The sustainability of fishing villages is threatened by manpower shortages due to population aging and poor settlement conditions. In the reality of poor fishing villages, the importance of women's labor is more emphasized than that of the past because female workers are key workers in fishing labor, processing and sales of marine products. However, policy support for female fishermen is not sufficient. The reason for this is that policy makers did not properly recognize the labor value of female fishermen. In fact, fishing villages have emphasized the importance of female workforce as a slogan, but there has been no attempt to estimate the labor value. There was not even a review of the methodology for estimating the value of labor that was attempted in similar fields. As a result, the policy importance of female fishermen was underestimated for there was no attempt to evaluate their value even though women had been continuously participating in the fishery from the past. Female fishermen’s labor is under the dual labor structure of housework and fishing labor. Therefore, in this study, housework and fishing labor were estimated separately and the total labor value was calculated. The basic data necessary for estimating the labor value of female fishermen were obtained through a survey. The method of estimating the labor value of female fishermen was used in combination with the present income method and the total replacement cost method. As a result of the study, the total labor value of female fishermen was about 4.4 trillion won, which is about half of the total fishery production of 9 trillion won in Korea.

This study utilizes the IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) method to assess the importance, possibility, and urgency of using blockchain technology for fisheries sectors and the related policies. Based on a field survey targeting experts and stakeholders in the fisheries and blockchain technology sectors, the following major results and corresponding implications are drawn. First of all, the respondents of our survey have an outlook that the introduction and utilization of blockchain will be required in four major parts. These parts include i) the seafood’ information system managed by the government or public institutions, ii) traceability and certification process for domestic and foreign seafoods, iii) meeting the need of seafood safety from consumers, and iv) taking prompt actions to seafood safety related accidents. Next, the seafood information system managed by the government or public institutions has been limited in maintaining information consistency and continuity once the fisheries ministries and departments are integrated, closed or partially transferred. Thus, it is assessed that the technology will be able to improve consistency and continuity of the seafood information in case of applying blockchain to the seafood information management system. This result that blockchain is necessary for the seafood information system have a significant implication in Korea’s seafood management which has been independently controlled until now. Lastly, the application of blockchain to seafood traceability and certification systems has the most well-known cases through international and domestic pilot projects, and the results of our survey reflect this reality. Our results contribute to showing an additonal characteristics of blockchain in the fisheries sector, resulting in the possiblity that blockchain can be used for taking swift steps in the event of seafood safety accidents and meeting the need of seafood consumers for safety.

The purpose of this study is to understand the production efficiency of individual fishing communities and provide directions for improvement. The subject of the study is aquaculture type Ochon-Gye in Goheung-gun. The analysis method used bootstrap-DEA to overcome the statistical reliability problem of the traditional DEA analysis technique. In addition, data mining-GIS was applied to identify the spatial productivity of fishing communities. The values of technology efficiency, pure technology efficiency, and scale efficiency were estimated for 32 aquaculture-type fishing villages. Then, using the benchmarking reference set and weights, the projection was presented through adjustment of the input factor excess, and furthermore, the confidence interval of the efficiency values considering statistical significance was estimated using bootstrap.

The aim of this study is to analyze the productivity change of pollock enterprise by applying a mutually quadratic hyperbolic model and a bootstrapping model. This study used 20 units of pollock firms data (from 2013 to 2017). As a result of total productivity analysis of twenty pollock enterprises, total factor productivity was estimated to have decreased by 24.9% over the last five years (2013~2017). The main cause of this productivity decline was analyzed by technical change. In terms of annual productivity change, it showed decrease 3.0% in 2013~2014, 7.8% in 2014~2015, 4.5% in 2015~2016 and 4.7% in 2016~2017 respectively. In the analysis of productivity by corporation type, total factor productivity showed a significant decrease in both general corporation and external corporation, and productivity decrease (-29.3%) was larger than general corporation (-23.0%). In the productivity analysis by type of business, total factor productivity decreased significantly in the order of wholesale and commodity brokerage (-26.3%), food manufacturing (-25.1%) and fisheries (-15.3%). This decrease in productivity was caused by the technological change which indicates a downward shift in the production curve that is significant in all sectors.

The purpose of this study is to investigate production efficiency of Oceans and Fisheries Human Resources Development Programs Efficiency using Bootstrap-DEA. The study extracts 33 officials curriculum, 11 fisheries managers curriculum for its analytical. First, the study estimates technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency of each curriculums based on traditional DEA under the assumption of CRS and VRS. 8(official 7, managers 1) curriculums are identified as efficient DMUs under the CCR-model, and 13(official 10, managers 3) under the BCC-model. We provide inputs that allow inefficient curriculum to be efficient DMUs on a production frontier, and a reference set for their bench-marking. Second, rank test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test to find a statistical significance of heterogeneity existing in efficiences between Bootstrap-DEA tenical vs Bootstrap-DEA pure technical was no significant difference. We have identified that G10, 11, 12 13, 25, 31, 33, 39 curriculums are the most efficiently produced in the technical and pure technical efficiency. Also we managed to measure the inefficiency which exists in efficiently produced curriculums when estimating the bias corrected efficiency scores. In Technical efficiency, Operation and facility was significant at the 10%. In Pure technical efficiency, facility was significant at the 10%.

The purpose of this study is to set the direction to manage national parks to cope with climate change, and offer basic data to establish the relevant policies. Towards this end, this study analyzed the current and future climate change vulnerability of national parks using the 24 proxy variables of vulnerability in the LCCGIS program, a tool to evaluate climate change vulnerability developed by the National Institute of Environmental Research. To analyze and evaluate the current status of and future prospect on climate change vulnerability of national parks, the proxy variable value of climate exposure was calculated by making a GIS spatial thematic map with 1 km×1 km grid unit through the application of climate change scenario (RCP8.5). The values of proxy variables of sensitivity and adaptation capability were calculated using the basic statistics of national parks. The values of three vulnerability evaluation items were calculated regarding the present (2010s) and future (2050s). The current values were applied to the future equally under the assumption that the current state of the proxy variables related to sensitivity and adaptation capability without a future prediction scenario continues. Seoraksan, Odaesan, Jirisan and Chiaksan National Parks are relatively bigger in terms of the current (2010s) climate exposure. The national park, where the variation of heat wave is the biggest is Wolchulsan National Park. The biggest variation of drought occurs to Gyeryongsan National Park, and Woraksan National Park has the biggest variation of heavy rain. Concerning the climate change sensitivity of national parks, Jirisan National Park is the most sensitive, and adaptation capability is evaluated to be the highest. Gayasan National Park’s sensitivity is the lowest, and Chiaksan National Park is the lowest in adaptation capability. As for climate change vulnerability, Seoraksan, Odaesan, Chiaksan and Deogyusan National Parks and Hallyeohaesang National Park are evaluated as high at the current period. The national parks, where future vulnerability change is projected to be the biggest, are Jirisan, Woraksan, Chiaksan and Sobaeksan National Parks in the order. Because such items evaluating the climate change vulnerability of national parks as climate exposure, sensitivity and adaptation capability show relative differences according to national parks’ local climate environment, it will be necessary to devise the adaptation measures reflecting the local climate environmental characteristics of national parks, rather than establishing uniform adaptation measures targeting all national parks. The results of this study that evaluated climate change vulnerability using climate exposure, sensitivity and adaptation capability targeting Korea’s national parks are expected to be used as basic data for the establishment of measures to adapt to climate change in consideration of national parks’ local climate environmental characteristics. However, this study analyzed using only the proxy variables presented by LCCGIS program under the situation that few studies on the evaluation of climate change vulnerability of national parks are found, and therefore this study may not reflect overall national parks’ environment properly. A further study on setting weights together with an objective review on more proper proxy variables needs to be carried out in order to evaluate the climate change vulnerability of national parks.

인류는 21세기 들어 기후변화, 에너지 고갈과 경제, 인구문제와 식량, 수자원 부족 및 오염, 생물다양성 위기, 선진국과 개발도상국간의 격차 확대 등과 같은 전 지구적인 도전과 위협에 직면해 있다. 현재 세계 인구의 급격한 증가로 인해 전 세계의 에너지 소비도 급증하고 있으나, 에너지 공급은 이를 동일한 비율로 따라잡지 못하고 있다. 대부분의 에너지 자원, 특히 석유, 석탄, 천연가스의 매장량은 각각 40년, 170년, 65년 정도 사용할 것밖에 남아 있지 않다고 추정되고 있다. 이에 비해, 최근 다수의 선진 국가들은 전체 에너지 소비의 80% 이상이 석탄, 석유, 천연가스라고 한다. 또 전 세계적으로 많은 나라에서 약 440기의 원자력발전소를 가동하여 저렴하게 전기를 사용해 오고 있다. 그런데 1973년 3월 28일 미국의 펜실베니아주 해리스버그의 스리마일 섬에서 원자력발전소 사고, 1986년 4월 26일 (구) 소련의 체르노빌 원자력발전소 사고, 2011년 3월 11일 일본 동북부 지방을 관통한 대규모 지진과 쓰나미로 인한 후쿠시마 현 원자력 방사능 누출사고는 전 세계 국가들로 하여금 에너지의 중요성을 새롭게 각인시키게 되는 계기를 마련하였다. 이에 따라 독일, 스웨덴, 스위스는 원자력 발전소를 2022년까지 단계적으로 폐쇄할 계획에 있으며, 이에 반해 프랑스는 현재 전력수요 80%를 원자력발전소에 맡길 예정이고, 다른 유럽 국가들은 신재생에너지로의 전환을 요구하는 에너지 이용 및 산업발전에 대한 패러다임의 전환을 맞이하게 되었다.우리 정부도 “국가에너지 기본계획”을 통하여 현재 1차 에너지 소비의 2.5%에 불과한 신재생 에너지 비중을 2030년까지 10%대로 늘리는 목표를 설정했다. 이는 기술개발과 사업 확대를 통하여 신재생에너지 산업을 육성하여 일자리를 창출하는 등의 국가산업의 성장동력의 요체로 삼겠다는 전략이라고 볼 수 있다. 예컨대 우리나라는 2002년부터 2011년 12월 31일까지 신재생에너지에 의한 발전단가와 일반 전력단가의 차이를 보조하는 “발전차액지원제도(FIT)”를 운영하였다. 동 제도를 운영한 이유는 우리나라의 경우 신재생에너지 이용 기술이 충분하게 상용화된 단계에 이르지 못한 상태에서 화석에너지와 경쟁하기 어렵다는 점 때문에 국가가 어느 정도 경쟁가능한 단계에 이를 때까지 신재생에너지 시장을 형성하고 산업을 육성하여야 했기 때문이었다. 그런데 지난 10년간 신재생에너지 지원에 소요된 재정만 2조원이 넘었음에도 불구하고 신재생에너지 보급률은 저조하고 발전량도 전체의 1% 수준에 불과했다. 또 하나의 문제는 발전차액지원제도가 태양광발전에 치우쳐 다른 신재생에너지의 균형발전에 미흡했다는 것이다. 이에 정부는 2012년 1월 1일부터「신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발·이용·보급 촉진법」제12조의5부터 제12조의10은 공급의무화제도(RPS)를 입법화하였다. 동제도는 단순히 신재생에너지에 대한 자금을 지원해주는 게 아니라 정부가 발전사업자나 전력판매자들에게 총 발전량의 일정 비율만큼 신재생에너지 사용의무를 부여해 시장을 창출해 주되, 그 시장의 진입은 공급자들 간의 경쟁을 통하여 하게 한다는 점에서 보다 효율적인 지원방안이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 신재생에너지 산업을 세계적인 경쟁력을 가지는 산업으로 육성한 국가로 덴마크, 스페인, 독일 등이 있는데, 그 중에서 독일은「전기연결법(Stromeinspeisungsgesetz)」,「전기매입법(Gesetz über die Einspeisung von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien in das öfentliche Netz: StrEG)」, 「재생가능에너지법(Gesetz für den Vorrang Erneuerbarer Energien, Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz)」,「재생열 사용촉진에 관한 법률(Gesetz zur Förderung Erneuerbarer Energien im Wärmebereich: EEWärmeG)」을 통하여 국제사회에서 환경보호의 선진국으로 위상을 차지하게 되었다. 즉 이러한 독일의 재생에너지법제의 제․개정으로 새로운 재생에너지 산업의 진흥으로 자국민을 위한 많은 일자리를 창출했다는 점에서 미래 우리나라의 신․재생에너지법제의 발전 방향성을 설정하는데 시사하는 바가 크다고 할 것이다.이 같은 맥락에서 우리 정부도 미래 신재생에너지 활성화를 위한 법적 대응방안을 위하여 여러가지 정책적 대안을 제시했다. 즉, 신재생에너지 기술특성의 유형별 비율차등제도와 혼소발전의 도입, 조력발전을 통한 대상전원을 확대하는 방안, 「신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발·이용·보급 촉진법」을 통해 강제적인 공급의무화제도 및 임의제도인 녹색가격제도를 도입하는 방안이 그것이다. 그리고 신재생에너지의 연료인 바이오디젤과 바이오에탄올 등 이른바 바이오에너지 계열의 연료 사용을 법제화하는 신재생 연료 공급의무화제도(RFS, Renewable Fuel Standard)를 도입하는 방안 또한 제시했다. 뿐만 아니라 미래 에너지원 확보를 위하여 신재생에너지를 비롯한 천연가스의 시스템정비와 세일가스(Shale gas)가 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 판단되며, 신재생에너지에 의한 높은 전력 전달과 저장을 위한 스마트 그리드 기술, 탄소포집 저장기술의 발전을 도모하기 위하여 법제 대응 방안이 필요로 한다는 점을 제시했다.

The polarizing images of hard tissues including bone and cementum show characteristic features of different birefringence fortheir microstructures. Nevertheless, the clear mechanism of the amplified birefringence under polarizing microscope has not been well understood. We hypothesized that the unique polarized light could be accumulated in the microtubules due to the decreased refractory angle by the inside lower-density matrix, and then the accumulated light in the microtubules could be dispersed brightly. In order to elucidate the polarizing effect on the microtubules, the dentinal tubules in different conditions were observed, and compared with each other to explain their birefringence phenomena. In the decalcified sections of normal tooth, the dentinal tubules located near the pulp chamber showed strong birefringence, while the sclerosed dentinal tubules near the dentino-enamel junction did not show the birefringence. The birefringence was more conspicuous in the longitudinal sectionsof dentinal tubules than in the cross sections. In the decalcified sections of complex odontoma, which produced abnormal and immature dentinal tubules, the birefringence was not observed in the shrunken dentinal tubules filled with dense materials, while the peritubular matrix showed clear birefringence. The birefringence was also observed in the collagen fibers in the connective tissue, and continuously strong in the immature cemental materials containing precollagen fibers. However, the highly mineralized osteodentine did not show the birefringence. Taken together, these data suggest that the microtubules composed ofless-dense matrix than the background tissue, i.e., dentinal tubules, Haversian canals, etc., produce the amplified birefringence by the polarizing light according to the hypothesis of microtubule refraction.

The purpose of this present study is to measure the changes of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) was continually monitored by laser-doppler flowmeter (Transonic Instrument, USA) through the data acquisition system composed of MacLab and Macintosh computer. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducer under 1.5 g loading tension. Rhus verniciflua stokes increased the changes of rCBF in rats, significantly. The rCBF of Rhus verniciflua stokes was decreased by pretreated propranolol, l-NNA and methylene blue. But atropine indomethacin did not change the rCBF. Contractions evoked by PE 0.1μM were significantly inecreased by Rhus verniciflua stokes. Propranolol significantly altered the effect of Rhus verniciflua stokes, but l-NNA, ODQ and indomethacin did not change the relaxation of Rhus verniciflua stokes. These results suggest that Rhus verniciflua stokes can increase the rCBF and relax EP induced contraction of isolated rat aorta, and that is related to sympathetics and nitric oxide.

The objective of this study is to measure the changes of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and blood pressure(BP) in rats, following the intravenous injection of drug. The measurement was continually monitored by laser-doppler flowmeter (Transonic Instrument, USA) and pressure tranducer(Grass, USA) in anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats for about 2 to 2 and a half hours through the data acquisition system composed of MacLab and Macintosh computer. The result of this experiment was as following 1. Poria increased the changes of rCBF in rats, significantly. 2. The rCBF of Poria was significantly decreased by pretreated propranolol, but not by pretreated L-NNA. 3. Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii decreased the changes of rCBF in rats, significantly. 4. The rCBF of Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii was not changed by pretreated propranolol and L-NNA. 5. Poria and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii increased the changes of rCBF in rats, significantly. 6. The rCBF of Poria and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii was significantly decreased by pretreated propranolol, but not by pretreated L-NNA. 7. Poria decreased the changes of BP in rats, significantly. 8. The BP of Poria was significantly increased by pretreated propranolol and L-NNA. 9. Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii did not change the BP in rats. 10. The BP of Poria and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii did not change by pretreated propranolol but was increased by pretreated L-NNA. According to the result above, Poria and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii have a different effect on each other, extract together. It is considered that the effect of Poria and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii increased that of each drugs, the increasing rCBF of Poria and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii is mediated by adrenergic β-receptor.

본 논문에서는 원격탐사자료를 이용하여 하천의 하폭-유량 관계식을 도출하는 방법을 제안하였다. 고해상도 원격영상 으로부터 하천의 여러 단면에 대해 수면 폭을 측정하였다. 각 단면 지점에 해당하는 유역면적은 수치고도모형으로부터 계산하여하폭-유역면적 관계식을구하였다. 한편, 지상관측소의 유량자료를이용하여측정된 유량과관측소 별유역면적 사이의 관계식을 구하고, 이렇게 얻어진 두 개의 관계식을 짝지어 수리기하 관계식 중 하나인 하폭-유량 관계식을 도출하 였다. 본 방법의 타당성을 확인하고자 낙동강과 섬진강을 대상으로 하폭-유량 관계식의 지수 값을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 지상관측자료의 회귀식에서 얻은 하폭과 유량사이의관계식과비교하여, 비슷한범위의 지수 값이 계산되었다. 본 연구의 접근법은 실측자료에 의존했던 전통적인 수리기하 분석 방법을 탈피하여 현장 자료의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 대안이라고 할 수 있다.

Detection of water bodies and their flow paths is elemental process of terrain analysis in any application related with surface water. Several algorithms have been proposed for automatic extraction of surface flow paths from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) (e.g., O’Callaghan and Mark, 1984; Tarboton, 1997; Paik, 2008). While these algorithms have been widely applied, DEMs-based approaches have fundamental limitation in detecting water bodies. To resolve this issue, we propose a hybrid approach that utilizes DEMs and satellite imagery together. These dataset supplement each other’s weakness, providing extra information for better detection of water bodies and flow paths. The proposed approach is tested for the Geum River, showing successfully extraction of flow boundaries and more resonable flow paths within water bodies.

본 연구에서는 GD8 방법을 이용하여 수치고도모형(DEM)으로부터 제주도의 하천망을 추출, 경사와 지형지수의 공간분포를 구하고 유역면적의 초과확률분포 등의 지형학적 특성을 분석하였다. GD8으로 추출된 하천망은 실제 제주도 지형도에 나타난 하천분포와 유사하였으며 지형지수의 분포는 하천망의 분포와 밀접한 상관성을 보였다. 유역면적의 초과확률분포는 높은 상관계수를 갖는 멱함수(power-law)의 형태를 따르는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 하천망이 프랙탈(fractal) 구조를 가지고 있음을 보여주는 한 예라고 할 수 있다. 이상의 분석을 통하여 GD8 방법이 수치고도모형을 이용한 수문지형분석에 적절한 방법인 것으로 판단하게 되었다.