The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an upper extremities group exercise program based on motor learning in chronic stroke patients and to assess improvements in upper sensory motor function and activities of daily living (ADL). Five chronic stroke patients participated for the duration of 25 weeks. On the assessment of motor and process skills, there was a statistically significant improvement in motor area functioning in 4 of the subjects. In process area functioning, there was a statistically significant change in 3 of the subjects. Therefore, further studies are needed to assess sensorimotor area and ADL changes in chronic stroke patients to reduce medical cost and assess for positive psychological changes.

대부분의 많은 국제화물운송이단일운송수단이 아닌 두 가지 이상의 다른 운송수단에 의해 이루어진다. 즉, 단순한 해상운송, 항공운송 혹은 육상운송이 아닌 이러한 운송수단의 조합으로 이루어진다. 이러한 종류의 화물운송을 보 통 복합운송이라고 하는데 이 복합운송이 현재 국제무역에 있어서 매우 중요 한 역할을 하고 있다. 하지만, 현재 널리 수용되고 있는 국제복합운송법의 부 재로 인해 복합운송 관련법규 뿐만 아니라 복합운송의 개념, 정의 및 용어 또 한 정비가 되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 현재 multimodal transport, combined transport, intermodal transport, through transport 또는 door-to-door transport 와 같은 여러 가지 용어들이 막연히 상호간에 의미 구분 없이 사용되고 있다. 하지만, 이들 용어들은 서로 구별된 개념을 가지고 있으며, 용어상의 차이는 부분적으로 상업상 서로 다른 개념 및 지리적으로 서로 다른 상황을 다루기 위해서 발생하였음을 알 수 있다. 여러 가지 상황 및 이유로 볼 때, multimodal transport 용어가 가장 최신화 된 표현이며, 서로 다른 두 가지 이 상의 운송수단을 이용하여 하나의 복합운송계약과 한 명의 복합운송인 책임하에서 이루어지는 화물운송을 표현하는 가장 적합한 용어임을 알 수 있다. 한편, 복합운송법과 단일운송법 체계상의 상호충돌 문제에 대한 기준 법리 를 제공해 줄 수 있는 복합운송의 법적성질과 관련하여 가장 대표적인 이론 으로는 복합운송계약을 독립된(sui generis) 계약의 형태로 보는 입장과 혼합 된 형태의 계약(mixed contract)으로 보는 입장이 있다. 하지만 현재 복합운송 시 발생하는 손해를 다룰 통일된 국제적 법적제도의 부재로 인해 독립된 계 약 입장보다는 혼합된 계약 입장이 더 지지를 받고 있는 상황이다.

This paper reports results from two types of priming experiments (i.e., masked and cross-modal priming experiments) which compare Chinese L2 learners’ morphological processing of a Korean verbal suffix -ko with adult native speakers of Korean. L1/L2 differences were found in both the masked and cross-modal priming experiments: Full priming effects were found in the masked priming experiment and partial priming effects in the cross-modal priming experiment in L1, while weak or no priming effects were found in both types of priming experiments of L2. These findings indicate that L2 learners of Korean are less sensitive to morphological structure than native speakers and dependent on the lexical storage of the full form. This study also provided evidence for the non-difference between the masked priming and the cross-modal priming experiments both in L1 and L2.

이 논문은 년 월 일부터 일 사이에 개최된 년 해사노동협약에 대한 제 차 특별 자간위원회에서 채택된 개정규정을 검토하여 이를 국내에 수용하기 위하여 필요한 법령의 개정방안을 연구제시하였다 선원유기와 관련하여 우리 선원법령에 반영하여야 할 사항으로 첫째 선원유기의 개념 도입 둘째 선원유기보험 또는 공제에 가입할 의무와 그 위반시 벌칙규정의 도입이 필요하고 유기보험에 가입한 경우에는 송환보험과 임금채권보장을 위한 보험 등에 가입한 것으로 보도록 하여 중복가입의 문제를 해결할 필요가 있다 셋째 선원유기보험의 기능적 요건에 관한 새로운 규정을 도입하되 직접청구권 충분성과 신속성 그리고 재정보증 정지 일전 통지의무를 모두 규정하도록 보완할 필요가 있다 넷째 유기보험의 재정보증 범위와 적용범위 중 미비한 부분을 반영하는 선원법령의 개정이 필요하다 다섯째 재정보증증빙서류에 포함할 필수항목을 구체화하고 사본 부를 선내에 게시할 의무를 부과할 필요가 있다 여섯째 유기보험의 경우에 임금채권의 보장과 관련하여 중복보상의 문제가 발생하지 않도록 제도적 보완이 필요하다 일곱째 해사노동인증 검사 및 인증 항목에 송환을 위한 재정보증을 포함하고 해사노동적합선언서 제 부와 제 부에 반영할 필요가 있다 선원재해보상과 관련하여 우리 선원법령에 반영하여야 할 사항으로 첫째 재정보증장치의 기능적 요건 미비사항인 재해보상금의 지체없는 전액지급 신속한 재정적 지원 계약상 금액보다 적은 지급을 수락하도록 하는 압력 행사 금지 장기장해의 경우 회 이상의 중간지급 선박소유자의 재해보상을 위한 재정보증이 취소 또는 종료시 선원에 대한 사전통지 재정보증이 유효한 경우에 기국의 주무관청에 일전의 사전통지의무 등을 보완할 필요가 있다 둘째 재정 보증 증빙서류의 선내게시의무 증빙서류에 포함하여야 할 사항에 대한 규정을 신설할 필요가 있다 셋째 재해보상금 지급시 권리침해 금지규정을 선원법에 명시하고 재해보상금을 지급할 때 재해보상금 정산양식을 사용할 것을 의무화 할 필요가 있다 넷째 해사노동인증 검사 및 인증 항목에 선박소유자의 책임과 관계되는 재정보증을 포함하고 해사노동적합선언서 제 부와 제 부에 반영 할 필요가 있다 이 논문에서 연구한 제 차 개정안은 이른바 간략개정절차에 따라 년 초에 국제적으로 발효할 예정이다 해사노동협약을 비준한 우리나라는 이 개정안을 적시에 우리 선원법령에 반영함으로써 동 협약상의 의무를 이행하여야 할 것이다

Purpose: To examine the relationship between working in a very dry clean room (relative humidity less than 1%) and dry eye, and its progress by lapse of time. Methods: Targeting 352 employees working in a clean room of onesecondary cell production plant, it performed a dry eye examination in 2011, 2012, and 2013, totally three times. It performed the TFBUT, Schirmer’s test,slit lamp microscope examination, and Mac Morning survey. dry eye stages were classified based on the DEWS criteria. The annual examination results were analyzed through the Anova test and the post-mortem was conducted with Tukey, and in order to learn the effect of working time on dry eye, anunivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted having dry eye examination results as a dependent variable and working time as an independent variable. Results: According to TFBUT and Mac Morning survey, dry eye degenerated as time passed. There was no change in the Schirmer’s test. Considering that as a result of the univariate logistic regression analysis having dry eye examination results as a dependent variable and working time as an independent variable, in the Mac Morning survey, the cross ratio increased up to 1.127(95%CI 1.033~1.230)by lapse of time, it could be found that as working time is elongated, the complaining rate of dry eye increases. Conclusion: It is thought that a clean room with a relative humidity less than 1% affects causing dry eye. Working time limitation, job rotation, and health care such as prescription of artificial tear solution without preserved agent are necessary.

The aim of this study was to compare the activity of the upper trapezius (UT) and serratus anterior (SA) and ratio of UT to SA during shoulder elevations. Ten subjects with UT pain (UTP) and 13 subjects without UTP participated in this study. Subjects with a UTP of over five in a pain intensity visual analogue scale (0-10 ㎝) for more than 2 months and latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the UT muscle were included in the UTP group. Electromyography (EMG) data of UT and SA at 1st and 10th elevations were analyzed. Two-way repeated analyses of variance were used to compare the EMG activity of UT and SA and the ratio of UT to SA during shoulder elevations between groups with and without UTP. There was a significant increase in UT/SA ratio in the group with UTP compared to the group without UTP (p=.01). The activity of UT and SA measured at the 10th elevation was significantly greater than that in the first elevation (p<.05). The activity of SA was significantly greater in the group without UTP than the group with UTP (p=.03). However, there was no significant difference between groups with and without UTP in terms of UT activity (p=.28). These results indicate that UTP may have relevance to the increased muscle activity ratio of UT to SA during shoulder elevations.

For professional drivers, there is a possibility to have musculoskeletal disorders on ankle joint due to repetitive pedaling operation. Therefore, this study have focused to examine ankle active range of motion (AROM), dorsiflexor strength, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) of tibialis anterior muscle (TA) in taxi drivers compared to a age-matched control group. Thirty male taxi drivers with at least 10 years of driving experience and thirty male sedentary workers were evaluated for ankle AROM, dorsiflexor strength, and PPT of TA. Multiple independent t-tests were used to identify significant differences between two groups. For the results, taxi drivers had significantly less AROM in dorsiflexion and greater AROM in external tibial rotation compared to the control group. Also, dorsiflexor strength and PPT of TA in taxi drivers was significantly lower than in the control group. This study indicates that the repetitive ankle movements associated with driving have an effect on ankle AROM, dorsiflexor strength, and PPT of TA and may lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders on ankle. Professional drivers may need to be educated to prevent a potential musculoskeletal disorders associated with repetitive movement.

The purpose of this study was to assess the intra-rater test-retest reliability of tibial external rotation angle measurement using a smartphone-based photographic goniometer, DrGoniometer (DrG) compared to a three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon). The current study showed an interchangeable method using DrG to measure the tibial external rotation angle in standing knee flexion at . Twelve healthy subjects participated in this study. A rest session was conducted 30 minutes later for within-day reliability and five days later for between-day intra-rater test-retest reliability. To assess the validity of the measurement using DrG, we used a three dimensional motion analysis system as a gold standard to measure the angle of tibial external rotation. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM) values were used to determine the within- and between- day intra-rater test-retest reliability of using DrG and a three dimensional motion analysis system. To assess validity, Pearson correlation coefficients were used for two measurement techniques. The measurement for tibial external rotation had high intra-rater test-retest reliability of within-day (ICC=.88) and between-day (ICC=.83) reliability using DrG and of within-day (ICC=.93) and between-day (ICC=.77) reliability using a three-dimentional motion analysis system. Tibial external rotation angle measurement using DrG was highly correlated with those of the three-dimensional motion analysis system (r=.86). These results represented that the tibial external rotation angle measurement using DrG showed acceptable reliability and validity compared with the use of three-dimensional motion analysis system.

We evaluated whether group locomotor imagery training-combined knowledge of performance (KP) lead to improvements in gait function in community dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. Ten adults who had suffered a hemiparetic stroke at least 6 months earlier participated in group locomotor imagery training-combined KP for 5 weeks, twice per week, with 2 h intensive training. Dynamic gait index scores increased significantly after the group locomotor imagery training-combined KP. However, times for the timed up-and-go test did not improve significantly after the training. Group locomotor imagery training-combined KP may be a useful option for the relearning of gait performance for community dwelling individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the level-appropriateness of listening tasks in middle-school English activity books, which have been used in Korean secondary schools since 2009 in order to facilitate level-differentiated learning. Five different kinds of middle-school English activity books from grade 1 to grade 3 (i.e., 15 in total) were randomly chosen for analysis. It was found that the listening task difficulty of activity books as a whole became greater as the proficiency level went up, which implied listening tasks were well sequenced regarding the proficiency level. Some activity books, however, showed a problem with sequencing listening tasks in terms of difficulty because the task difficulty in the higher grade was lower than that in the lower grade. In terms of listening task difficulty, in addition, activity books were not homogeneous even in the same level. Implications of the findings for the level– appropriateness of listening tasks and further research into listening task difficulty are discussed.

In order to investigate the fluctuation rates [FR] of phytoplankton after passage through a cooling system, the standing crops, chlorophyll a concentrations and carbon assimilation number of phytoplankton were surveyed at intake and outlet at Wolsong nuclear power plant [NPP] from July 2006 to June 2008. As a result, the total mean standing crops of phytoplankton were 1.0 ×106 cells L-1 and 7.3×105 cells L-1 at intake and outlet, respectively. The FR of phytoplankton by passage through the cooling system [PTCS] was 27.0%. Among them, the FR of microplankton and nanoplankton were 34.1% and 12.4%, respectively. In addition, the FR of diatoms and dinoflagellates were 33.9% and 29.7%, respectively. These results showed the entrainment effects on microplankton and diatoms by PTCS were higher than those of nanoplankton and dinoflagellates. The FR of total chlorophyll a concentrations were 54.4%, and the FR of microplankton, nanoplankton and picoplankton were 58.9%, 38.5%, and 52.4%, respectively. So the entrainment effects on microplankton by PTCS were higher than those of nanoplankton and picoplankton. The mean FR of carbon assimilation number of phytoplankton was 57.6%, and the seasonal variations of FR of carbon assimilation number ranged from 47.5% to 76.8%. Our results indicated that the phytoplankton species responded differently to power plant operating conditions such as elevated temperature, chlorination, and mechanical impacts.

We present an analysis of the papers published in the journals Nature and Science in the years from 2006 to 2010. During this period, 7788 papers in total were published in the two journals. This includes 544 astronomy papers that correspond to 7.0% of the papers in 'all' research fields and 18.9% of those in the field of 'physical sciences'. The sub-fields of research of the astronomy papers are distributed, in a descending order of the number of papers, in Solar System, stellar astronomy, galaxies and the universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and exoplanets. The observational facilities used for the studies are mainly ground-based telescopes (31.1%), spacecrafts (27.0%), and space telescopes (22.8%), while 16.0% of papers did not use any noticeable facilities and 1.7% used other facilities. Korean scientists have published 86 papers (33 in Nature and 53 in Science), which is 1.10% of all the papers (N = 7788) in the two journals. The share of papers by Korean astronomers among the scientific papers by Koreans is 8.14%, slightly higher than the contribution of astronomy papers (7.0%) in both journals.

We report the results of our high resolution optical spectroscopic monitoring campaign (⋋ = 3800 ~ 8800 Å, R = 30000 - 45000) of the new FU Orionis-type object HBC 722. We observed HBC 722 with the BOES 1.8-m telescope between November 26 and December 29, 2010, and FU Orionis itself on January 26, 2011. We detect a number of previously unreported high-resolution K I and Ca II lines beyond 7500 Å. We resolve the Hα and Ca II line profiles into three velocity components, which we attribute to both disk and outflow. The increased accretion during outburst can heat the disk to produce the relatively narrow absorption feature and launch outflows appearing as high velocity blue and red-shifted broad features.

The purpose of this study was to explore the co-teaching experiences between native and non-native English teachers in the Korean elementary and secondary school context. Research data included classroom observations and teachers’ interviews collected over one school semester. A constant comparative data analysis method was employed to provide an in-depth description of the co-teachers’ teaching practice, the aspects of their interactions, and their professional development in a classroom setting. The findings of this study revealed that the co-teaching styles and role distributions in the co-teaching process were different depending on the non-native teachers’ English proficiency and their professional relationships. It also suggested that the successful implementation of collaborative team work was deeply related to the participating teachers’ willingness to cooperate and conceptions created by the dynamics of interaction between the two teachers in and outside of the classroom. Given the research result that both native and non-native teachers benefitted from their co-teaching experiences, some pedagogical implications on the improvement of co-teaching English in Korean classrooms are proposed.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var). The changes of welsh onion biomass and T. tabacci density were investigated after introductions of T. tabacci at different densities and days: By the results of the experiment in the early welsh onion cultivation periods (30d after transplanting), the biomass of welsh onion significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of T. tabacci. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL and ET of T. tabacci on welsh onion were estimated at 24 and 20 CID per plant, respectively. By the results of the experiment in the late cultivation periods of welsh onion (about 120d after transplanting), the welsh onion biomass was also significantly different inoculation thrips densities to welsh onion. The EIL and ET were calculated as 35 and 28 thrips per welsh onion plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for T. tabacci management during the cultivations of welsh onion.

A storage mite (cheese mite), Tyrophagus putrescentiae, is known as the pest in storing grains and common health pest species in the dust around home. The mite directly affect our well-being as parasites, vectors of disease, and producers of allergens. But recently we found damages in horticultural crops especially in greenhouses. It is very difficult to diagnose the damage by the mite because of the tiny size of the mite. And the symptom is not clear at the beginning stage. In this study, observations were done on the mite and the crop damage symptoms in several horticultural crops under dissecting microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mite body size was 0.3~0.5㎜ and they had long hairs all around their body when observed under SEM. The characteristic damage symptoms in some horticultural crops are as follows. In phalaenopsis, the flower buds became yellow and the lower side of the leaves had white spots. The surface of young cucumber fruits became shiny and soft at the early damage stage. In the crops, the damaged surfaces became corky as the plants grew up. In peach tree, whole the trees lost vigor and flower drops were observed when the mite density was very high in greenhouse cultivation.