유리전이온도가 95℃인 폴리스티렌 균질막에서 CO2의 수착과 투과실험을 온도는 60℃, 수착실험은 1.6 MPa 범위, 투과실험은 2.5 MPa 범위 내에서 각각 행하였다. 낮은 기체압력하에서는 수착등온선이 dual-mode sorption model에 일치하였으나 1.3 MPa 이상에서는 직선이었고, 직선부분은 원점까지 외삽되었다. 평균투과계수의 압력의존성은 dual-mode mobility model로부터 위로 편기되었다. 수착등온선으로부터 폴리스티렌 막은 1.3 MPa의 기체압력에서 수착된 CO2의 가소화거동에 의해서 유리전이가 일어난다는 것을 알았고, 이는 평균투과계수의 증가와 일치하였다.

With the strong growth of social networking sites such as Facebook in recent years, the potential of exploiting customers on Facebook is increasing. Presently, trading activities on Facebook is rapidly developing. Therefore, businesses have become increasingly competitive when selling products on Facebook, so as to retain customers as well as to satisfy customer, which is of paramount importance. This study was conducted to assess the factors affecting the satisfaction of individual customers in Vietnam when buying goods on Facebook. This study uses multivariate analysis techniques (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling) to determine the factors affecting customer satisfaction when buying goods on Facebook. Research results from 268 individual customers in Vietnam indicated trust and convenience are the two important factors related to customer satisfaction when buying goods on Facebook. Customer satisfaction is the result of consumer experience throughout the different stages of purchase. The more the shopping experience, the more the customers are satisfied when buying products. The price and products do not affect customer satisfaction (prices are easy to compare and products are easily understood on the Internet; hence, these two factors are not considered as determinants of customer satisfaction). Furthermore, this study provides recommendations to improve customer satisfaction.

This research examines the affect of destination image factors on revisit intention of domestic tourists at Ba Ria Vung-Tau (BRVT), by questioning directly 510 domestic tourists. The convenient sampling method is used in dividing the crowds into four groups; the four main surveyed areas in BRVT are: Vung Tau, Long Hai-Phuoc Hai, Xuyen Moc and Con Dao. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies were utilized. A focus group of 10 domestic tourists was set up to review and explore the various factors as well as the conceptual model. An in-depth interview with 12 participants was developed to fine-tune measurement items. The questionnaire applied a 5-point Likert scale. Checking the reliability by Cronbach’s Alpha, exploratory factor analyzing and linear multiple regression were used with the SPSS program. The results show that there are eight main destination image factors affecting domestic tourists revisit intention to BRVT using linear regression and arranged by decreasing importance: Infrastructure, Variety Seeking, Accessibility, Local food, Atmosphere, Environment, Price Value, Leisure and Entertainment. From that, the research offers some suggestions and policy recommendations for the tourism business and provincial policy-makers to identify the main issues and develop better customer services to increase domestic tourists’ revisit intention.

CEOs Overconfidence can bring potentially risky early decisions to businesses, along with large enterprise free cash flow that can bring different investment decisions with CEOs Overconfidence. Especially in the context of Vietnamese enterprises, CEOs are often influenced by behavioral psychology about overconfidence in investment decisions (due to individual cultural characteristics as well as operating financial markets also depend on many factors outside the market). Therefore, the authors study the impact of overconfidence and cash flow on investment in Vietnamese to find the internal relationship between these three factors in the financial environment in Vietnam. With 480 companies listed on the Vietnam Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2018 (companies have continuous reports), the regression analysis results with panel data (FEM, GLS models, correction of robust and GMM dealing with endogenous problems) have shown Overconfidence has a positive impact on investment. At the same time, the results also indicated that enterprises with overconfident CEOs and large cash flows tend to invest less than enterprises with low cash flow. The results of this study have shown the behavioral behavior of CEOs in Vietnamese enterprises that exist under both prospect theory and effective market theory.

Purpose - Customer loyalty and citizenship behavior are key success factors of franchise system. They make the management of franchisee more effective and efficient. Prior studies, however, mainly dealt with only acquisition utility of customer, such as perceived product/service quality and brand reputation to explain customer loyalty and citizenship behavior, which explains only on one side. We tried to investigate the effect of exchange utility of customer, such as relationship strength and psychological obligation together with the acquisition utility. In addition, we tried to investigate the relationship between customer loyalty and citizenship behavior in franchise context. Research design, data, and methodology - This study used data collected from the dining franchisee managers of 342 franchisors in South Korea. The franchisors consist of more than ten franchisees, the majority of which participated directly in the transaction with franchisor and have worked for more than six months. To test the hypotheses, the study used structural equation model analysis. Results - H1-1, 1-2, 1-3 predicted that acquisition utility would increase customer loyalty to franchisee. In support of H1-1, 1-2, 1-3, the results indicated that acquisition utilities such as perceived product value, perceived service value, and franchise brand reputation had positive effects on customer loyalty. H2-1, 2-2 predicted that exchange utility would increase customer loyalty to franchisee. In support of H2-2, the result indicated that psychological obligation had positive effects on customer loyalty like other acquisition utilities. However, H2-1 was not supported. Relationship strength had no significant effect on customer loyalty. H3 predicted that customer loyalty would increase customer citizenship behavior. In support of H3, the results indicated that customer loyalty had positive effect on customer citizenship behavior. Overall, the evidences generally supported the hypotheses. Conclusion - The results of the study show that not only acquisition utility but also exchange utility increases customer loyalty to franchisee and also show that customer loyalty increases customer citizenship behavior. Interestingly, however, relationship strength has no significant effect on customer loyalty. These results have two implications. The one is that increasing exchange utility can improve customer loyalty as acquisition utility can. The other one is that both of customer utilities can improve customer citizenship via customer loyalty.

The perturbation of the steady state of reactive oxygen species due to biotic and abiotic stresses in a plant could lead to protein denaturation through the modification of amino acid residues, including the oxidation of methionine residues. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) catalyze the reduction of methionine sulfoxide back to the methionine residue. To assess the role of this enzyme, we generated transgenic rice using a pepper CaMSRB2 gene under the control of the rice Rab21 promoter with/without a selection marker, the bar gene. A drought resistance test on transgenic plants showed that CaMSRB2 confers drought tolerance to rice, as evidenced by less oxidative stress symptoms and a strengthened PSII quantum yield under stress conditions, and increased survival rate and chlorophyll index after the re-watering. The results from immunoblotting using a methionine sulfoxide antibody and nano-LC-MS/MS spectrometry suggest that porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), which is involved in chlorophyll synthesis, is a putative target of CaMSRB2. The oxidized methionine content of PBGD expressed in E. coli increased in the presence of H2O2, and the Met-95 and Met-227 residues of PBGD were reduced by CaMSRB2 in the presence of dithiothreitol. An expression profiling analysis of the overexpression lines also suggested that photosystems are less severely affected by drought stress. Our results indicate that CaMSRB2 might play an important functional role in chloroplasts for conferring drought stress tolerance in rice

Genetically modified (GM) plant claims to be the solution to global poverty, and potentially solving environmental change and food requirement by increased human population. In this study, we were evaluating agronomic characteristics and chemical properties of two GM drought-tolerant rice (CaMsrB2-8 and CaMsrB2-23) compared with donor cultivars (Ilmi). Statistical analysis agronomic characteristics GM and donor rice showed no significant difference between both of them. Yield and appearance of rice grain, GM rice was a similar to the donor rice. Chemical composition analysis showed that GM drought-tolerant rice has no different with donor rice. This result indicated that GM drought tolerant rice has no big significant difference agronomic character and chemical properties; it can be solve food shortages in spite of drought condition.

Environmentally inflicted stress (abiotic stress) such as high drought stress could be limiting the plant productivity. The mechanism of drought stress signaling in plant related with anti-apoptosis has not yet been full described. Understanding drought stress signaling is key to producing drought-tolerant plant. In this study we recently have identified Oryza sativa genes related abiotic stress water deficit. Abiotic stress related genes were screened from Oryza sativa cDNA library and identified gene by yeast functional screening. The yeast expression showed that they east cell grow well on SD-galactose-Leu-Ura-. The screening of over than 7000 clones from Oryza sativa cDNA libraries has been identified. 28 clones that survived following BAX-expression on inducible galactose medium. R12H780 clones confirmed protein prediction like putative senescence-associated-protein. This gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 108 amino acids. Transcription of R12H780 was induced in response to drought stresses, RT-PCR analysis showed transcript level in plant strongly detected in earliest time of drought stress treatment. Yeast transformed with R12H780 gene displayed markedly improved tolerance to PEG treatment, and high salinity in comparison to the control yeast (vector only). The results indicate R12H780 expression represents a new type of drought stress related gene with anti-apoptotic in Oryza sativa and endows tolerance to several types abiotic stress.

A New six-rowed Naked Barley Cultivar “Nurichal” with good coking quality was developed by cross with HB88154-B-25-1 line and Hinchalssalbory by the Winter Cereal and Forage Crop Research Div. NICS, RDA in 2010. HB15305-B-B-31-2 was selected in 2006 and designated as ‘Iksan 95’. It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials (RYT) from 2008 to 2010 and was released with the name of ‘Nurichal’ possessing good water absorption and expansion. The average heading and maturing dates of ‘Nurichal’ were April 24 and May 30 in paddy field, which were two day and one day later than those of the check cultivar ‘Saechalssalbori’ respectively. The new cultivar, ‘Nurichal’, had 82cm of culm length that was 5cm shorter than that of ‘Saechalssalbori’, and 4.0cm of spike length. It showed 774 spikes per m2, 63 grains per spike, 25.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 793 g of test weight. ‘Nurichal’ showed a little weaker winter hardiness than those of the check cultivar, ‘Saechalssalbori’ and showed similar lodging resistance with check cultivar. It sowed stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compare to check cultivar. Grain shape was small and round. Protein content was 10.3% and β-glucan content was 6.8%. Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 3.84 MT/ha in paddy field, which were higher 2% than those of the check cultivar. Its water absorption was similar and expansion was higher than ‘Saechalssalbori’. This cultivar would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -6℃ in January in Korean peninsula.

Whole grain wheat bread and bakery products is highly considered as a functional food due to the high amount of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber in whole wheat flour. However, as the lower end-use properties of whole wheat products limit consumer selection, it is required to measure the functionality of whole wheat flour. Thus, it is observed the fermentation properties of bread dough from the composite flour of whole grain and white wheat flour. Whole grain cv. Chokyeong developed in the NICS was ground using a hammer mill with 0.5 mm sieve. The composite flour was prepared by substituting wheat flour with whole grain flour at 15, 30, 45% levels. Breads were prepared using the 100 g composite flour according to a basic straight-dough mehtod (AACC 10-10A) with slight modification. A rheofermentometer was used to measure the maximum dough height (Hm) and the maximum gas formation (H’m) during fermentation. Also, total CO2 production was recorded. The Hm decreased from 38.8 to 27.5 (mm) with increasing whole wheat flour from 15 to 45%. Whereas, the H’m was increased from 61.7 to 60.8 (mm) with whole wheat flour increment. Total CO2 production was also decreased with increasing whole wheat flour ranging 1312∼1164 (ml). The fermentation results could be useful to partly predict the effect of substituting whole wheat flour on the end-use quality of pan-breads.

This study was carried out to development the environment-friendly control method of Myzus persicae using Beauveria bassiana and Environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM). Germination rate the dried conidia of B. bassiana was 90 percent at 24-27 ˚C temperature condition. Mortalíty of M. persícae was 56. 7% at 1 X1 07 cfu/ml conidia concentration. Four EFAM such as Pachungtan, Wangjungwang, Newbiodakill, Muginchon were low toxicity to B. bassiana growth. Among them, Muginchon (derris extract) and Wangjungwang (neem extract) could have synergistic effect to aphid mortality when mixing treat with B. bassiana, which protection value was 99% in 3 days after treat.

Plant biomass is a huge carbon-complex that has potential as a nutrient. Therefore we extracted and separated useful materials for plant growth from tea leaf and stem. The pre-treatment process including high temperature (200 °C) and pressure (20-40 kgf/cm2) was treated for several minutes and extracted at 120 °C for 30-60 minutes. After that the chemical compositions and ingredients were analyzed from that plantnutrient. As a result of mineral contents, calcium and magnesium concentrations are higher than other minerals. Also the result of carbohydrates analyses has shown that the sugar oligomer consists of xylose(95.3%) and glucose(4.7%), and the sugar monomer consists in the order of xylose (52.7%) > manose (22.8%) > arabinose (10.8%) > galactose (10.2%) > glucose (3.5%). Before applied to field, in vitro plant growth system and formulation were examined. To evaluate the effect of the nutrients, both strawberry green-house and persimmon fields were used in this test. The treated persimmons were heavier than controls scored at 13-22%. In addition, the storageperiod was extended in the treated strawberries. Interestingly in the treated strawberry, the contents of polyphenols were increased (38-57%). These results suggest that the plant-nutrient can afford to help for plant growth and storage, and it can be substituted for other commercial nutrients. In conclusion, this plant-nutrient may help to extend eco-friendly or organic farming in Hadong-gun area.