Anthocyanin in blackish purple rice is composed of cyanidin, peonidin, malvidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin flavylium ion and their glucosides, which shows antioxidant activity similar to a-tocoperol. It has been demonstrated that cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) of anthocyanin has a high-potency antioxidant activity, and is a prominent in anticancer and antithrombotic activity. In analysis of content of anthocyanin from the genetic source of blackish purple rice, the level of C3G was approximately 80% of total contents of anthocyanins, and showed the highest content in Heugjinjubyeo, of which contains an amount of 500 mg by weight of 100g brown rice in comparison that most of varieties has less than 50mg by weight of 100g brown rice. We found that C3G pigment in blackish purple rice was considerably affected by cultural season, cultivation area, ripening temperature, and weather condition, etc. as well as genetic properties. In cross combination between Heugjinjubyeo and Suwon425, intermediate parent F9 generation which was three times higher or more in C3G content than that of Heugjinjubyeo was bred, of which it contained an amount of 1678 mg by weight of 100g brown rice, and we called it 'C3GHi' Rice. And, we found that the C3GHi rice was more excellent than that of the existing Heugjinjubyeo in anticancer and antithrombotic activity. Methanol extract from Heugjinjubyeo was fractionated by organic solvents in order of n-hexane, CH2Cl2 and n-BuOH, and then oryzafuran, quercetin, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid and their structures from the n-BuOH fraction were ascertained. Oryzafuran of these compounds was a natural compound found firstly in nature. Quercetin and protocatechuic acid besides new compound oryzafuran showed excellent antioxidant ability to vitamin C. These results suggest that blackish purple rice has very high value as a source of various functional food as well as staple food.

This study was conducted to determine the optimum number of inter-rows according to distance of drainage furrow (DF) for running-off excessive-water stress (EWS) in paddy field. The most soil water potential was shown in high ridge (distance of DF by 70 cm) cultivation and the soil water potential showed increasing tendency in over four inter-rows cultivation by DF. The growth of soybean reduced by extended inter-row and its reducing level was high, especially, over four inter-rows (DF distance by 2.8 m) because of EWS. The photosynthetic rate decreased in the more extensive field by distance of DF at V5 and R2 stages, especially, in over four interrows cultivation. Also, root activity decreased at wider DF. The yield was reduced with wider distance of DF more extensively, the highest yield of 270 g per m2 at the every row, but yield showed decreasing tendency at over the 4th row (2.8 m) cultivation. Soybean cultivation in paddy field could be founded with DF of every other or 4th row.

Foehn damage on rice plant is one of the important abiotic stresses in eastern costal area of Korea. To know the relationship between foehn impact and morphological traits of rice, wind tunnel method was used with 106 rice cultivars. Less influencing traits on foehn were short panicle, large panicle number per hill, thin panicle neck, and the flag leaf of narrow, short and thick. Leaf pubescence reduced the impact on foehn. 'Naepungbyeo' belong-ed to foehn tolerant varietal group, while 'Ansanbyeo' belonged to the opposite group. Three levels of root cutting treatment with two rice cultivars were conducted to evaluate the foehn impact using wind tunnel. The severity of wind damages was followed the sigmoidal curve duration of wind tunnel treatment were prolonged. Different responses of root cutting to wind tunnel treatment could be used to evaluate the severity of the foehn impact. 'Naepungbyeo' was one of the less implausible cultivars on foehn. 'Nae-pungbyeo' showed tolerant response to wind under 21% root removing treat-ment (20㎝ root cutting), however 'Ansanbyeo' was wilted under the same treatment. In case of 35 % root removing treatment(10㎝ root cutting), both rice cultivars failed to alive against foehn wind.

Nonghobyeo', was derived from a mutant of Milyang 95, by pure line selection method, which was developed from the single cross between Chukei 1016 and Milyang 79, by the rice breeding team of National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station (NYAES) in 19

To evaluate growth habits, fresh pod yield potential, and possibility of early and late seeding, seeding dates were extended from March 21 to June 20 by PE mulching and non-mulching. Soil temperature, under 5cm from surface, above 15~circC at 10 a.m. in early seeding reached about March 25 in mulching and April 5 to April 12 in non-mulching. Days to emergence and first flowering were accelerated owing to increasing temperature, as seeding was delayed. Days to emergence according to seeding dates reduced 21 to 8 day in mulching and 33 to 10 day in non-mulching. Days to flowering were ranged from 51 to 26 day in mulching and from 69 to 32 day in non-mulching and differences between mulching and non-mulching on each seeding date had 18 to 4 days. Early seedings till April 21 had 160-170 flowers per plant for 8 weeks, while late seedings from May 21 increased more speedily with 200 flower for 6 weeks. Harvesting of fresh peanut, at 80 days after first flowering, was possible from Aug. 1 to Oct. 7 (133-108 days to harvest) by mulching and from Aug. 19 to Oct. 12 (151 to 114 days) by non-mulching. Yields between mulching and non-mulching in early seeding until April 21 had more difference, but in late seeding after May 21 was higher and showed insignificance. Pod setting periods by early and late seeding were about 3 weeks equally. In late seeding pod setting were almost concentrated for front 15 days. In spite of difference of fresh pod weight between two seeding times, the distributions of average of seed weight showed nearly same tendency.

No-Ju Kim. 2000. Prosodic Phrasing in North Kyungsang Korean. Studies in Modern Grammar 22, 173-197. Defining prosodic phrases (P-phrases), which differ from syntactic phrases, is critical to conduct phrase-level phonology because there is no one-to-one correspondence between syntactic phrases and prosodic ones. Several different, approaches have been made to explain the mapping process of syntactic phrases into prosodic phrases. All the previous studies have one thing in common in that a P-phrase is argued to be formed by referring to syntactic structure only. These theories are tenable for the data from North Kyungsang Korean (NK Korean) only when the length of a complement NP is less than or equal to two words. However, all the theories do not work when the length of the complement NP is longer than two words. To solve this problem, this paper argues that for prosodic phrasing, phonological weight as well as syntactic properties needs to be considered.

The content of anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and the peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) from 591 rice cultivars and the antioxidative activities of MeOH extract from 8 rice cultivars were evaluated. Among them, C3G content of pigmented rice were ranged from 0 to 451.9mg in 100 g brown rice, while the P3G contents were in the range from 0 to 42.7mg in 100g brown rice. There was no correlation between C3G and P3G content. Total anthocyanin content ranged from 0 to 475.1mg in 100g brown rice. The antioxidative activity, the scavenging activity on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl) radical of MeOH extracts from rice grain, were different according to cultivars. The activity of blockish purple pericarp rice cultivars was twice stronger than that of white pericarp cultivar. Especially, the antioxidative activity of Heugjinjubyeo was four times stronger than that of white pericarp cultivar. The scavenging effect on DPPH radical in rice extracts was related to the total anthocyanin contents of the extracts.

Kim, No-Ju. 1999. Tone under Focus in North Kyungsang Korean. Studies in Modern Grammar15. 157-168. Investigating tone in a focused prosodic phrase (P-phrase) in North Kyungsang Korean, this paper proposes two constraints that are required to make a focused word the most prominent within a P-phrase. First, a H on a focused word-final H, which is highly avoided in an unfocused P-phrase, is retained. This generalization is expressed by the constraint *Toneless Focused Word which prevents a focused word from occurring toneless. Second, tone doubling, which occurs across a word boundary in an unfocused P-phrase, is blocked in a focused P-phrase. This generalization is captured by the constraint *Align (Focus, r; H-toned, l) which requires the right edge of a focused word not to be aligned with the left edge of a H-toned word. These two constraints conspire to make a focused word the most prominent within a P-phrase.

No-Ju Kim. 1998. A Third Type of Tone Shift: `Non-local but Bounded`. Studies in Modern Grammar 13, 63-77. The phenomenon of Tone Shift has been divided into two typological classes: (i) a local tone shift by which a tone can shift only to an adjacent Tone Bearing Unit (TBU), and (ii) an unbounded tone shift by which a tone can shift as far as the domain extends. The former is found in Tonga(Goldsmith 1984) and Jita (Downing 1990a) and the latter in Digo(Kisseberth 1984) and Nguni languages(Downing 1990b). However, this paper shows that a third type of tone shift is found in North Kyungsang Korean (NK Korean), which does not belong to either of the above two classes. That is, a non-local but bounded tone shift is found; a tone can shift non-locally but it is bounded within an adjacent domain in NK Korean. A constraint Bounding is proposed in order to explain this third type of tone shift.

Chung Jung-Seung & Kim No-Ju. A Constraint against Identical Maximal Pronections in Phrasing. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 11: 133-141. In the phrasing of sentences without focus, a multi-word prosodic phrase (henceforth P-phrase) is preferred to a one-word P-phrase due to the constraint Phrase Minimality which prohibits a one-word P-phrase in North Kyungsang Korean (hereafter NK Korean) (N.-J. Kim 1997). However, a one-word (unary branching) P-phrase is forced to be formed due to the two inviolable constraints C-command and No Identical Maximal Projections (`IMPS). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a role played by the constraint IMPs in mapping syntactic phrases to prosodic phrases. The constraint IMPs prohibits any identical maximal projections from being organized into the same P-phrase. For a role done by the constraint C-command, readers might refer to J.-S. Chung & N.-J. Kim (1997).