밀가루에 기름과 꿀을 섞어서 반죽하여 일정한 모양으로 만들어 기름에 지지고 다시 꿀을 묻힌 약과는 한국인의 대표적인 기호식품의 하나이다. 본 연구는 1600년대부터 1943년까지 간행된 모든 한글 조리서 중에서 약과가 기록된 조리서 13권과 1945년 이후의 조리서 14권을 중심으로 약과의 명칭과 모양의 변천, 반죽 재료와 반죽 방법의 변천, 기름에 지지는 방법, 즙청 재료와 방법, 고명 등을 시대적으로 비교 고찰하므로 약과 문화의 시대적 변천 과정을 연구하였다. 1. 약과의 명칭은 약과 과줄 조과라 칭하였으며, 모양은 새 짐승 원형 네모진 모양이 있었다. 크기는 지름이 약 3.5cm, 두께 0.5~1.5cm 이었다. 2. 약과 반죽의 주재로는 밀가루 꿀 기름 술이었다. 밀가루 이외에 콩가루 찹쌀가루도 사용하였으며 꿀대신 조청 설탕물 설탕시럽 엿녹인 것을 넣기도 하였다. 기름은 주로 참기름을 넣었으나 사라다유 면실유도 넣었다. 술은 청주 소주 약주 막걸리 양주를 넣었으며 물은 끓인물을 넣었다. 그밖에 통깨 생강 후추가루 깨소금 생강즙 잣가루 소금 등을 넣었다. 3. 약과 반죽은 "반죽을 매우 찧어 도마에 놓고 망치로 사방을 모아 두드리라"는 방법과 "국수 반죽 모양으로 너무 치다르지 말고 가볍게 반죽해야 한다"는 두 가지 방법이 있었다. 1940년 이후의 대부분 조리서에서 "가볍게 살살 섞으라"고 하였다. 4. 기름에 지지는 방법은 "기름을 넉넉히 붓고 120~160℃의 기름에서 속이 잘 익고 진한 갈색이 나도록 5~15분 가량 지져내라" 하였다. 이때 "기름의 온도가 너무 낮으면 모양이 부서지고 너무 높으면 단단해진다"고 하였다. 5. 즙청의 재료로 1940년 이전에는 꿀을 사용하였으나 그 후부터는 굴 조청 엿녹인 것 시럽 등을 사용하였다. 그밖에 향취를 위해 강즙 건강 유자즙을 넣었다. 6. 즙청 방법은 튀겨낸 약과의 기름을 빼고 뜨거울 때 넣어 오래 담가 두어야 연하고 맛이 있다고 하였다. 7. 고명은 잣가루 계피가루 설탕이었다.

12주간의 복합운동프로그램이 노인의 스트레스와 자율 신경계 활성도에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 있다. 방법: 연구대상자들은 65∼75세의 노인 14명으로 7명의 노인을 대상으로 복합 운동프로그램을 7명의 노인을 대 상으로 걷기 운동을 12주 동안 주 2회 실시하였다. 중재를 실시하기 전과 12주 후의 평가 결과를 분석하였다. 자 료 분석 방법은 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 t-검정, 반복측정 분산분석으로 분석하였다. 결과: 복합 운동프로 그램 그룹의 경우 12주 후 스트레스 저항도와 전체 자율신경 활성도에서 유의한 증가를 보였다. 비록 지각된 스 트레스와 신체수행능력 점수에서 대조군과 유이한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 복합 운동프로그램 그룹에서 중재 후 유의한 개선을 보여 긍정적인 양상을 볼 수 있었다. 결론: 이러한 연구결과를 통해 노인들의 자율 신경계 활성도 를 높여 심혈관계 질환을 예방하기 위한 운동 프로그램으로 복합 운동 프로그램을 제안한다.

서부 민간인 통제지역은 경기도 파주시 지역으로는 장단면, 군내면, 진동면을 포함한다. 연천군 지역은 장남면, 백학면, 미산면, 중면에 걸쳐있다. 본 조사에서는 파주시 장단면 일대와 군내면 정자리 덕진산성, 진동면 동파리 일월봉, 임진강변, 수내천, 초리천을 중심으로 세 개 면과 연천군 장남면 반정리의 식물상을 조사하여, 서부 민간인 통제지역의 주요 식물들의 분포를 자세히 파악하고자 하였다. 2012년 4월부터 2014년 9월까지 월 2회 조사를 통해 461점의 표본을 확보하였고, 96과 305속 413종 4아종 41변종 6품종의 464분류군을 확인하였다. 이후 2018년 10월까지 월 1회 조사하였다. 조사 시기 중 멸종위기종 은 관찰되지 않았으며, 우리나라 특산식물로는 고려엉겅퀴, 벌개미취, 키버들 등 6분류군이 확인 되었다. 식물구계학적 특정 종으로는 Ⅳ급종은 5분류군, Ⅲ급종은 7분류군, Ⅱ급종은 14분 류군, Ⅰ급종은 18분류군의 44분류군이 확인되었다. 서부 민간인 통제지역에서 확인된 귀화식물은 단풍잎돼지풀을 포함한 35 분류군으로 전체 식물의 7.5%에 해당한다.

To analyze main factors of size planning of community facilities that were created as part of development of a rural area, the present condition of factors deciding size of community facilities was analyzed, factors that influence size planning by the type of community facility were drawn with Delphi anaysis. The results of analyzing the present condition of size planning factors of community facilities show that facilities have been generally planned as multi-purpose and multi-functional facilities. And on the basis of the purpose of facilities, their functions and organization, and their operation programs, facilities are classified into community-centered, agritourism-centered, and combined ones. Using Delphi analysis, major factors that could affect size planning of community facilities were drawn on 26 community-centered, 28 agritourism-centered, and 30 combined. And the factors tended not to be applied well for size planning of community facilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the operating system quality of Cheongwon Organic Festival, a local festival held in Cheongju, affects visitor satisfaction, and to also revitalize the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival through this study. 344 visitors of the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival were recruited to become participants of this study using a random sampling method. There were significant differences in the evaluation of the operating system quality at the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival depending on the visitors’ gender, age, education, household income, acquisition of information, purpose of visit, considerations of the purchase of festival goods, purchase of a pre-sales ticket, and residence.Different factors such as the visitors’ gender, age, education, household income, acquisition of information, purpose of visit, considerations while purchasing festival goods, and residence impacted the visitors’ satisfaction of their visit to the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival. It was found that there was a correlation between the operating system quality at Cheongwon Organic Life Festival and the visitors’ satisfaction. The operating system quality as a whole and the event programming showed the highest correlation with the visitors’ satisfaction.

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of Mt. Bulmyeongsan in Jeollabuk-do from April 2015 to October 2016. The vascular plants were summarized as 433 taxa, including 100 families, 290 genera, 382 species, 4 subspecies, 38 varieties and 9 forms. Among the investigated 433 taxa, 5 Korean endemic plants and 4 rare and endangered plants were included. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 1 taxa of grade IV, 10 taxa of grade III, 3 taxa of grade II and 19 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants consisted of 28 taxa that made up 6.5% of the total vascular plants in this area.

The objective of this study was to select yogurt starter from Korean traditional fermented foods. The 2 strains (KM24, KM32) among 50 strains of isolated lactic acid bacteria selected as starter based on milk clotting ability, antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, tolerance in artificial gastric and bile juice and growth in 10 % skimmed milk. The strains were identified as Lacobacillus plantarum (KM32) and Pediococcus pentosacesus (KM24) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Viable cell number of yogurt fermented with mixed strains (KM24 and KM32) was 9.66 log CFU/mL after fermentation for 48 h and maintained 109 CFU/mL during fermentation for 72 h at 37℃. The pH and titratable acidity of mixed cultured yogurt were 4.25% and 0.83% after fermentation for 48 h at 37℃, respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics of mixed cultured yogurt after fermentation for 48 h were 38.45 μg/mL (polyphenol content), 48.57% (DPPH radical scavenging activity) and 465.40 cp (viscosity), respectively. The mixed cultured yogurt maintained 109 CFU/mL of lactic acid bacteria during storage 10 days at 4℃. The viable cell number of yogurt prepared with mixed culture(KM32+KM24) maintained higher and than that of control (L. casei) during storage. These results indicated the potential use of selected strains (KM32+KM24) isolated from kimchi as a yogurt starter with strong acid tolerance and probiotics properties.

The importance key to overcome crisis in rural society is to utilize multivaluedness of rurality. In order to comprehend and utilize a variety of multivaluedness of rurality, firstly it should be needed to investigate and analyze the rural resource. secondly it should be needed to make a plan reflected re-evaleted rural resources. This study aimed at setting up the analysis of all villages in Yeongdong-Gun, Chungcheongbuk-Do by 5 rural village types(Basic life-supporting, Agricultural promotion, Marketing/processing oriented, Urban-rural communication, Life-style choice types) differed in score of classified indicators. These results are expected to be helpful to make a rural development plan reflected villages’ characteristics based on rural resources.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hot water extract of Welsh onion root (HEWO) on growth of lactic acid bacteria and fermentative characteristics of yogurt. The physiochemical characteristics of HEWO such as pH, soluble solid, reducing sugar, total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were studied. The lactic bacterial count in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth with HEWO was about 1 log cycle higher than in control for 24 h at 37℃. The pH of yogurt prepared with HEWO (WY100) and 50% HEWO (WY50) was gradually decreased significantly but increased the viscosity of yogurt with increasing HEWO concentration during fermentation. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria after fermentation for 24 h were 8.03 (control), 8.77 (WY50), 8.84 (WY100) log CFU/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of yogurt increased with increasing HEWO concentration. Sensory quality of yogurt prepared with HEWO was higher than that of control. The pH and lactic acid bacteria of all tested yogurts decreased during storage for 10 days at 4℃ but lactic bacterial count of yogurt prepared with HEWO maintained 108 CFU/mL during storage. These results indicated the potential use of HEWO as a valuable resource to improve fermentation and functionality of yogurt.

The present study was carried out to identify traditional konwledges on Korean Campanulaceae plants and conduct a comprehensive review of them through analyzing phytochemistry and pharmacology of Korean Campanulaceae plants. According to the literature study, the ethnobotanical plants of Korean Campanulacae consisted of a total 18 taxa. Of them, 12 taxa including Platycodon grandiflorus, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata and others have been used as ethnomedicinal plants. These plants have been used for the treatment of 49 diseases such as cold, asthma and postnatal care. Phytochemical studies have identified the constituents present from Korean Campanulaceae (Adenophora, Codonopsis, Platycodon, Campanula and Asyneuma). A wide range of chemical compounds comprised 109 triterpenes, 8 sterols, 4 polyacetylenes, 21 alkaloids, 14 flavonoids, 14 phenolic acids, 11 phenolic glycosides, 8 phenylpropanoids and 22 other compounds. Pharmacological studies of these compounds have demonstrated immuno-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, apophlegmatic and anti-allergic effects. They have also shown antioxidant, estrogenic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antinociception and anti-tumor activities, as well as anti-obesity and cardiovascular effects. In light of traditional knowledge and phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized, uses of Korean Campanulaceae based on traditional knowledge (for the treatment diseases and conditions of respiratory, pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium, genitourinary, circulatory, musculoskeletal and other systems) have been supported by phytochemical and pharmacological studies.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival, a rural festival, affects the farmers of the local farms in Cheongju. Based on grounded theory, this study analyzed the objective using a qualitative research program, the Nvivo11 program. The data was collected through in depth interviews from 13 farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival, and were also residents of Chungcheungbuk-do. The roles of the local festival expected by farmers, were the sale of local agricultural products, local public relations, regional revitalization, a sense of pride as a farmer, exchange of business ideas for sales of agricultural products, and a line of direct communication between farmers and consumers. The farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival insisted that sales should rise. The results showed that the farmers who participated in the festival felt socially and psychologically stable while participating. The programs at the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival include a concert, hands on involvement, and agricultural sales, which have a direct influence on both sales and attracting visitors during the local festival. Farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival asked for the improvement of the overall operation of the festival, including the problems with the admission tickets, parking, arrangement of facilities, festival venue, time, and etc. The suggested improvements for the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival focused on the quality certification system of agricultural products, as well as the organic farming of products, thereby to gain trust from the consumers.

Quality characteristics of Yanggaeng prepared with water extract (CRE) and powder (CRP) of roasted coffee ground (CR) were investigated. Total polyphenol content and DPPH raidcal scavenging ability of water extract of CRE were 13.52 g/mL and 78.75%, respectively. The pH ranges of Yanggaeng prepared with CRE (CREY) and CRP (CRPY) were 7.10~7.29 and 6.95~7.15, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of CREY containing 0.1~1.0% CRE showed 8.77~43.10% and CRPY containing 0.1~1.0% CRP showed 5.28~14.92%. The total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity of CREY and CRPY increased significantly with increasing CRE and CRP concentrations (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation which includes taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of CREY and CRPY were higher than that of control. The overall acceptability showed the highest levels in Yanggaeng containing 0.5% CRE and containing 0.3% CRP. These results indicate the potential use of roasted coffee ground residue as a valuable resource for development of side menu in coffee restaurants.

The characteristics and quality changes of sauces containing different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of fermented Oenothra biennis juice (FOBJ) were studied for its potential as a new meat seasoning suace. pH of the seasoning sauce was ranged from 5.23 to 5.37. Sugar content of seasoning sauces increased decreasing on increase of FOBJ concentration while the color (L, a, b) decreased. DPPH radical scavenging ability and TBARS values of the seasoning sauce was increased significantly by the addition of FOBJ (p<0.05). The total bacteria number of the seasoning sauces was approximately 3 log CFU/g while coliform bacteria were not detected in all tested sauces. The sauce containing 5% FOBJ showed the highest value in taste, color, overall acceptability among all tested sauces. The pH and titratable acidity of the meat seasoning sauces was not changed significantly during 25 days at 10℃. The total bacteria number of the seasoning sauces was steadly 3.62~3.83 log CFU/g for 25 days at 10℃. The number of coliform was not detected during storage periods. These results suggested the possibility of development of new meat seasoning sauce containing FOBI.

The aim of this study is to suggest the quantitative standard of a marginal village. For the purpose, the study selected 43 villages with the population of 50 or less, the classification of a marginal village in accordance with advanced research and 47 villages with the population over 50 in Buyeo-gun region. The common reason of occurrence of a marginal village suggested by advanced research is a characteristic of a village or decline and extinction of a village rather than a simple index of population or aging rate. Therefore, the study assumed that decline of functions of the village would be caused by decline a function of communities consisting of the villagers. The study then assumed that the relatively low or 0 number or rate of participants would result in community functions. The study conducted t-test on basis of population and aging rate and an analysis to find the range with relatively large differences in the number of communities, participants and the rate of the participants, etc. The result showed that the community function began to decline when the population was less than 60~70 and the aging rate over 75%~85%. As the decline of functions of communities began in population of 70, the critical point was met when the population was 40 or less. With population of 40 or less, the young and the old group communities became extinct or showed rapid decrease in the number of participants. The study assumed that decline of functions of a village, a reason of occurrence of a marginal village would be decline of functions of communities, but there was no further analysis on decline or extinction of a village with population of 40 or less. There shall be further studies about whether a village of population of 40 or less is led to decline of a function or extinction of village communities.

추출방법을 달리하여 달맞이꽃 에탄올 추출물의 주요성 분과 항산화 및 항균 활성을 측정하였다. 상온교반 추출(SE, stirrer extraction), 초음파 추출(USE, ultrasonification extraction), 환류 추출(RE, reflux extraction), 고온가압추출 (AE, autoclave extraction), 저온고압추출(LE, low temperature high pressure extraction)법을 사용한 결과 RE법이 추출수율 (46.33%), 총 폴리페놀(463.05 mg GAE/g)과 플라보노이드 (71.71 mg RHE/g) 함량이 다른 추출방법 보다 높았다. 달맞 이꽃 추출물은 B. cereus에 대한 항균활성이 나타났으며, 추출방법에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. DPPH와 ABTS radical 소거능, 환원력, 철이온 흡착능 시험에서도 RE법을 이용한 추출물이 각각 74.40%, 65.29%, 1.370 (OD700), 90.14%를 나타내어 다른 추출방법에 비해 높았다. 달맞이 꽃 추출물은 항산화 활성이 우수하여 유용한 천연물 소재로 사용이 가능하며, B. cereus가 주 원인이 되는 식중독의 예방이나 오염된 식품의 보존성 증진을 위한 천연 소재로 할용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to provide an objective insight for factors that affect people's visiting behavior to educational farms. Second, this study aims to identify the underlying dimensions representing motivations and constraints for visiting educational farms. Third, this study explores differences among the classified groups with respect to structural relationships of each construct. Finally, identifying strategies of educational farm-related organizations could develop to reinforce visit motivations, offset visit constraints and ultimately increase behavioral intention for potential possible visitors to revisit and recommend educational farms. Empirical results of the study suggest implications for promoting the current farm villages and markets with many stakeholders in agricultural industries. Nevertheless, there are some limitations as followed: first, despite the possibility of their effects, the study did not consider other factors, which could affect revisiting behavior such as destination image, experiencing attributes etc. Second, the study needs improvements through longitudinal research because the cross-sectional research could not rule out the alternative explanations. The directions for the future study are as follows: first, future study requires time series approach instead of cross sectional approach. Secondly, future study might utilize comparative study regarding regional characteristics of educational farms or a nation-wide approach. Thirdly, future study can suggest a combined educational farms considering practical educational farm cases. Lastly, it is considered that developing evaluation measures such as quality authentication system will contribute to educational farms' stabilization.

The antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory effects of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by various extraction methods (RE, reflux extraction; SE, ultrasonification extraction; AE, autoclave extraction; LE, low-temperature high-pressure extraction) were investigated. The extraction yield (55.21%) and the laminarin (39.03%), fucoidan (24.75%), total polyphenol (115.68 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (36.67 mg RHE/g) contents of AE were higher than those in other methods. The DPPH radical (86.60%, 500 mg%), ABTS radical (58.56%, 25 mg%), nitrite (86.38%, 100 mg%) scavenging activities of the Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE were higher than those of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by other methods. The ABTS radical and nitrite scavenging activities were above 98% in all tested Eisenia bicyclis extracts and these activities were dependent on its concentration. The inhibitory effects of AE against amylase (50 mg%) and α-glucosidase (5 mg%) were 64.76% and 86.71%, respectively. The AE showed the best inhibitory effect of Eisenia bicyclis extracts (50 mg%) against trypsin (24.37%) and α-chymotrypsin (49.05%), respectively. These results suggest that Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

The ethnobotanical study was conducted to record and conserve the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Hallyeo-Haesang National Park area, S. Korea from 2012 to 2013. According to the survey results, derived from 1,430 sheets of 183 residents at 70 places, the ethnobotanical plants in Hallyeo-Haesang National Park area consisted of a total 247 taxa; 82 families, 197 genera, 224 species, 3 subspecies, 19 varieties and 1 form. The analysis of usage for 247 taxa showed that the edible use was the highest with 166 taxa, followed by medicinal with 138 taxa, craft with 27 taxa, material with 16 taxa and ritual with 9 taxa respectively. The leaf of plant was the most useful part, followed by stem and fruit plant. Quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical plants in Hallyeo-Haesang National Park area was performed by the basic values of FC, NU and UR, and indices of CI, RFC, RI and CV. As a result, The CI places Artemisia princeps in the first position, followed by Pueraria lobata, Taraxacum platycarpum. The RFC place A. princeps in first position, followed by Achyranthes japonica, Aster scaber. The RI places A. princeps in the first position, followed by P. lobata, Pinus densiflora. The CV places A. princeps in the first position, followed by P. lobata, A. japonica. Farfugium japonicum had been used as specific ethnobotanical plant in this area, for arthralgia, postpartum arthrodynia, circulatory disturbance.

This study has been done to have a good grasp at the importance among the constituent elements of the rural healing tourism for working out the rural healing tourism planning. The above constituent elements were produced from the survey targeting the rural area-visiting visitors. For this study, 350 questionnaires were distributed to them and 306 out of them, valid, were collected. For the analysis of correlation among each item in the questionnaires, T-test, ANOVA were carried out. The results of the analysis of the questionnaires show that the consumers of the rural healing tourism have interest in the rural healing tourism regardless of their gender. The results also show that the consumers lay stress on the aspect of the infrastructure(H/W) more than contents-based aspect of the healing tourism(S/W). While especially, regarding healing tourism facilities or infrastructure, this study shows that there is significant difference in every item except gender item, regarding the contents and purpose of the rural healing tourism there is a significant difference among groups only in the item of age.