 포장으로서 이미 구조적 손상이 많이 진행된 상태이고, 설계당시의 포장 단면 두께가 현재의 교통량을 반영하지 않아 상당히 부족한 상태이다. 또한 기후변화로 인한 강수량 증가 등 환경적 요인으로 인해 포장 파손이 최근 급격히 증가하고 있다. 현재 서울시 도로포 장의 아스팔트 덧씌우기 평균수명은 평균 6.6년으로서 국도 및 고속도로의 10년에 비해 상당히 짧은 수준 이고 재포장 후 5년 이내에 다시 보수를 해야 하는 조기파손 구간도 전체 구간에서 45%를 차지하고 있다. 덧씌우기 재포장구간의 내구수명을 증대시키고, 조기파손을 억제하기 위해서는 조기파손을 유발하는 원 인에 대한 분석이 필요하다. 이를 통해 단면두께 부족 또는 기층부 손상으로 인해 조기 파손이 유발되는 경우에는 전단면 재포장 및 단면두께 보강을 실시해야 한다. 전단면 재포장 또는 덧씌우기를 시행하기 위 해서는 서울시 자체의 포장단면 설계 기준이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서울시 도심도로의 교통 및, 재료, 환경 특성 등을 고려하고, 시공여건 등을 감안한 서울형 아스팔트 포장 단면두께 설계기준을 개 발하고자 하며, 아스팔트 포장의 신설과 유지보수 업무에 적용하고자 한다. 이를 통해 아스팔트 포장도로 의 전반적인 공용수명을 연장하고 조기파손의 발생을 최소화하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 설계기준은 신설과 재포장을 모두 포함하는 것으로 계획하였으며, 신설포장의 경우 미국에서 최근 개발되어 사용되고 있는 역학적-경험적 설계법을 사용하여 다양한 교통량, 재료특성 및 환경특성 하에 단면설계를 수행하고 이를 통해 교통량 조건 별 표준 설계단면을 개발하였다. 이를 바탕으로 재포장 설계 의 경우에는 기존 포장층의 파손(균열 깊이 및 강성)을 고려하여 재포장 단면두께를 산정할 수 있는 간편 한 설계식을 개발하여 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 설계기준을 검증하기 위하여 다양한 포장단면 에 대한 시험시공을 실시하였고, 향후 지속적인 추적조사를 통한 단면설계 기준을 수정 보완할 계획이다.

The high plateaus in west China may provide suitable sites for astronomical observations with the institute's middle-range telescopes and possibly with larger telescopes. Under China-Japan collaborations for site survey in west China, we have been conducting searches for good sites and monitoring their characteristics over several years. As recent results of our site survey show, sites in west Tibet are revealed with a high possibility of good astronomical observations. Weather characteristics at Gar in Ali, Tibet, show its high clear-sky ratios, especially in winter, com- parable to Mauna Kea, Hawaii. But it has some wind problem in winter, where stronger wind speeds, over 20m/sec, occur frequently even though the sky is clear. To find calmer sites, we have conducted numerical simulations for the Ali area using the Japan Meteorological Agency NonHydrostatic Model. We have found another site, named ZoZo Hill, near Gar. We will continue to monitor the Gar site to clarify weather characteristics over the whole year and hopefully start to negotiate for site monitoring at ZoZo Hill this year.