본 연구에서는 강한 내열성을 가지는 비병원성 Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus 포자의 열 저항성을 분석하여 레토르트 식품 제조 시 직 접적인 멸균 여부 판정에 사용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였 다. B. subtilis 포자의 D121-value는 2.9±0.1분이었으며, Zvalue는 43.0±1.4oC로 나타났다. G. stearothermophilus 포 자의 D121-value는 4.3±0.1분이었으며, Z-value는 25.0±1.6oC 로 나타났다. B. atrophaeus 포자의 D121-value는 3.7±0.1분 이었으며, Z-value는 35.8±1.4oC로 나타났다. B. subtilis, G stearothermophilus와 B. atrophaeus 포자의 D121-value는 모 두 레토르트 식품 멸균 확인에 사용되는 C. botulinum 포 자의 D121-value 보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과 를 종합하여 볼 때 레토르트 식품 멸균 시 병원성 포자형 성균인 C. botulinum 대신 B. subtilis, G. stearothermophilus, B. atrophaeus 포자를 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또 한 기존 세균발육 실험에 소요되는 13일보다 단시간인 2- 3일에 멸균 여부를 확인할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

We conducted an on-site application study at the livestock cooperative fertilizer plant to compare the composting period, temperature change, moisture content, and chemical properties between livestock manure compost using sawdust as a moisture regulator with those using spent oyster mushroom substrate. The composting period, moisture content, and fertilizer composition of compost containing spent oyster mushroom substrate did not differ from that of conventional compost mixed with sawdust after the first and second fermentation and post-maturation stages, it was suitable as a material for manufacturing livestock manure compost. The spent oyster mushroom substrate also lower the production cost of livestock manure compost by replacing the more expensive sawdust. The developed technology is expected to contribute towards the utilization of by-products of the oyster mushroom harvest while simultaneously producing high quality livestock manure compost.

Soybeans are used for various purposes as a major source of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. This study was conducted to investigate the component changes in protein, amino acid, and antioxidant substances with different sowing periods by soybean varieties, as climate warming accelerates in recent years. The content of isoflavone according to early sowing did not differ by sowing period. However, it was confirmed that the content of isoflavone was higher in functional soybean cultivars such as Cheongja-5 having blue color at seed inside, Pungsan and Sowon used soybean sprouts, and Jinyang without fishy smell. There was no significant difference in the changes in protein and amino acid content according to the sowing time by soybean cultivars. The protein and amino acid content by early sowing tended to be lower than that of timely sowing. In most varieties except for some varieties, the content of proline was the highest by early sowing, confirming the presence of stress due to early sowing.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilization with the application of mixed organic matter after cultivating green manure crops on the growth and saponin content of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Methods and Results: Five type of cultivation of green manure crops were done: hairy vetch as a single seedling crop (HV), hairy vetch and rye as a mixture of seedling (HV/R), additional fertilization with mixed organic matter after cultivation of a seedling mixture (HV/R/MO), chemical fertilizer (CF), and a non-treated control (NT). The total nitrogen content was the highest in the HV/R/ MO treatment, followed by the HV, CF, HV/R and NT treatments, respectively. Nitrogen fixation was higher in the single seedling treatment with hairy vetch (HV) than in the treatment with a mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedling (HV/R). Moreover, the growth of C. lanceolata was greatly increased by the application of additional fertilizer after treatment with the mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedlings. The HV/R/MO treatment produced the highest total lancemaside content among the treatments, followed by HV, HV/ R, CF, and NT, respectively. Conclusions: It was verified that C. lanceolata experienced superior growth with the application of mixed organic matter as additional fertilizer after the cultivation of green manure crops, and the content of its major saponins, lancemasides were also increased by this treatment.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata has been used in traditional medicines, as its roots contain several kinds of triterpenoid saponin with high medicinal values. This study was conducted to select an advanced extraction method in C. lanceolata root. Methods and Results : Four extraction methods including 70% MeOH reflux and solvent fraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, water), water saturated butanol reflux, boiling water, and ultrasonication (70% MeOH) were investigated for the determination of major lancemasides. The total contents of lancemasides were the highest of 2.80 ㎎/g in ultrasonication, followed by boiling water, MeOH reflux, and water saturated butanol reflux extraction, in that order. Lancemaseide A was the most abundant saponin in all treatments, followed by lancemaside G, aster saponin, lancemaside B, in that order. The content of lancemaside B was very low compared to lancemaside A. Although four types of saponins were confirmed in this study, the others saponin such as foetidissimoside A could not be quantified due to very low content. Ultrasonication was evaluated as optimal extraction method and further studies were conducted to determine the optimal condition. The result compared to dry methods of sample [freeze-drying and shade dry (< 60℃)] before ultrasonication was superior shade dry to freeze-drying. The extract time and temperature were the best in 2 hr, 64℃ treatment, respectively, although there was no significant statically. Conclusion : The ultrasonication method was evaluated as relatively simpler and more efficient method due to short extraction time, small solvent consumption relative to conventional reflux method.

Background : Recently, there have been dynamic researches conducted on stevia as natural sweetener subtitute for sugar, However, Researches related to harvest period and parts of plant in stevia are few. Therefore, this study was conducted to select optimum harvest time and parts by measuring the natural sweeteners contents and analyzing antioxidant materials and activity according to harvest times, parts of plant. Methods and Results : Stevia was cultivated in plastic house, The leaves were harvested from April to October and the stem were only harvest in July and September. Stevia leaves and stems were extracted using high temperature and pressure extraction: Dried stevia leaves of 5g were added by 100ml of distilled water equivalent to 20 times of dry weight, and the mixture were extracted by autoclave at 121℃ for 15min. The contents of Rebaudioside A and Stevioside of stevia leaves harvested from April to October showed a tendency to increase gradually from July to October as the temperature increased, but the contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside decreased slightly in August due to excessively high temperature. The extraction yield of stevia leaves were highest in October and September, and there was no significant difference in the other period. In the stevia stems, the extraction yield was lower than that of stevia leaves in general regardless of harvest time. Total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents according to harvest time showed little difference among treatment. Conclution : stevia leaves were better than stevia stems regarding the use of rebaudioside A and stevioside as natural sweeteners. Also, it was confirmed that the stevia leaves of July, September and October, except for the high temperature period of August, had superior in quality and quantity.