In the contemporary digital age, the rapid pace of technological advancement has elevated concerns regarding unauthorized technology transfers. These illicit transfers not only pose economic threats but also have the potential to compromise national security, strain international relationships, and impede technological innovation. Recognizing these challenges, the United States, as a technological leader, has implemented stringent laws and regulations to counteract such activities. Unauthorized technology transfer or disclosure is treated seriously within the United States. It can be subject to various laws, including export control regulations, economic sanctions, and Nonproliferation laws. Export control measures such as the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), targeting defense items, and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), focused on dual-use items, are enforced. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) regulations oversee U.S. trade sanctions. At the same time, the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Non-proliferation Act (INKSNA) penalizes those aiding proliferation activities in these countries. Such unauthorized transfers could undermine global security by violating international agreements like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The United States employs a multi-faceted approach to counter these threats, including international partnerships, strengthened export controls, diplomatic efforts, and rigorous enforcement. Beyond the legal aspects, unauthorized technology transfer carries significant economic, national security, and global trade implications. Intellectual property (IP) theft can result in economic losses, national security risks, and strained trade relations. Legal protections against IP theft encompass Patents, Trade Secrets, Copyright, and Trademark Acts. In conclusion, unauthorized technology transfers and IP theft present multi-faceted challenges with far-reaching implications for global security, economic prosperity, and international relations. The comprehensive approach taken by the United States, which combines legal measures, diplomatic engagement, and collaborative efforts, serves as a valuable example that South Korea can learn from and enhance to keep technological advancements and ensure a secure digital future.

As the demand for nuclear power increases as a means to achieve carbon neutrality, concerns about nuclear proliferation have also grown. Consequently, significant researches have conducted to enhance nuclear non-proliferation resistance. Among these research, nuclear material attractiveness is a methodology used to evaluate how appealing a particular material is for potential use in nuclear weapons, based on the characteristics of that material. Existing nuclear material attractiveness assessments focused on materials like U, Pu, and TRU, which could be directly used in the production of nuclear weapons. However, these assessments did not consider how the properties of nuclear materials change throughout the nuclear fuel cycle, with each facility process. This study assumed a scenario of the nuclear fuel cycle of graphite reduction reactors and analyzed including enrichment facilities and PUREX. This study used the FOM (Figure-Of-Merit) method developed by LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) for evaluating the nuclear material attractiveness. The FOM formula consists of three parameters such as critical mass, heat content, and dose The critical mass of targe materials and the dose evaluation were conducted using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code. The heat content was calculated using the ORIGEN code embedded in the Scale code. In particular, if U-238 is dominant in the facility’s materials, such as mining and refining facilities, and critical mass evaluation is unpractical. Therefore, 1SQ (Significant Quantity) of that uranium was assumed as the critical mass value for the FOM evaluation, even though 1SQ is not identical to the critical mass As a result of this study, the attractiveness of Pu produced by PUREX among all nuclear fuel cycle facilities was 2.7616, which was the most attractive to be diverted to nuclear weapons. Through this study, it was shown that the proliferation risk of the nuclear facilities in the nuclear fuel cycle and risk of diversion among those facilities.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) has been exporting weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to the volatile Middle East and Africa. It is expecting that military illicit activities would isolate DPRK economically, as it has been placed on multiple sanctions lists, including UN sanctions, multilateral export control regime sanctions, and country-specific sanctions. However, DPRK funds its WMD programs through various sanctions evasion activities. DPRK’s primary sanctions evasion activities include obtaining foreign currency, acquiring dualuse or restricted technology, smuggling, and money laundering, which are global in scope. This study analyzes the sanctions evasion activities used by DPRK to acquire economic, material, and technological resources for its WMD program and devises ways to disrupt these evasions effectively. First, the international community should strengthen export controls by encouraging states with weak export control regimes to join international organizations and conventions to limit DPRK arms and technology exports. Second, states should improve their intelligence gathering and analysis capabilities by sharing information on DPRK’s evasion activities and working together. This will help identify and counter DPRK’s evasion techniques and networks. Third, the international community should strengthen cooperation on DPRK’s evasion efforts. This can be done by strengthening cooperation with states and entities that enforce international sanctions and by working with relevant agencies such as customs, immigration, and police to track and interdict the movement of funds and assets used for evasion. Fourth, publicize DPRK’s illicit activities and apply diplomatic pressure. Diplomatic pressure can lead to more states and entities to enforce sanctions. In conclusion, these strategies are expected to deter DPRK’s illicit activities; but to sanction DPRK effectively, it is essential to continue to adjust and refine the strategies in response to DPRK’s evolving sanctions evasion efforts. The results of this research are expected to prevent WMD proliferation through DPRK by blocking or reducing the risk of sanctions evasion.

An optical fluorescence quenching sensor based on functionally modified iron-doped carbon nanoparticles was designed for the selective and sensitive Cr(VI) ion detection. Multifunctional iron-doped carbon nanoparticles were enclosed in the scaffolds of a promising stable nanocarrier system called hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), which has been fluorescently modified with 1-pyrene butyric acid using the Steglich esterification procedure. The therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities were boosted when these nanoparticles were enclosed in the fluorescently modified dendritic structure, HPG. Iron-doped carbon nanoparticles coupled with fluorescently modified hyperbranched polyglycerol can be used as a sensor for metal ions and can then be used to successfully remove them from a sample. Moreover, the synthesised nanoparticles demonstrated promising antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria and fungi. These results are also discussed in detail.

The mechanism of resonant light scattering in single-layer graphene is discussed. A new concept of electron–hole selfphotorecombination is proposed, which makes it possible to clearly separate the phenomena of resonant light scattering and resonant photoluminescence. It is established that Rayleigh resonant radiation has been found to consist of virtual and non-virtual components. It has been shown that Rayleigh radiation is mainly caused by resonant non-virtual optical transitions. The band of Rayleigh radiation due to resonant virtual transitions is quite wide, and the intensity is extremely low. On the basis of the presented theory, the results of numerical estimates of the linewidth and intensity of the Rayleigh band of single-layer graphene are in fairly good agreement with the experimental data.

The use of NG in the transportation sector is becoming an appealing option to diesel and gasoline fuels, presenting higher benefits. ANG technology offers a secure, cost-effective, energy-efficient strategy for the storage of NG in porous sorbents at reasonable gas densities. The major goal for its extensive utilization is the requirement of effective storage materials under practicable conditions. Recently, there has been increased attention in utilizing bio-wastes for the preparation of microporous carbons. In this contribution, our growing knowledge on the use of biobased materials and the processing strategies in an effort to predictively produce effective porous carbons appropriate for ANG technology have been reviewed. By careful literature selection, different precursors with different alternative processes to convert low-cost bio-wastes into porous carbons and achievements in methane storage are presented. To gain deeper insight into the technology, the correlation between the structural and chemical properties of materials and the factors affecting the storage performance are highlighted. The utilization of bio-wastes for the development of microporous carbons with facile methods emerged to be encouraging, which would be significant in larger scale applications. Bio-waste processing for ANG storage is valued over many other techniques, and the products are able to store substantial levels of methane. This review could help improve researchers’ evaluation of the methods as a guideline for ANG. Further studies for achieving an accomplished interconnection between the structural characteristics and the methane storage capacities with different bio-wastes and optimization strategies would be beneficial.

본 연구는 중국 음악사 교과목 수강자의 학업소진이 학습만족도에 미 치는 영향과 학습동기의 매개효과를 면밀히 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위 해 중국 후난성에 소재한 직업 전문대학에서 중국 음악사 교과목을 수강 하는 음악전공 대학생 391명을 통해 자기 보고식 설문지를 수집하였다. 수집된 설문지는 SPSS 25.0 이용하여 경향분석, 피어슨의 상관관계분 석, AMOS 24.0를 이용하여 모델 적합도 분석, 경로분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 중국 음악사 교과목 수강자의 학습동기와 학습만족도를 높일 수 있는 구체적인 방안을 모색할 뿐만 아니라 학업소진을 낮추는데 필요 한 교육지원을 구축하는 데에도 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

In this study, Bacillus velesensis TJS119, isolated from freshwater, demonstrated growth inhibition against insect pathogenic fungi. The culture medium of the B. velezensis TJS119 strain underwent sequential fractionation with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Notably, the n-butanol fraction exhibited significant antifungal activity against Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. LC/MS analysis of antifungal peaks identified the production of various lipopeptides by B. velezensis TJS119, including two types of iturin A (C14, C15), four types of fengycin A (C14, C15, C16, C17), and two types of fengycin B (C16, C17). The antifungal efficacy of Iturin A and Fengycin against insect pathogenic fungi was further validated using the paper disc diffusion method. These findings underscore the potential of B. velezensis TJS119 as a promising candidate for future research and applications in the realm of agricultural biological controls against fungal diseases.

Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae from industrial insects are traditionally recognized as functional health foods in South Korea. We evaluated the immuno-modulatory effects of feeding beneficial microorganism (Bacillus velezensis TJS119) to P. brevitarsis larvae as a dietary source. In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing activities of P. brevitarsis larvae hot-water extract (PLW) and PLW after treatment with B. velezensis TJS119 (PLWB) using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We examined the effects of PLWB on cell proliferation, cytokine production, and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. PLWB showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 1,000 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. Treatment with PLWB increased the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] at doses of 62.5 to 1,000 μ g/mL in RAW264.7 cells. As a result, PLWB exhibited a stronger immune-enhancing effect compared to PLW. In conclusion, the results of this study offer experimental evidence to support the potential utilization of PLWB as an immunity-enhancing nutraceutical ingredient.

Bacillus velezensis TJS119 was isolated from the freshwater, and antagonistic activity against of pathogenic fungi. Strain TJS119 showed a broad spectrum of antagonistic activities many fungal pathogens, including the green muscardine fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. The whole-genome sequence of B. velzensis TJS119 was analyzed using the illumina platform. The genome comprises a 3,809,913 bp chromosome with a G + C content of 46.43%, 3,834 total genes, 10 rRNA and 73 tRNA genes. The genome contained a total of 8 candidate gene clusters (difficidin, fengycin, bacillaene, macrolactin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, surfactin and butirosin) to synthesize secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Overall, our data will aid future studies of the biocontrol mechanisms of B. velezensis TJS119 and promote its application in insect disease control.

아메리카동애등에 성충은 음식물 폐자원 등 유기물이 있는 곳에 알을 낳는 습성이 있다. 대부분의 농가는 음식 물폐자원을 가공한 단미사료(습식사료)를 유인배지로 활용하여 그 위에 플로랄폼(오아시스)를 놓고 알을 받는 다. 그러나 플로랄폼은 재사용이 불가하고 생분해되지 않는 환경폐기물로서 처리가 곤란하며 포름알데하이드, 카본 블랙 등의 발암물질을 함유한 것으로도 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구는 먹이원 자체를 활용하여 폐기물이 발생하지 않는 친환경 산란받이를 개발하였으며 일회용으로 사용되는 플로랄폼을 대체하였다. 먹이원으로 활 용할 수 있는 습식사료와 건식사료를 주재료로 하여 제작하며, 습식사료(수분60~80%)와 건식사료(1~10%)를 1:0.5~1 비율로 혼합한 사료 혼합물과 보조첨가제와 물을 포함하여 제작한다. 친환경 산란받이는 기존 플로랄폼 대비 산란율이 34% 증가하였으며 구매비용 또한 75% 절감하였다.