In this study, we investigated and analyzed the impact of changes in driving speed and inter-vehicle distance on users’ perceived tension during autonomous vehicle operation. To this end, a survey experiment was conducted for both urban roads and highways. The results show that the greatest changes in perceived tension occurred in the range of 50–70 Km/h and 50–70 m following distance on urban roads, and in the range of 80–100 Km/he and 60–80 m following distance on highways. Furthermore, modeling user behavioral responses to perceived tension based on changes in speed and following distance revealed that linear models best described the relationship for speed on both urban roads and highways. For the following distance, a quadratic model was the most suitable for urban roads, whereas a logarithmic model best fit the highway data. These findings are expected to contribute to practical operational guidelines for autonomous vehicles by alleviating users’ psychological discomfort and enhancing public acceptance. Future research will extend this study using a driving simulator to examine user responses in more realistic driving environments.

We report the effect of plastic deformation on the thermoelectric properties of n-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 compounds. N-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 powders are synthesized by an oxide-reduction process and consolidated via sparkplasma sintering. To explore the effect of plastic deformation on the thermoelectric properties, the sintered bodies are subjected to uniaxial pressure to induce a controlled amount of compressive strains (-0.2, -0.3, and -0.4). The shaping temperature is set using a thermochemical analyzer, and the plastic deformation effect is assessed without altering the material composition through differential scanning calorimetry. This strategy is crucial because the conventional hotforging process can often lead to alterations in material composition due to the high volatility of chalcogen elements. With increasing compressive strain, the (00l) planes become aligned in the direction perpendicular to the pressure axis. Furthermore, an increase in the carrier concentration is observed upon compressive plastic deformation, i.e., the donorlike effect of the plastic deformation in n-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 compounds. Owing to the increased electrical conductivity through the preferred orientation and the donor-like effect, an improved ZT is achieved in n-type Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 through the compressive-forming process.

본고에서는 유형론 연구에 기반하여 가장 전형적인 ‘능격-절대격’ 언어에서 능격동 사가 어떻게 실현되는지 살펴보았고 한·중 능격동사의 판단기준, 유형, 특징을 알아 보았다. 아울러 능격동사와 비슷한 개념인 절대격동사, 비능격동사, 비대격동사들의 정의와 하위분류들을 살펴보고 능격동사와의 차이점을 제시하였다. 그리고 한·중 능 격구문의 실현양상을 제시하고 그 통사적 특징을 분석하였으며 능격구문과 관련된 중간구문, 사동구문, 피동구문의 실현양상, 판단기준, 발전과정을 살펴보았다.

본고에서는 ‘-더-’와 ‘来着’가 쓰인 용례를 통하여 양자의 범주 소속, 화용적 기능, 통사적 특징, 양태성 등 측면에서 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보았고 또한 하나의 문법 표지가 여러 범주에 걸쳐 나타나는 이유를 문법화의 각도에서 해석하였다. 결론적으 로 ‘-더-’와 ‘来着’는 완료상 표지로써 상이한 서술어와의 결합을 통해 사용 문맥이 확대되고 주관화, 재분석 등 기제로 인하여 인식양태, 증거양태로 문법화 되었다.

This paper reports the pH effect of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) colloids on formation of three dimensional (3D) graphene network in nucleate boiling condition, so called boiling method. When nucleated bubbles grow on the hot surface, thin liquid film beneath the bubble is supposed to be dried, in which RGO flakes become close to each other and form a structure. Accordingly, what happened when they are in high particle density would be a key issue for the formation of 3D graphene network. Here, we changed pH and oxidation level of RGO colloids so that their effect was observed on extent of 3D graphene network after boiling method. As pH was lower, i.e. being acid, the RGO colloids become unstable, resulting in 3D structure rather than 2D structure. Similarly, As oxidation level was lower, i.e. being more reduced, it showed a tendency to form 3D structure.