1. 터키의 연구체계 농업식품축산부(Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock) 산하에 국가농업연구기관, 교육부 산하의 고등교육위원회, 총리직속의 과학기술연구협회 등 3개로 구성되어있다. 농업연구기관은 10개 중앙연구소, 10개의 지역연구소, 21개의 작목/훈련시험장, 3개의 작물보호시험장 그리고, 3개의 축산시험장이 있다. 2. 터키의 지도기관 현황 및 지도체계는 국가지도기관과 민간지도기관이 있다. 국가지도기관은 농촌지도는 81개 지방, 803개 지역, 수천개의 마을주재 지역지도관이 있다. 3. 지방 농업부서는 지역 농업지도기관을 지도하고, 지역 농업지도기관은 지역지도관을 지도한다. 지역지도관은 전문지도사, 지도업무, 마을 단위 농업기술자들을 위한 직무연수를 실시하고 지원한다. 4. 민간지도기관은 농업인협회, 협동업체, 자선업체, 수익지향 민간 마케팅회사, 수출업자, 개인컨설턴트, 대중매체, 대학들 있다. 5. 민간 지도기관은 전문 자문가를 고용하여, 농업인은 영농 과정에 문제점이 발생하면 자문가에 비용을 지불하고 농업관련 서비스를 제공받아 영농 애로점을 해결한다.

Blast resistance of 29 rice cultivars confirmed as a durable resistance in the evaluation of sequential planting from 2004 to 2006 was evaluated to nursery screening in 14 test sites during 11 years in Korea. The average disease severity (ADS) of 29 rice varieties against rice blast showed 3.5 degree; however, the difference of disease severity among the varieties was from 1.9 to 4.8. The 29 varieties were grouped into resistance less than 3.0 ADS degree including 12 varieties and moderate resistance over 3.1 ADS degree including 17 varieties. Among the 12 rice cultivars presented low ADS, 4 rice cultivars, Ungwang, Pungmi 1, Sinunbong 1, and Dasan 1 were constantly appeared high resistant reaction during 11 years in all test sites and the others were showed various diseases severity across the test years and the test sites. Twenty-one rice cultivars including Gopum were more variable among the test sites while the others were higher variable among the test years. These results indicated that durable resistance test against rice blast using sequential planting is a very efficient screening method to predict durability and nursery test for long periods and also useful method to predict indirectly durable resistance of rice cultivars.

The increase in carbon stock and sustainability of crop production are the main challenges in agricultural fields relevant to climate change. Methane is the most important greenhouse gas emitted from paddy fields. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tillage and cultivation methods on methane emissions in rice production in 2014 and 2015. Different combinations of tillage and cultivation were implemented, including conventional tillage-transplanting (T-T), tillage-wet hill seeding (T-W), minimum tillage-dry seeding (MT-D), and no-tillage-dry seeding (NT-D). The amount of methane emitted was the highest in T-T treatment. In MT-D and NT-D treatments, methane emissions were significantly decreased by 77%, compared with that in T-T treatment. Conversely, the soil total carbon (STC) content was higher in MT-D and NT-D plots than in tillage plots. In both years, methane emissions were highly correlated with the dry weight of rice (R 2 = 0.62~0.96), although the cumulative emissions during the rice growing period was higher in 2014 than in 2015. T-T treatment showed the highest R 2 (0.93) among the four treatments. Rice grain yields did not significantly differ with the tillage and cultivation methods used. These results suggest that NT-D practice in rice production could reduce the methane emissions and increase the STC content without loss in grain yield.