Hymenoptera is one of four largest orders of insects, with over 150,000 described species, 132 families, 27 superfamilies, and 2 suborders. There are currently about 3,000 hymenopteran species in 65 families and 20 superfamilies known in South Korea, of which the majority of the families have been studied while some of them are still poorly studied. The present overview on South Korean Hymenoptera aims to provide brief taxonomic history of the studies, a complete bibliography, a list of South Korean hymenopteran species, and information on South Korean hymenopterists for each taxon.

스탠다드국화 신품종을 육성하기 위하여 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2009년에 황색의 모본 ‘Summer Yellow’와 부본 ‘ST07-09-02’계통을 인공 교배하였다. 2010년에 종자를 파종하였고, 이중 내병성이 강하고 기호성이 우수한 개체를 선발하여 ‘ST10-047-01’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2011년부터 2013년까지 주년 생산성을 위해 촉성 및 자연, 억제재배 특성을 각각 검정하였으며, 2013년 ‘Geumhwa’로 명명하고 품종등록 출원하였다. ‘Geumhwa’의 생육 및 개화특성은 국내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 황색 스탠다드국화인 ‘Summer Yellow’를 대조 품종으로 하여 조사하였다. ‘Geumhwa’ 품종은 자연개화기가 10월 6일로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 10월 25일에 비해 빨랐다. ‘Geumhwa’는 초장이 86.3cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 93.8cm보다 작았고, 곁가지 제거수는 8.1개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 16.6개보다 적었다. ‘Geumhwa’의 꽃직경은 13.6cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 13.5cm와 비슷하였으며, 꽃잎수는 ‘Geumhwa’가 263.6개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 295.3개보다 적었다. 재배상 유의사항은 ‘Geumhwa’는 중간종이므로 초기생육이 왕성하도록 비배 관리를 하고 생육기간 중 지베렐린 1,000mg･L-1를 2회 처리하여 신장력을 높이도록 한다. 또한 설상화수가 적은 편이므로 재전조를 실시하여 설상화수를 늘린다면 황색의 연중 조기개화가 가능한 고품질 신품종 스탠다드 절화국화로써 소비자 기호 충족 및 농가소득 창출에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Gryllus bimaculatus is one of many cricket species known as field crickets. Also known as the African or Mediterranean field cricket or as the two-spotted cricket, it can be discriminated from other Gryllus species by the two dot-like marks on the base of its wings. G.bimaculatus is a subtropical insect and widely distributed from Africa to south Asia. After into the country, The species are popular for use as a food source for insectivorous animals like spiders and reptiles kept as pets. In 2016, G.bimaculatus was approved as a general food ingredient by Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, domestic research on G.bimaculatus is still in its study is beginning stages. G.bimaculatus is possible species to year-round rearing without storage condition. but The aim of the present study prepares for in case of problems such as breeding space, labor cost etc. In the laboratory condition at 28±2℃ and 50% relative humidity under 10h light, 12h dark photoperiod, Adult crickets oviposit at soaked flower foam for 24 hours. The experiment on the hatching of the eggs showed that eggs could be stocked at 16℃ for 10 days with 7 day pre-period after laying, representing 85% hatchability.

풀무치(Locusta migratoria)는 메뚜기과에 속하는 곤충으로 70% 이상의 단백질을 함유하고 있어 식사료용 곤충으로 이용 가능성이 높다. 그러나 풀무치의 대량생산을 위한 연중사육 관련 연구는 미흡하여 사육방법 정립, 먹이원 선발 등이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 풀무치의 연중사육을 위한 방법으로 사육밀도에 따른 생육 특성과 최적 산란처를 찾기 위해 상토, 오아시스 등을 이용하여 산란 특성을 조사하였다. 풀무치의 생육 온도는 28℃, 습도는 65% 내외로 유지하고 처리구별 생존율, 탈피횟수, 크기, 무게 등을 측정하였다. 사육밀도별 약충 기간은 32일 소요되었고, 생존율은 82~90 %였으며, 성충 기간은 110~120일 소요되었다. 산란처별 난괴 길이는 33~49mm였으며, 부화 후 생존율을 72~82%였다.

벼메뚜기의 인공사료 개발을 위하여 일본의 Konno식 먹이를 대조구로 하고, 28개의 배합비율별 인공사료를 제작하여 급이시험을 하였다. 시험결과, Konno식 보다 6주 후 1마리당 체중은 22개 처리에서 높았고 우화성공율은 23개 처리에서 높았다. 폐사율은 부화입식 후 45일까지 Konno식 대비 24개 처리에서 높았다. 1마리당 체중, 우화성공율, 폐사율을 종합해 볼 때 탄수화물원으로는 옥수수 건조잎 분말 또는 통밀가루와 단백질원으로는 2~5%의 탈지대두분 또는 어분의 배합비율이 벼메뚜기의 인공사료로서 가능성이 높았다.

참나무발효톱밥은 먹이원이면서 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 서식지이며 성충의 산란처이다. 먹이원에 따라 유충의 생육 차이가 현저하여 발효톱밥 제조 시 미생물의 역할은 중요한 요인이다. 톱밥발효에 쓰이는 미생물은 고초균과 방선균을 이용한 먹이원 제조 실험을 통해 생육이 양호함을 확인한 바 있다. 더불어 곤충 유래 장내미생물인 KB3, LM11 균주를 이용하여 발효톱밥을 제조하고 생육조사를 하였다. 톱밥의 발효과정 중 변화하는 환원당의 측정을 통해 생육과의 관계를 조사하고자 시험을 실시하게 되었다. 미생물6종을 처리한 톱밥의 발효 10간격으로 5회 채취하여 xylose, fructose, mannose, glucose, sucrose, cellbiose, lactose 분석을 하였다. 그 결과 glucose가 검출되었고, 발효가 진행됨에 따라 점차 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 특히 KB3 균주처리 50일 차에 111.8mg/g이 검출되었다.

아메리카왕거저리의 사육기간을 단축과 기능성 향상을 위해 밀기울에 다양한 먹이를 보조사료로 공급하여 발륙기 간과 무게를 측정한 결과, 먹이종류별 아메리카왕거저리의 발육기간은 조단백질함량이 많은 배합사료와 밀기울에서 80.8일과 75.6일로 가장 짧았으며 버섯배지는 160일이상 소요되었으며 왕겨의 생충율은 85%로 가장 낮아 버섯폐배지 와 왕겨는 먹이원으로 적절하지 않았다. 보조 먹이원 선발을 위해 할맥, 압맥, 배추, 백련초, 파프리카, 개똥쑥을 20~80% 밀기울에 첨가한 결과 압맥과 할맥은 정상적으로 생장하지만 백련초, 개똥쑥 혼합에서는 접종 직후부터 죽은 개체들이 출현하여 생충율이 12.9%, 10.8%로 아주 낮게 나타났으며 배추와 파프리카도 24.2~38.8%로 낮아 보조사료로 적합하지 않았다. 들깨와 콩가루 역시 생충율이 높지 않아 1, 2차 시험결과 할맥, 압맥과 메밀이 보조사료로 적합하였다.

We present a study of the inexplicit connection between radio jet activity and γ-ray emission of BL Lacertae (BL Lac; 2200+420). We analyze the long-term millimeter activity of BL Lac via interferometric observations with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) obtained at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz simultaneously over three years (from January 2013 to March 2016); during this time, two γ-ray outbursts (in November 2013 and March 2015) can be seen in γ-ray light curves obtained from Fermi observations. The KVN radio core is optically thick at least up to 86 GHz; there is indication that it might be optically thin at higher frequencies. To first order, the radio light curves decay exponentially over the time span covered by our observations, with decay timescales of 41185 days, 352±79 days, 310±57 days, and 283±55 days at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, respectively. Assuming synchrotron cooling, a cooling time of around one year is consistent with magnetic field strengths B ∼ 2 μT and electron Lorentz factors γ ∼ 10 000. Taking into account that our formal measurement errors include intrinsic variability and thus over-estimate the statistical uncertainties, we nd that the decay timescale  scales with frequency τ ν - 0.2. This relation is much shallower than the one expected from opacity effects (core shift), but in agreement with the (sub-)mm radio core being a standing recollimation shock. We do not find convincing radio flux counterparts to the γ-ray outbursts. The spectral evolution is consistent with the `generalized shock model' of Valtaoja et al. (1992). A temporary increase in the core opacity and the emergence of a knot around the time of the second -ray event indicate that this γ-ray outburst might be an `orphan' are powered by the `ring of fire' mechanism.

There are three kinds of Pleurotus eryngii : P. eryngii var. eryngii (P. eryngii), P. eryngii var. ferula (P. ferula : A-Wei-Mo) P. eryngii var. nebrodensis (P. nebrodensis : Bai-Ling-Gu). We bred P. ferula using Di-Mon mating and physiological assay and selected as follow (1) ‘Beesan No.1’ produced high yields, (2) ‘Beesan No.2’ was excellent morphological shape and anti-adipogenic Activit, (3) ‘Ergo’ included high ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (4) ‘GW10-45’ included highest ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (5) ‘Maeksong’ included high ergothioneine and effect of anti-inflammatory. We suggest that there are able to food-medicine materials.

A. auricular-judae cultivars, ‘Yong-a’ was cultivated in JARES on 2015. Ear mushroom have been consumed the form of dried mushrooms imported from china, but the production and consumption of domestic ear mushroom have been increasing recently. However, how the different drying methods affect the quality of domestic varieties is not clear. Therefore, we examined the effects of drying methods to improve the competitiveness of dried ear mushrooms using domestic cultivar, ‘Yong-a’. Ear mushroom samples were dried using sun-drying and hot air drying(50, 60°C) and combined of two methods(hot air drying at 50, 60°C after 3,6 and 9 hours sun drying) and drying time, rehydration ratio, color and hardness, vitamin D2 contents were evaluated. Drying time was the fastest at 60°C hot air drying(11.5h) and the slowest at 50°C hot air drying(16h) and drying time was shorter as the sun drying time was longer. The rehydration ratio was the highest at 60°C hot air drying(18.6%) and increased as the drying time decreased. After drying and rehydration, the color showed no significant difference between drying methods. The hardness of rehydrated mushroom was highest at sun drying and 60°C hot air drying. The contents of ergosterol were not significantly different by drying methods. However, vitamin D2 was lowest at 50 °C and 60°C hot air drying (4.22mg%, 3.87mg%) and highest at sun drying and 50°C hot air drying after 6 hours sun drying (12.52mg%, 12.99mg%). vitamin D2 contents was higher at 50°C hot air drying than 60°C. According to the results of color, hardness, vitamin D2 contents of dried ear mushroom, sun drying is the best method. When the sun drying is not possible, hot air drying at 60°C is suitable, but it is better to use sun drying method to increase the vitamin D2 contents.

Fe-6.5 wt.% Si alloys are widely known to have excellent soft magnetic properties such as high magnetic flux density, low coercivity, and low core loss at high frequency. In this work, disc-shaped preforms are prepared by spark plasma sintering at 1223 K after inert gas atomization of Fe-6.5 wt.% Si powders. Fe-6.5 wt.% Si sheets are rolled by a powder hot-rolling process without cracking, and their microstructure and soft magnetic properties are investigated. The microstructure and magnetic properties (saturation magnetization and core loss) of the hot-rolled Fe-6.5 wt.% Si sheets are examined by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, vibration sample magnetometry, and AC B–H analysis. The Fe-6.5 wt.% Si sheet rolled at a total reduction ratio of 80% exhibits good soft magnetic properties such as a saturation magnetization of 1.74 T and core loss (W5/1000) of 30.7 W/kg. This result is caused by an increase in the electrical resistivity resulting from an increased particle boundary density and the oxide layers between the primary particle boundaries.

To determine the medicinal properties of Pleurotus cornucopiae and Safflower Oil (PS), the osteoblast effect was investigated. PS can prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. It was taken the measurements of biochemical factors such as serum osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, IGF-1, and bone status. Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups for 12 weeks of treatment: (1) sham operation (SHAM) + vehicle; (2) ovariectomy (OVX) + vehicle; (3) OVX + 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg); (4) OVX + PS (300 mg/kg/d, PO). At the end of the experiment, bone turnover, and trabecular microarchitecture were assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histopathology, respectively. Ovariectomized rats experienced remarkable increases in global volumetric bone density, and trabecular microarchitecture deterioration. These OVX-induced pathological changes are reversible in that most of them could be mostly corrected upon 17β-estradiol treatment. PNS treatment significantly prevented bone mass loss and microarchitecture deterioration. Moreover, PS enhanced osteoblast activity but suppressed osteoclast turnover, as evidenced by decreased levels of serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. PS mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the technique which generates embryos by transferring diploid nucleus into an enucleated oocyte, it has produced specific animals successfully in a variety of species. However, the developmental capacity of SCNT embryos is still relatively lower than that of embryos produced in vivo. Oocyte is a kind of lipid rich cells, its quality limits the efficiency of embryo production. L-carnitine is a co-enzyme facilitating the transportation of long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondria membrane where fatty acids are used for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via beta-oxidation. It also has antioxidant actions which may protect mitochondrial membranes and DNA against damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whether L-carnitine is functional in bovine SCNT embryos are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of L-carnitine on oocyte maturation and developmental competence of subsequent SCNT embryos. L-carnitine was supplemented during IVM, then intracellular ROS and GSH levels, mitochondrial activity, gene expression of COCs were analyzed at the end of IVM. SCNT embryos were produced subsequently, apoptosis detection and gene expression evaluation were performed in blastocysts. In the results, treatments with 1.5 mM and 3 mM L-carnitine significantly improved maturation rates (P<0.05). Treatments with 3 mM L-carnitine effectively induced improvement in nuclear maturation, intracellular GSH levels and mitochondrial activity, as well as a reduction in intracellular ROS levels (P<0.05). mRNA levels of CPT1A, ACAA1, ACAA2, AREG, EREG, SOD1, GPX4, GLUT1 and CDC2 transcripts were effectively up-regulated by 3 mM L-carnitine treatments (P < 0.05). Similarly, 3mM L-carnitine induced an increase in blastocyst developmental rates and an improvement in blastocyst quality (P<0.05). Our study indicates that L-carnitine treatment during IVM improves oocyte nuclear maturation and subsequent SCNT embryo development.

Multiple interferon tau (IFNT) genes exist in bovine. An antiluteolytic substance secreted by the bovine conceptus and primarily responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy is bovine trophoblast protein 1 (bIFNT1), a new type I interferon tau (IFNT) genes. The objectives of this research were to investigate whether multiple, distinct gene encode bIFNT1 and other type I bIFNT gene in the bovine genome and to examine expression of bIFNT1 and other bIFNTc1 mRNAs during conceptus development. These transcrips could be regulated through caudalrelatedhomeobox-2 (CDX2) and ETS2 and/or AP1 (JUN) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. The presence of mRNAs encoded by bIFNT1 and type I bIFNTc1 genes were examined quantitatively via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of total cellular RNA (tcRNA) extracted from on day 17, 20 and 22 bovine conceptuses. The expression level of bIFNT1 was higher on day 17 transcripts were gradually weakly detectable on day 20 and 22. However, the other bIFNTc1 gene examined transcripts was highly expressed on day 20 and transcripts were weakly detectable on day 17 and 22 bovine conceptuses. Furthermore, human choriocarcinoma JEG3 was co-transfected with an -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc constructs and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with, ETS2, AP1(JUN), CREBBP and/or CDX2. Also, bIFNTc1 gene was had very effect on activity by alone ETS2, and AP1 (JUN) expression factors in choriocarcinoma JEG3 cell. However, bIFNT1 gene expression of the upstream region was not identified. We demonstrated that the activities of bIFN genes are regulated by differential, tissue-specific and developmental competence during pregnancy.

Anthricin (Deoxypodophyllotoxin), a naturally occurring flavolignan, has well known anti-cancer properties in several cancer cells, such as prostate cancer, cervical carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. However, the effects of Anthricin are currently unknown in oral cancer. We examined the anticancer effect and mechanism of action of Anthricin in human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that Anthricin inhibits cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50 50 nM) in the MTT assay and Live & Dead assay. In addition, Anthricin treated FaDu cells showed marked apoptosis by DAPI stain and FACS. Furthermore, Anthricin activates anti-apoptotic factors such as caspase-3, -9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting that caspase-mediated pathways are involved in Anthricin- induced apoptosis. Anthricin treatment also leads to accumulation of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax, followed by inhibition of cell growth. Taken together, these results indicate that Anthricn-induced cell death of human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells is mediated by mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. In summary, our findings provide a framework for further exploration on Anthricin as a novel chemotherapeutic drug for human oral cancer.