High-temperature oxidation of a Ni-based superalloy was analyzed with samples taken from gas turbine blades, where the samples were heat-treated and thermally exposed. The effect of Cr/Ti/Al elements in the alloy on high temperature oxidation was investigated using an optical microscope, SEM/EDS, and TEM. A high-Cr/high-Ti oxide layer was formed on the blade surface under the heat-treated state considered to be the initial stage of high-temperature oxidation. In addition, a PFZ (γ’ precipitate free zone) accompanied by Cr carbide of Cr23C6 and high Cr-Co phase as a kind of TCP precipitation was formed under the surface layer. Pits of several μm depth containing high-Al content oxide was observed at the boundary between the oxide layer and PFZ. However, high temperature oxidation formed on the thermally exposed blade surface consisted of the following steps: ① Ti-oxide formation in the center of the oxide layer, ② Cr-oxide formation surrounding the inner oxide layer, and ③ Al-oxide formation in the pits directly under the Cr oxide layer. It is estimated that the Cr content of Ni-based superalloys improves the oxidation resistance of the alloy by forming dense oxide layer, but produced the σ or μ phase of TCP precipitation with the high-Cr component resulting in material brittleness.

교통수단과 시설의 도입은 인근 지역의 인구구조, 토지이용, 거주민의 통행행태뿐만 아니라 도시 및 지역 공간구조의 변화를 가져온다. 최근 활발하게 도입이 논의되고 있는 복합환승센터는 이용자들의 환승편의를 증진시켜 대중교통수단 이용을 촉진하고, 대규모 상업/문화시설을 함께 입지시켜 쇼핑/여가활동 인구를 수용하는 역할을 담당하고 있어, 역세권 지역의 인구구조 와 토지이용에 복합적인 변화를 가져오고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 처음으로 건설된 복합환승센터가 위치한 동대구역 역세권 지역을 대상으로 해당 시설의 입지가 유발하는 공간적 변화를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 격자와 건축물 단위로 구축된 인구와 토지이용 자료를 버퍼(Buffer)와 고리존(Annuli)으로 집계하였고, 이들의 변화가 통계적으로 유의한 지 모수, 비모수 검정을 통해 확인하였 다. 또한, 주성분 분석을 활용하여 인구와 토지이용 각각의 대표적인 변화를 도출하였으며, 국지적 Moran I를 활용한 LISA 분석을 통해 역세권 내에서도 해당 변화들이 집중적으로 나타난 지역을 격자단위로 확인하였다. 그 결과 동대구역 남쪽에서 업무지구로의 변화가 관찰되었으며, 북쪽으로는 단독주택에서 아파트로의 변화가 관찰되었다. 또한, 업무지구로의 변화가 관찰되는 지역에서 20대 인구의 증가가 확인되었으며, 토지이용이 아파트 중심으로 변화하는 지역에서는 전 연령의 인구 증가가 확인되었다.

최근 AI 기술은 하루가 다르게 빠르게 발전하고 있고, AI기술은 각 분야에서 다양하게 사용되어지고 있다. 본 논문은 예술분야에서 AI기술의 활용으로 COVID-19 상황에서 인간관계, 개인적인 이유로 지친 마음을 위 로해주는 힐링 게임을 제작하였다. 제작한 힐링게임에서는 주로 Self-help-therapy의 효과를 얻을 수 있어, 치 료자의 도움없이 이용자가 힐링게임을 통하여 일상적 이용과정에서 치유적 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 기대 하고 있다. 게임 리뷰 데이터를 통계 분석하여 힐링게임으로 대중들이 요구하는 부분을 수용하여 힐링게임 이 제작되었으며, 사용자는 게임 시작 전 간단한 스토리라인과 AI와 상호작용할 수 있는 간단한 대화를 통 화여 Self-help-therapy 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

In this study, defects generated in the YSZ coating layer of the IN738LC turbine blade are investigated using an optical microscope and SEM/EDS. The blade YSZ coating layer is composed of a Y-Zr component top coat layer and a Co component bond coat layer. A large amount of Cr/Ni component that diffused from the base is also measured in the bond coat. The blade hot corrosion is concentrated on the surface of the concave part, accompanied by separation of the coating layer due to the concentration of combustion gas collisions here. In the top coating layer of the blade, cracks occur in the vertical and horizontal directions, along with pits in the top coating layer. Combustion gas components such as Na and S are contained inside the pits and cracks, so it is considered that the pits/cracks are caused by the corrosion of the combustion gases. Also, a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer of several μm thick composed of Al oxide is observed between the top coat and the bond coat, and a similar inner TGO with a thickness of several μm is also observed between the bond coat and the matrix. A PFZ (precipitate free zone) deficient in γ' (Ni3Al) forms as a band around the TGO, in which the Al component is integrated. Although TGO can resist high temperature corrosion of the top coat, it should also be considered that if its shape is irregular and contains pore defects, it may degrade the blade high temperature creep properties. Compositional and microstructural analysis results for hightemperature corrosion and TGO defects in the blade coating layer used at high temperatures are expected to be applied to sound YSZ coating and blade design technology.

Colorectal cancer causes the most cancer-associated death worldwide, having a high cancer incidence. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide present in various fruits, emerging as an anti-carcinogenic candidate. Although pectin has a suppressive capacity for colon carcinogenesis, the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and colonic aberrant foci formation in the colon carcinogenesis mouse model remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigates the regulatory effect of pectin supplementation on colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. In an animal experiment, thirty male institute for cancer research (ICR) mice were divided into two experimental groups; AOM/DSS (control group) and AOM/DSS + pectin (5% in drinking water). Furthermore, the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypt (AC) on colonic mucosa were counted, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay was performed to estimate lipid peroxidation in feces. Pectin treatment significantly decreased the number of ACF and AC per colon compared with the control. Additionally, fecal TBARS level in the pectin group was significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusively, these findings indicate that pectin-inhibited hyperplastic alteration and oxidative stress suppress colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis.

The effect of solidification rate on micro-segregation in investment casting of IN738LC superalloy was studied. In Ni-based superalloys, the micro-segregation of solute atoms is formed due to limited diffusion during cast and solidification. The microstructure of cast Ni-based superalloys is largely divided into dendrite core of initial solidification and interdendrite of final solidification. In particular, mosaic shaped eutectic γ/γ’ and carbides are formed in the interdendrite of the final solidification region in some cases. The micro-segregation phenomena formed in regions of dendrite core and interdendrite including eutectic γ/γ’ and carbides were analyzed using OM, SEM/EDS and micro Vickers hardness. As a result of analysis, the lack of (Cr, W) and the accumulation of Ti were measured in the eutectic γ/γ’, and the accumulation of (Cr, Mo) and the lack of Ti were measured in the interdendrite between dendrite and eutectic. Carbides formed in interdendritic region were composed of (Ti, W, Mo, C). The segregation applied to each microstructure is mainly due to the formation of γ’ with Ni3(Al,Ti) composition. The Ni accumulation accompanied by Cr depletion, and the Ti accumulated in the eutectic region as a γ’ forming elements. The Mo tends to diffuse out from the dendrite core to the interdendrite, and the W diffuse out from the interdendrite to the dendrite core. Therefore, the accumulation of Mo in the interdendrite and the deficiency of W occur in the eutectic region located in the interdendrite. Heat treatment makes the degree of the micro-segregation decrease due to the diffusion during solid solution. This study could be applied to the heat treatment technology for the micro-segregation control in cast Ni-based superalloys.

There is a growing global interest in food choices that could affect health. Consumer food choices are dictated by numerous factors such as attitudes, beliefs, desires and preferences stemming from psychological and physiological attributes. The present study aimed to understand consumers’ internal perceptions about cream soup, cream sauce, and tomato sauce using ZMET (Zaltman’s Metaphor Elicitation Technique). The 9 step ZMET interview process was conducted for a sample of 36 consumers (12 consumers for each sauce). A content analysis of the survey results was carried out. From this, 56 concepts of cream soup were derived, and 15 constructs that met with the agreement of more than one-third of the total sample consumers were extracted. These 15 constructs included ‘Soft’, ‘Recollection’, ‘Familiar’, ‘Warm’, ‘Comfortable’, etc. Similarly, for cream sauce, 67 concepts and 20 constructs ‘Silky’, ‘Warm’, ‘Restaurant’, ‘Family’, ‘Memory’, etc. were deduced. A total of 66 concepts and 20 constructs for tomato sauce ‘Sourness’, ‘Sauce Bottle’, ‘Pleasant’, ‘Ingredient’, ‘Cooking’, etc. were derived. The analysis of consumers’ consensus maps through this study provides a deep and useful understanding of consumers and their latent needs. Also, the results of this study indicate that exploring consumers’ internal perceptions is critical to understanding their healthy food choices. This can be used as basic data for formulating marketing strategies.

This study was conducted to develop a handy earth auger for use in sloppy and rugged forest terrains in order to reduce labor cost which comprises a major part of the production costs in forest afforestation projects. The first prototype is developed consist of two parts, the soil-digging screw and the battery power source. The specifications of the first prototype screw are: length of 170㎜, a top diameter of 60㎜, bottom diameter of 47㎜, 23° angle for each helix, and a 50㎜ awl-head tip. The use of a single line of screw was selected for reduced weight. In addition, a power source of rotary DC Motor(WD-6G2425, WONILL, Korea) with a maximum torque of 30㎏ f-㎝, rotation of 20-30rpm, K6G30C decelerator with a reduction ratio of 30:1 which could be used with no load for 48 was operated. In consideration of its weight, a lithium battery was utilized in line with the goal of developing a lightweight auger. In order to evaluate the performance of the first prototype, test sites were selected as 6 areas. The rotational force was found to be highest in area A(Solid area), followed by areas F(Mounted slope 40° area) and E(Mounted slope 30° area). It was also observed that in general, the rotational force increased along with the increase in soil depth with the maximum rotational force recorded at 10㎝.

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) based ceramics are considered potential lead-free alternatives for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT) based ceramics in various applications such as sensors, actuators and transducers. However, BNT-based ceramics have lower electromechanical performance as compared with PZT based ceramics. Therefore, in this work, lead-free bulk 0.99[(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.935Ba0.065](1-x)LaxTiO3-0.01SrZO3 (BNBTLax-SZ, with x = 0, 0.01, 0.02) ceramics were synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction The crystal structure, dielectric response, degree of diffuseness and electric-field-induced strain properties were investigated as a function of different La concentrations. All samples were crystallized into a single phase perovskite structure. The temperature dependent dielectric response of La-modified BNBT-SZ ceramics showed lower dielectric response and improved field-induced strain response. The field induced strain increased from 0.17% for pure BNBT-SZ to 0.38 % for 1 mol.% La-modified BNBT-SZ ceramics at an applied electric field of 6 kV/mm. These results show that Lamodified BNBT-SZ ceramic system is expected to be a new candidate material for lead-free electronic devices.

This study is the first report about the toxicity of pesticides to the mycophagous predator, I. koebelei, of powdery mildew of agricultural crops. Pesticides we tested are composed of synthetic and environmental-friendly products and being used conventionally for the control of insect or microbial pests on cucumber in Korea. our study was conducted to determine the relative toxicities of several pesticides used in Korea cucumber production to mycophagous natural enemy, I. koebelei and to provide a background for implementation of integrated powdery mildew management programs. Based on IOBC classification, three insecticides, bifenthrin + imidacloprid, acetamiprid + indoxacarb, acetamiprid + etopheprox are classified as having a Class 4 (harmful). Spiromesifen showed the low toxicity to the survival and the fecundity of I. koebelei when this chemical had been exposed to 3rd larva or newly emerged adult via feeding with cucumber powdery mildew. However, pyriproxyfen not only decreased the fecundity of female adult but also strongly prohibited from pupation. Many commercial biological or botanical pesticides can restrict the population of I. koebelei. However, Q pact (a.i. Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013), Top seed (a.i. Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1), BT one (Bacillus thuringiensis) and Solbitchae (insecticidal microorganism) had no toxicity to I. koebelei when this chemical had been exposed to 3rd larva or newly emerged adult feeding with cucumber powdery mildew.

본 연구에서는 파장의 위상차를 변화시켜 균일한 살균을 유도할 수 있고 저전력으로 효과를 높일 수 있는 QRD(quadratic residue diffusor) 마이크로파를 이용하여 챔버 내부의 위치에 따른 온도변화를 측정하여 효율성과 균등성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 챔버 내부의 수직 35cm, 중앙 위치에서는 7kW 조사시 가장 효율이 높게 나타났고, 좌우측 위치에서는 5kW에서 효율성이 높았다. 그리고 마그네트론 No. 1, 2, 3에서 3kW로 하였을 때, Bar의 위치에 따른 온도 균등성은 1Bar와 2Bar의 위치에서는 거의 비슷하게 나타났다. 마그네트론 No. 3, 4, 5의 3kW로 하였을 경우에는 3Bar에서 온도가 약 10~ 20% 정도 높게 나타났고 마그네트론 용량을 5, 7, 9kW로 하였을 때, 조사 시간에 대한 평균 온도는 Bar의 위치에 무관하게 거의 유사한 형태로 증가하였다. 반면에 챔버의 적정 내용적에 대한 효율성은 조사용량에 반드시 비례하지는 않았다. 마그네트론 3kW를 60, 120, 180초 동안 조사하였을 경우 마그네트론 조사 위치에 따라 구석 부분에서 약 5~10oC 더 높게 상승하였고 수평면의 위치별 온도 분포는 비교적 균일하였으며 부분적으로 구 석부분에서 약간 더 온도가 상승하는 경향이 있었다. 마그네트론 5, 7, 9kW 조사에서는 Bar의 위치와 상관없이 전반적으로 온도가 비교적 균일하게 상승하고 있었다.

CD와 DVD에서 발생하는 빛의 회절을 정량적으로 분석하기 위해 본 연구에서는 회절격자와 CD, DVD에의한 회절무늬를 비교하였다. SEM 측정을 통해 격자간격을 비교하였고, 입사각과 회절각을 측정하여 이론적인 격자간격을 계산하였다. 또한, 다양한 파장을 갖는 Ar-ion 레이저에 의해 발생된 1차 회절광의회절각과 세기를 측정하여 그 결과를 정량적으로 비교하였다. 비교결과, DVD는 회절격자와 CD보다 더좁은 격자간격을 가졌으며, 그 회절광은 다른 회절광에 비해 강했다. 또한, 회절격자와 CD에 비해 더 좁은 격자간격과 더 강한 회절광을 가진 DVD에서 보다 우수한 회절성능이 관찰되었다.

외연적 유한요소법은 벡터처리에 적합한 구조를 가지고 있어 벡터컴퓨터를 이용하면 기존의 스칼라 컴퓨터에서보다 휠씬 빠르게 해석을 수행할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 memory-to-memory방식의 벡터컴퓨터에서의 외연적 유한요소법의 효율적인 벡터화 방법을 제시하였다. 먼저 벡터컴퓨터의 구조적 특성과 무관하게 적용될 수 있는 일반적인 벡터화 기법을 고찰한 후 memory-to-memory방식의 벡터컴퓨터에 적합한 벡터화 기법을 개발하였다. 개발된 벡터화 기법의 유용성을 확인하기 위해 외연적 유한요소 프로그램인 DYNA3D를 memory-to-memory방식의 벡터컴퓨터인 HDS AS/XL V50에 이식한 결과 스칼라에 비해 2.4배 이상의 성능 향상을 얻을 수 있었다.

거대한 평판형 격자구조물올 연속체 평판으로 모델링하기 위한 보다 용이한 기법올 에너지동둥 개 념에 근기 하여 제시하였다. 단위 격 자가 갖 는 탄성변형에너지와 운동에너지를 구 할때 기폰의 유한요소 행렬을 이용하였다. 연속체 평 판의 퉁 가불성치 는 연속체평판과 격자평판에 해당하는 축소된 강성 및 질 량행 렬들 올 직 접 비 교 하여 구하였다- 본 연구에서 제안된 모 델링기법이 기존의 잘 알려진 기볍들에 옷지 않는 좋 은 결 과를 보여주고 있음을 예제해석을 통해 확인하였다.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is a fast-growing, warm-season legume crop that is primarily cultivated in developing countries of Asia. We constructed a draft genome sequence of mungbean to facilitate genome research into the subgenus Ceratotropis and to enable a better understanding of the evolution of leguminous species. The draft genome sequence covers 80% of the estimated genome, of which 50.1% consists of repetitive sequences. In total, 22,427 high confidence protein-coding genes were predicted. Based on the de novo assembly of additional wild mungbean species, the divergence of what was eventually domesticated and the sampled wild mungbean species appears to have predated domestication. Moreover, the de novo assembly of a tetraploid Vigna species (Vigna reflexo-pilosa var. glabra) provided genomic evidence of a recent allopolyploid event. To further study speciation, we compared de novo RNA-seq assemblies of 22 accessions of 18 Vigna species and protein sets of Glycine max and Cajanus cajan. The species tree was constructed by a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method using highly confident orthologs shared by all 24 accessions. The present assembly of V. radiata var. radiata will facilitate genome research and accelerate molecular breeding of the subgenus Ceratotropis.

R genes are a key component of genetic interactions between plants and biotrophic bacteria and are known to regulate resistance against bacterial invasion. The most common R proteins contain a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domain. Some soybean NBS-LRR genes have also been reported to function in disease resistance. A total of 319 genes were determined to be putative NBS-LRR genes in the soybean genome. The number of NBS-LRR genes on each chromosome was highly correlated with the number of disease resistance QTL in the 2-Mb flanking regions of NBS-LRR genes. In addition, the recently duplicated regions contained duplicated NBS-LRR genes and duplicated disease resistance QTL, and possessed either an uneven or even number of NBS-LRR genes on each side. The significant difference in NBS-LRR gene expression between a resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) and a susceptible NIL after inoculation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines supports the conjecture that NBS-LRR genes have disease resistance functions in the soybean genome. The number of NBS-LRR genes and disease resistance QTL in the 2-Mb flanking regions of each chromosome was significantly correlated, and several recently duplicated regions that contain NBS-LRR genes harbored disease resistance QTL for both sides. In addition, NBS-LRR gene expression was significantly different between the BLP-resistant NIL and the BLP-susceptible NIL in response to bacterial infection. From these observations, NBS-LRR genes are suggested to contribute to disease resistance in soybean. Moreover, we propose models for how NBS-LRR genes were duplicated, and apply Ks values for each NBS-LRR gene cluster.