This study was conducted in order to investigate repeated-dose toxicities of Magnolia ovobata ethanol extract (MEE). MEE was administered orally to male and female Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg for four weeks. Repeated administration of MEE did not induce abnormalities in general signs, body weight gain, feed and water consumption, necropsy findings, or organ weights. In addition, no abnormality was observed in hematological analyses; red blood cells and their indices, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation times. In male rats, BUN and creatinine showed an increase at doses of 2,000 mg/kg and 500-1,000 mg/kg, respectively, while in female rats, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase showed a decrease at 2,000 mg/kg, the upper-limit dose of repeated-dose toxicity studies. However, there were no dose-dependent increases or gender-relationship. In addition, other parameters of the hepatic and muscular toxicities as well as energy and lipid metabolism were not affected. In microscopic examination, no considerable pathological findings were observed. The results indicate the safety of oral administration of MEE to the upper-limit dose.

Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVC-g-PSSA) 가지형 공중합체를 합성한 후, 이를 이용하여 80℃에서 열적으로 환원하여 은 나노입자를 제조하였다. 반응 시간을 바꿈에 따라 다양한 구조의 은 나노입자를 제조하는데 성공하였다. 1시간 정도의 짧은 반응 시간에서는 가지형 공중합체의 미세 상분리 구조를 크게 변화시키지 않고 5 nm 크기의 작은 은 나노입자가 생성되었다. 5시간 정도의 중간 반응 시간에서는 30 내지 50 nm 정도의 크기를 갖는 은 나노입자가 생성되었다. 18시간 정도의 긴 반응 시간에서는, 은입자가 뭉친 허리케인 모양의 은 집합체가 관찰되었다.

Previous studies indicated that Matsumuraeses phaseoli and M. falcana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are separate species since a few differences were observed in genitalia morphology and female sex pheromone composition. A clear difference was detected in the DNA sequences of cytochrome oxidase I of the two species separately collected in different plants and regions. A hybridization test also showed that a post-zygotic reproductive isolation occurred between the species. In field monitoring, however, both species have been caught simultaneously and together in the separate sex pheromone traps installed for the two species around neighboring soybean and red bean fields. Molecular marker-assisted identification with several adults sampled from the trapped insects showed that only ca. 40% of M. phaseoli adults identified as the species by genitalia morphology was the M. phaseoli, while ca. 97% of M. falcana adults identified as the species was the M. falcana. The result indicated that the observation of genitalia did not make a decisive criterion for classification of the insects. Conclusively, it suggested that the sex pheromones of the two species should be studied more precisely although there is a possibility that the two species are hybridized in fields as in laboratory, and speciation is under process.

In organic agriculture, various cover-crops have been used to control weeds. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schred. (Eolchigiwandu) which is native to on major insect pests of pepper. Redpepper seedlings at 8 leaves stage were transplanted in 20th May 2009 into experimental field located in the farm of the department of agricultural biology, Suwon, Korea. A cover-crop cultivation plot was compared with a control plot mulched by black plastic-film. Density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, were surveyed ten times from 21 days after transplanting (DAT) to 82 DAT. Fifty and forty pepper plants were sampled to count the density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm per a plant, respectively. In current study, three aphid species namely, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae were collected. Overally, the density of aphids on pepper in the control plot was higher than the cover-crop plot. Especially, aphid density increased up to 67.44±26.8 in early stage of control plot, whereas aphid was not found in cover-crop plot. The rate of fruit damage by oriental tobacco budworm was significantly higher in the cover-crop plot than the control plot in early stage of pepper, however damaged fruit rate of pepper in the control plot was significantly higher since the middle of July.

The devastating insect pests of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were surveyed in environmentally friendly (no-pesticide and organic) greenhouses located in the provinces of Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Chungcheong and Jeju. Whitefly, leaf miner, aphid and moth were recorded as the major pests in these surveys. Among them, whitefly was the most serious pest of greenhouse cultivated tomato and major species was Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The population densities of T. vaporariorum was 0~36 nymph per leaf. Population of moths Spodoptera litura were the highest in summer season. Population of the whitefly was considered to be influenced by the previous cultural methods. Farmers in organic cultivation, used insect natural enemy, commercial EFAM (Environment Friendly Agricultural Material), yellow sticky trap or home made pesticides. Commercial microbial pesticides were applied to evaluate their insecticidal activities against whitefly. The results revealed that microbial pesticides exhibited 65.3 to 100% whitefly nymph mortality. Further, pesticidal activities of Cooking Oil and Yolk (COY), plant extracts and neem oil were evaluated against other tomato pests as well.

The main nutritional problem of sorghum×sudangrass (sudangrass) silage is low quality and dry matter (DM) contents. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether agricultural byproducts addition of sorghum×sudangrass silage increases DM content and forage quality of the silage. Sorghum×sudangrass silage with added byproducts had low pH values, however sorghum×sudangrass silage (control) had a high pH value because of its high moisture content. Silage added with byproduct had lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than control silages, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and lactic acid contents showed the opposite results. Silages added with crushed rice and green grain of rice were higher in lactic acid content than othor treatments as well as high DM, NFC, and TDN contents. Silage added with crushed rice and green grain of rice can be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing forage quality and DM content of sorghum×sudangrass silage.

To find some antibacterial peptides responsible for bacterial resistance, we performed differential hybridization with total cDNA probes which synthesized from normal and immunized larvae. Thirteen individual cDNA transcripts were expressed differentially in a total 1,862 random cDNA clones. One of upregulated genes is a novel member of the insect defensin-like peptide(Coprisin), a family of antibacterial peptide. Northern blot analysis showed that Coprisin was up-regulated at 4h and reached the highest point level at 16h after injection of E.coli. The deduced amino acid sequence of Coprisin was composed of 80 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 8.6 kDa and PI of 8.72. Comparison of the deduced amino acid mature portion of Coprisin with defensin-like peptide of other insect indicated that it has 79.1% and 67.4% identity with Anomala cuprea and Allomyrina dichotoma, respectively. To find antibacterial active region of Coprisin, we synthesized four peptides corresponding to amino acid residues 1V-43N-NH2(CopN1), 5-16(CopN2), 19-30(CopN3) and 31-43(CopN4) of coprisin having amidated amino acid residues at their Cterminal. A 12-mer amidated at its C-terminus, ACALHCIALRKK-NH2 (Ala19-Lys30-NH2) was synthesized based on the deduced amino acid sequence, assumed to be an active site sequence. This peptides showed antibacterial activity against E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Psedomonas syringae, and Pectobacterium carotovorium. Modified 9-mer peptide, LRCIALRKK-NH2, showed strong antibacterial activity than mellitin peptide used as a positive control against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This peptide showed no haemolytic activity and quite stable at 100℃ for several hours of incubation and in a wide pH range(pH2-12). Therefore, this peptide may be a good candidate for the development of new drug with potent antibacterial activity without cytotoxicity.

This study was to taken to demonstrate the effects of exogenous nitric oxide(NO) on hu rnan pu lp cell s ‘ In volvement of cyclic 3’, 5' -monophosphate(cGMP) in p버 paJ protection induced by herne oxygenase-l (J-lO-l) against NO-induced cytotoxicity , By use of Western blotting and cell viabi lity assay, we have examined the cytotoxicity and J-lO-l induction in pulp cells that were treated with NO donor ‘ S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D, L-penici 1 lamine(SNAP) , We have assessed wheathel' HQ--l contributes the cytoprotective effect against the cytotoxicity caused by NO, and inves tigated the l'elationship between HO-l and cGMP in the s ignaling pathway, SNAP decreased cell via bility but in creased HO-l expl'ession in a concentl'ation- and time一dependent manner in hurnan pu lp cells NO-induced cyto toxicity was inhibited in the presence of the hemin(inducer of HO-l) , whel'eas was en hanced in the pl'esence zinc protoporphyrin IX(ZnPP IX, HO-l inhibitor), thus Lhe NO-induced cytoLoxicity was cOl'related with HO- l expression. R‘ etreatment with a rnemhrane-permeable cGMP analog, 8-bromo-cGMP, restored cell death and enhanced the HO-l protein expression induced by SNAP, ln contrast‘ inhibition of guanylate cyclase by lI-l -[1,2,4] ox adiazole[ 4,3 口]quinoxalin-l-one(ODQ) pretreated pulp cells to 1 mM SNAP resulting in marked cytotoxicity , These findings , demonstrating a link between J-lO-l, regulated thl'ough the cGMP system and NO-induced cytotox.icity in huma띠 p버 p ceJls , suggesti ng a protective 1'ole of HO-l in pulp infl ammatory disease

Cloned calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been frequently lost by sudden death at 1 to 3 month following healthy birth. To address whether placental anomalies are responsible for the sudden death of cloned calves, we compared protein patterns of 2 placentae derived from SCNT of Korean Native calves died suddenly at two months after birth and those of 2 normal placentae obtained from AI fetuses. Placental proteins were separated using 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis. Approximately 800 spots were detected in placental 2-D gel stained with coomassie-blue. Then, image analysis of Malanie III (Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics) was performed to detect variations in protein spots between normal and SCNT placentae. In the comparison of normal and SCNT samples, 8 spots were identified to be up-regulated proteins and 24 spots to be down-regulated proteins in SCNT placentae, among which proteins were high mobility group protein HMG1, apolipoprotein A-1 precursor, bactenecin 1, tropomyosin beta chain, H+-transporting ATPase, carbonic anhydrase II, peroxiredoxin 2, tyrosine-rich acidic matrix protein, serum albumin precursor and cathepsin D. These results suggested that the sudden death of cloned calves might be related to abnormal protein expression in placenta.

The use of natural paint for the application to walls and furnishings is now increasing to improve indoor air quality, thereby the natural paint could be a significant source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in indoor environments. Recent studies have shown that gas-phase reactions between terpenes and ozone can generate sub-micron size particles and toxic volatile organic compounds such as aldehydes and ketones. In this research, we have studied the formation of particles and secondary organic compounds during the reaction of ozone with terpenes emitted from commercial natural paint. The paint applied onto stainless steel was dried and oxidized in a teflon chamber. Two monoterpenes (α- and β-pinenes) were identified by FTIR and GC/MS. Several tests were performed to evaluate the effects of ozone concentration on particle formation. Increased ozone levels significantly affect the increase of particle number concentration (monitored with SMPS), which results in the increase of particle counts ranging from 8,000 to 70,000 particles/㎤. Gas-phase products such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone + acrolein, and propionaldehyde were identified during the terpene/ozone reactions by HPLC. These compounds are potential hazardous chemical compounds having harmful health effects to animals and plants. The results obtained from this study provide an insight on the adverse effect of eco-friendly natural product on indoor air quality (IAQ).

본 연구는 콘크리트 교량의 지진취약도 곡선을 개발함에 있어 성능 스펙트럼 기법(Capacity Spectrum Method)에 대한 고찰을 통해 가장 적절한 해석방법을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 원래 성능 스펙트럼 기법은 빌딩 구조물을 위한 간략화된 정적 비선형 해석의 일환으로 개발되었는 바, 본 연구에서는 이 기법을 교량의 지진취약도 곡선을 개발하는데 응용하였다. 서로 다른 네가지의 방법으로 성능 스펙트럼 기법을 통해 구해진 취약도 곡선들을 비선형 시간이력해석 방법에 의해 구해진 취약도 곡선과 비교하였다. 취약도 곡선은 두 개의 변수를 가진 lognormal 분포를 따르는 것으로 가정하였으며 PGA(Peak Ground Acceleration)의 함수로 나타내어졌다. FEMA(Federal Emergency Management Agency) SAC(SEAOC-ATC-CUREe) steel 프로젝트에 의해 개발된 로스앤젤레스 지역 60개의 지진이 교량해석을 위해 사용되었다. 성능 스펙트럼 기법과 시간이력해석에 따라 만들어진 교량의 지진취약도 곡선들을 비교 검토한 바, 이 중 하나의 방법이 부합되는 결과를 보여주었다. 요구 스펙트럼 작성시 본 논문에서 제시된 지침을 따르면 비선형 시간이력 해석시와 유사한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 다만 지진과 교량이 지닌 특수성으로 인해 본 연구의 결과가 항상 적용되는지는 더 심도있는 연구를 통해 검증되어야 할 것이다.

The main objective of this paper to purpose a evaluating methods of process capability measures for exponential distributed quality characteristics. For correctly evaluating process capability , the first thing , exponential data is applied the Lilliefors test statistic to the null hypothesis of nornality. The next , exponential parameters is estimated in terms of MLE , ME , MME and then evaluated , respectively , process capability index based on exponential curved (Cpe). We consider simultaneously process capability messures based on Pearson system, Johnson system and Burr system.

글루코오즈(GOD) 옥시다제가 고정화된 PVA/키토산 플렌드막과 다공성 폴리아미드 복합막을 통해 인슐린의 투과거동을 살펴보았다. GOD가 고정화된 막을 통한 투과계수는 10-6~10-7cm3/cm2sec이었다. 복합막의 클루코오즈 농도에 대한 변화는 낮은 글루코오즈 농도에서 높았는데 이는 막으로부터 산소의 고갈 때문이었다. PVA/키토산 및 다공성 폴리아미드막을 통한 인슐린의 투과는 글루코오즈 농도에 따라 500mg%까지 점차 증가하였다.