This study was conducted to investigate the temperatures inside and outside the pot as well as the quality characteristics of traditional Doenjang made by seven different farmers, in the Gyeonggi province during fermentation. The outside temperature of each region in the province was 5 to 10℃ higher in one place, in which fermentation took place inside the glass greenhouse, compared to other regions, while six other places showed similar changes in temperature. The moisture contents of the samples decreased according to the progress of the fermentation period from 53.6~62.3% to 51.0~58.5%. The salinity generally increased from 9.7~14.2% to 10.6~16.3% except for samples B and D, which declined from 17.0~17.2% to 16.6~16.9%. The amino-type nitrogen contents increased from 180.3~557.8 mg% to 437.3~840.7 mg%. The ammonia-type nitrogen contents decreased from 116.3~561.9 mg% to 70.7~149.2 mg%. Overall, the color of Doenjang was similar, but sample E had higher a and b values than the other regions, and the total bacterial count in the entire region was similar.

경기도농업기술원에서는 2016년 백색 대형 스탠다드 장미 ‘Fascinar’을 육성하였다. 2011년 ‘Splash’ 품종을 모본으로, 향기가 강한 연보라색 장미 ‘Charming Easies’ 품종을 부본으로 교배하였고 5개월 후에 성숙한 꼬투리를 획득하여 암면배지에 파종하여 후대를 얻었다. 2012년 화색, 화형, 향기 유무 등의 특성검정을 통하여 G11-338 계통을 선발하였다. 선발된 계통을 2013년부터 2016년까지 1차, 2차, 3차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하여 ‘Fascinar’로 명명하였고 2017년에 국립종자원에 품종보호출원(제2017-198호) 한 후 2019년에 품종보호권이 등록(제7795호)되었다. 화색은 백색(RHS, N155D)으로 대조품종보다 짙은 백색이며, 화형은 스탠다드이며 고심형인 대형 장미이다. 향기는 대조품종 ‘화이트라임’ 보다 매우 강하며 주요향기 성분은 GERMACRENE-D, Nerol 등 테르펜류와 phenylethyl Alcohol이다. 잎의 형태는 타원형이고 가시가 적은 편이다. 연간 절화수량은 172.2본이고, 꽃잎수는 38.4매이며 절화품질 중 절화장은 75.0cm 절화경경은 6.2mm 절화중은 10.6g 이다. 절화수명은 11일, 화폭 9.2cm, 화고 5.2cm이다. 기존에 육성된 품종에 비해 향기 성분 함량이 높고 화형과 화색이 우수 하여 품종으로서 가치가 높은 품종이다.

동절기 산취(Chamecereus silvestrii) ‘희망’의 주·야 온도를 달리하며 처리한 결과 초장은 주간온도 20oC와 야간온도 15oC에서 가장 크게 나타났다. 구경은 주간온도 25oC에서 구직경과 구고의 생육이 우수하였고, 주간온도 25oC에서는 모든 야간온도에서 구직경 생육이 양호하였으며 구고는 주간온도 25oC에서는 20oC에 비해 야간온도가 25oC로 높을수록 생육이 좋았다. 주·야간온도 조합의 합산온도가 높을수록 구직경과 구고신장이 증가하는 경향을 나타났다. 색도에서 Hunter ‘a’ 값은 야간온도가 높을수록 낮아졌으나 ‘b’ 값은 높아져 야간온도가 높으면 탁도가 증가하였다. 또 한 구직경과 구고변화의 증가가 다시 시작되는 기점은 정 식 후 15일로 나타났다.

Background : This study was conducted to develop sustainable and safe ginseng cultivation facilities to cope with climate change and to save labor due to the decrease of labor force in rural areas. Methods and Results : In 2017, we designed the wide-shading facility which was unmanned and labor saving to cope with climate warming and decreasing labor force in farming area for stable and sustainable production of ginseng. The developed model is called model Ⅰ(Slope-shading facility, Gyeongsangbuk-do ARES), model Ⅱ (Slope-shading facility, Gyeonggi-do ARES) and Model Ⅲ (Roof-type shading facility, RDA, NIHHS, Department of Herbal Crop Research). The tested varieties were stem-violet variant, and the transplanting was done by using the 2-years-old seedlings on April 3, 2017 and the planting density was 90 plant/1.62㎡. A thermometer, a light meter, and a rain gauge were installed in the center of the facility on April 13, 2017 to measure the micro-weather in the facility. Micro-weather observations were made from April 14 to October 10, measuring temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil moisture content, water leakage, and wind speed. Surveys were carried out on June 20 and September 29, respectively. The maximum temperature in the facility was 2 to 3℃ lower than the outside, but the relative humidity was 2 - 3% higher in the facility than in the outside. Soil moisture did not show a clear trend among the models. The light transmittance was 5 - 10% and it was the highest in model I, where the height of the shading facility was the highest. Rain leakage was 10 - 36%, the most in model Ⅱ. The amount of leaks increased with the amount of precipitation per hour. In all models, ginseng stem and leaf were damaged due to excessive water leakage. On July 10, stem and leaf were grown well only in wide-shading facility where leakage was adequately blocked with double-sided film. The average wind speed was less than 1.6 m/s during the survey period. The maximum wind speed was 8.8 m/s or less, which did not affect the deformation of the wide-shading facility. In all models, there was no difference in growth of aboveground part and root. Conclusion : As a result, in order to grow ginseng continuously and stably using wide-shading facilities, it is considered that the amount of leakage should be minimized by using material that can prevent leakage in cope with rainfall or heavy rain rather than wind-resistance.

Background : This study examines the main growth characteristics, physiological stress, or diseases damage for 3 and 4-years-old ginseng in the new lines cultivated in Gyeonggi for development of new lines of Ginseng. Methods and Results : Eumseong 13, 14 and 15, which are two-years-old seedling in the new line ginseng were transplanted in 7 lines × 9 rows (70 plants)/1.62㎡ in 2015 along with Gumpoong and Yeonpoong as the control lines while Eumseong 16 and 17 as well as Chunpoong as the control line were transplanted in the same way in 2016. The ginseng shading was installed with the front post of 170 ㎝ high and the rear post of 100 ㎝ high using the rear line while as the sun blocking material, the aluminum shade plate was used. As for the new growth lines of 3 and 4-years ginseng in the new growth line, the aerial parts of the ginseng and underground part of ginseng were examined. In addition, the physiological stress such as the leaf discoloration, rusty root and root rot as well as the resistance against the disease were examined. It was found out that as for the aerial parts of 3-years-old ginseng in test line, Eumseong 16 and 17 were better in the growth than the control lines were while in 4 years old ginseng, Eumseong 13 and 14 were better in the growth than Gumpoong as the control line was. As for the root weight of the 4-years-old ginseng for the underground part, there was no significant difference compared with control line while in 3-years-old ginseng, Eumseong 16 and 17 were heavier. The leaf discoloration did not happen to both 3 and 4-years-old ginseng. As for the root rot, 3-years-old Eumseong 16 and 17 suffered less root rot in the same way as for the control line. 4-years-old Eumseong 14 and 15 had less root rot in the same way as for the control line. 3-years-old Eumseong 16 and 17 have less rusty root in the same way as the control line while as for 4-years-old ginseng, Eumseong 13, 14 and 15 showed a lot of rusty roots in the same way as the control line. Conclusion : Finally, considering the growth characteristics, physiological stress and root rusty of the aerial parts and underground parts of the ginseng, we selected Eumseong 16 and 17 as the excellent lines for 3-years-old ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is an important agriculture plant in Korea. However, plant yield is reduced by pathogens. Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani are responsible for root-rot and replant failure of ginseng in Korea. Because of root rot pathogen, the productivity decreased and repeated cultivation is difficult. Methods and Results : The number of Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani in soils can be measured by real-time PCR. This methode makes it possible to select of land for caltivation of ginseng. The specific primers of C. destructans and F. solani were synthesized from β-tubulin region. The equation of the standard curve between the colony forming unit(cfu) and the Ct value in the C. destructans was y (Ct value) = -1.608X (cfu) + 39.325. The equation of the standard curve between the colony forming unit (cfu) and the Ct value in the Fusarium solani was y (Ct value) = -1.608X (cfu) + 39.077. This method makes possible to rapidly exactly measure the number of pathogens in soil. C. destructans, a ginseng root rot fungus, was detected in soil samples of 32 (16%) in soil samples. 35.5% of paddy field, 34.3% of paddy field, 64.1% of field, and 65.6% of paddy field were found in perennial plant. Conclusion : As a result, the major causative agent of ginseng root rot was Cylindrocarpon and the onset density was 102 cfu/g in soil. There was no significant difference in density between fusarium and disease.

Background : This study was conducted to select a optimal combination of LED light sources for stable production of sprout ginseng used as vegetables throughout the year. Methods and Results : The treatments to select the optimum LED light source for the production of functional sprout ginseng were ①Blue40%: Green40%: Red40% (B40 + G12 + R20 umol·m-2S-1), ②B50: G25: R10 (B50 + G8 + R5 umol·m-2S-1), ③B50: G20: R40 (B50 + G6 + R20 umol·m-2S-1), ④B35: G20: R35 (B35 + G6 + R18 umol·m-2S-1), ⑤B20: G0: R40 (B20 + R20 umol·m-2S-1), ⑥control (a general fluorescent lamp for plant cultivation, FL40W, PG, 35.0 umol). The ginseng seedlings used in the test were subject to preconditioning process for one week after the cold treatment at 4℃ for at least three months. The root media were composed of porous artificial soil 40% + peat moss 30% + perlite 20% + Vomito (brand name)10%. We planted 35 seedlings (planting density 5 × 7 ㎝) in a 480 × 380 × 295 ㎜ plastic box. The two liters of water were irrigated per a plastic box when water potential reached -33 kPa using a tensimeter. The cultivation room was maintained at 25℃ with 45% of the relative humidity, and 16 hours of lighting for growing conditions. The growing period was 40 to 60 days after planting. The results were as follows; the treatment of LED B50%: G25%: R10% (B50 + G8 + R5 umol·m-2S-1) increased the diameter of the sprout ginseng by 10.3% (4.95 → 5.46 ㎜), root weight 27.3% (1.1 → 1.4 g), fresh weight 38.9% (1.8 → 2.5 g) in comparison with the control. The contents of ginsenoside such as Re, Rg2, Rc, Rb2, and Rd increased 24.2% (24.8 → 30.8 ㎎/g). Conclusion : The optimal light source for sprout ginseng was LED B50%: G25%: R10% (B50 + G8 + R5 umol·m-2S-1), which increased sprout production by 38.9% in comparison with the control.

Background: This study was carried out to determine the best time for collecting ginseng berries without reducing the ginsenoside- Re content of ginseng roots, which are used as food, medicine, or cosmetic materials. Methods and Results: The test variety of ginseng used in this study was is Chunpung, which was collected from a 4-year-old ginseng field. Ginseng berries were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days after flowering. The number of berry bunches per 1.62㎡ ranged from 43.4 to 61.4, while the weight of berries per 1.62㎡ was the greatest when they were collected 49 days after flowering. The root fresh weight per 1.62㎡ was increased by 0.21 - 1.00 ㎏ compared with that before the test, but root weight gain was decreased as the berry collection time was delayed. Total ginsenoside content of 4-year-old ginseng was the highest when berries were collected 7 days after flowering, while the ginsenoside-Re contents was the highest when collection was done 14 days after flowering. Conclusions: The most suitable period for ginseng berry collection was proposed to be from 14 to 21 days after flowering, as this is when the content of ginsenoside-Re, which is useful as a medicinal or cosmetic material, is still high and the ginseng root has not yet decreased in weight.

Background : This study was carried out to secure technology for stable production of ginseng by developing technology to reduce the high temperature in response to climate change. Methods and Results : Polyethylene film (PE film), scattering film and blue-white double-sided film (85% shading rate) were tested for ginseng rain-shielding materials. The shading materials used were a black shading net (90% shading rate) in the first, and an aluminum screen (40% shading rate) in the second. The first shading materials were installed on April 10 with PE film + black light shielding net, and scattering film + black light shielding net. As the treatment for high temperature injury relief, an aluminum screen was installed under a scattering film + black light shielding net and a blue-white double-sided film at a high temperature. The amount of transmitted light was 12.9% at scattered film, 14.5% at double sided film, and 12.5% at PE film when the primary rain-shielding material was covered. In secondary shading, scattering film + aluminum screen and blue-white double-sided film + aluminum showed 8.6% and 7.6% of light transmitting, respectively. In the case of temperature, the average temperature was lower than the outside temperature at the scattering film + aluminum screen, clear double sided film + aluminum screen and PE film recovery. The differences among the cultivars were significant in plant height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. There were significant differences in the plant height, stem height, leaf length, and leaf width between treatments, but there was no interaction effect between varieties and treatments. The interactions between treatments were found only in the number of brach root. Conclusion : High temperature damage was influenced by the amount of irradiation in the facility rather than the temperature, which was presumed to be due to the accelerated aging of the ginseng leaf as the light transmittance increased.

Background : This study researches on the microclimate, photosynthesis and growth characteristics for the development of shading materials proper for the wide and inclined ginseng cultivation facility which can respond to climate change and save labor. Methods and Results : The wide shading facilities were installed on the area of 1,000 ㎡ in 2014 and 4 facilities were installed on the test ginseng cultivation area. On Mar. 29, 2017, 2 blue shading nets [with the sun blocking rate of 85% (200 g/㎡) and 90% (220 g/㎡)] were installed each for 4 facilities. On June 26, 2017, the aluminum screen and black shading net (with the sun blocking rate of 40% each) were installed during the period of high temperature (30℃ or higher) for each facility. The maximum light intensity under the shading facility was high with blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%, or blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40%, higher than other treatments. They were higher by 4.8 - 7.3%, 5.3 - 7.8% each in July and August. Among the coating materials for reducing the high temperature, the aluminum screen coating had less water leakage in early July, late July, mid-August and late August when the precipitation was more than 100 ㎜. The death of the aerial part of ginseng occurred less until October. The growth of the aerial part of 4-year ginseng was better in blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%, blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40% or blue shading net 90% and PE black shading net 40% than in blue shading net 90% and aluminum screen 40% The photosynthesis rate was the highest in June with 3.67 μmol CO2/㎡/s under the blue shading net 90% and aluminum screen 40% and with 3.55 μmol CO2/㎡/s under blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40% for K-1. As for the land races ginseng, it was the highest with 3.55 μmol CO2/㎡/s under the blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%. For the growth of the underground part of the 4-year ginseng, the blue shading net 85% + PE black shading net 40% or the blue shading net 85% + aluminum screen 40% was the best with respect to the growth of the ground part of the ginseng such as the length of root, the length of main root, diameter of root and weight of root than other treatment. Conclusion : Best coating materials for the wide shading facilities are the blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40%.