This study derived the unit of industrial water usage reflecting the latest industry trends. Available for establishing plans such as the master plan for water supply system and analyzed changes in the basic unit by a comparison with the current basic unit values. This study analyzed 4,038 samples with a sampling error of less than 1.5 % at the 95 % confidence level after removing outliers according to a log-normal distribution. As a result, the unit of industrial water usage per site area in the whole manufacturing industry was 7.11 m3/1,000m2/d. The ten industrial categories (C10, C13, C20, C21, C22, C25, C27, C30, C32, C33) showed a similar unit value compared to before, and the four industrials categories (C11, C17, C22, C31) showed a more unit value than before. With regard to the nine industrial categories (C14, C15, C16, C18, C19, C24, C26, C28, C29), the unit value decreased. Cases that companies examined before were the same as the companies examined in this study were analyzed. The result that the changes in the unit industrial water usage were reasonable was obtained. However, in some industrial categories (C17, C14, C24, C29), the unit value was changed by a small number of companies with large-scale water use or unit value of sampling had a large deviation. It was considered necessary to survey them periodically. The unit of industrial water usage derived by the survey in this study reflects the current industrial trends in 2016. Water use in manufacturing companies has continuously changed by the development of manufacturing technologies and simplification of manufacturing processes. In order to deal with this, it is considered necessary to survey the usage of industrial water periodically from a long-term perspective.

In this study, a model was developed to predict for Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) generated in water supply networks and consumer premises, before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. Based on two-way ANOVA, which was carried out to statistically verify the water quality difference in the water supply network according to introduce the advanced water treatment process. The water quality before and after advanced water purification was shown to have a statistically significant difference. A multiple regression model was developed to predict the concentration of DBPs in consumer premises before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. The prediction model developed for the concentration of DBPs accurately simulated the actual measurements, as its coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements were all 0.88 or higher. In addition, the prediction for the period not used in the model development to verify the developed model also showed coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements of 0.96 or higher. As the prediction model developed in this study has an advantage in that the variables that compose the model are relatively simple when compared with those of models developed in previous studies, it is considered highly usable for further study and field application. The methodology proposed in this study and the study findings can be used to meet the level of consumer requirement related to DBPs and to analyze and set the service level when establishing a master plan for development of water supply, and a water supply facility asset management plan.

The estimation method of economical leakage management target utilized upon planning business for improvement of revenue water ratio in South Korea is presented and applicability of methods developed in this study is assessed through application on site. With a consideration of revenue water ratio in application target area, estimation method of long-term economical leakage management target is applied. Three leakage reduction methods such as replacement of residual aged pipe, leakage investigation and restoration and water pressure management are applied with a consideration of characteristics of site. Due to difficulty of obtaining data, analysis of cost/benefit by leakage reduction methods is performed by applying method of leakages estimation equation among statistical methods. As a result of application, revenue water ratio corresponding to long-term economical leakage management target is 91.6 %.

This study concerned the analysis on the efficiency of the conversion of water tank type supply system to direct water supply system to examine the feasibility of the conversion, as well as the calculation of optimal conversion range that enables the supply of safe, high-quality water at stable pressure in accordance with the standards of water supply facility. The results of this research showed that when converting water supply system from water tank type supply system to direct water supply system, more nodal points could be properly converted and more reduction of electricity usage was expected in case water pressure rather than residence time was fixed. This means that higher efficacy can be obtained by fixing water pressure when converting water supply system. However, since the number of the locations that received on-spot inspection was small and the electricity usage measured was not exclusively by water supply facility, it is difficult to judge that such reduction of electricity usage accurately represents reduced electricity usage by water supply facility alone. therefore, after having secured on-spot information about a larger number of locations in apartment complexes that have converted water supply system, and utilizing information about electricity usage exclusively by water supply facility, the proposed method of this research could be applied to accurately deducing expected reduction of electricity usage by water supply facilities of various other apartment complexes. It is also considered possible to deduce an effective operation method of water supply system by finding out an area that shows low pressure or low residual chlorine concentration in the optimal conversion range of water supply, followed by estimating the proper location of pumping station or the proper chlorine dosage at the power purification plant that supply water to the target area.

It is considered necessary to renewal a considerable number of water supply facilities in Korea because they began to be intensively buried in the period of rapid economic growth. Accordingly, local water providers are required to take measures against this situation, but they have currently been caught in a vicious circle of the lack of budget spent in renewing water supply facilities because county-based small-scale local water supply cannot afford to cover annual expenditures with their revenues from water rates. Therefore, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model capable of achieving a balance of financial revenue and expenditure in local water supply using nonlinear programming and furthermore of minimizing the total cost incurred during the analysis. To this end, this study selected the water supply area located in County Y as a research area to build the financial revenue and expenditure and used Solver function provided by Microsoft Excel to use nonlinear programming. As a result, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model minimizing incurred costs in consideration of 6 items in the financial revenue and expenditure. The optimal renewal plan was modeled according to the available annual budget. As a result, this study proposed SICD, a scenario to minimize total costs from the perspective of water suppliers, and SITS, a scenario to minimize the increase in water rates from the perspective of consumers. It can be said that the method proposed in this study is the core of the optimal financial and renewal plans as a final stage of asset management for water supply facilities. Therefore, it is considered possible for local water providers to use the method proposed in this study according to circumstances for the asset management of water supply facilities.

For the asset management of a water pipe network, it would be necessary to understand the extent of the maintenance cost required for the water pipe network for the future. This study would develop a method to draw the optimum cost required for the maintenance of the water pipe network in waterworks facilities to maintain the aim revenue water ratio and to achieve the target revenue water ratio, considering the water service providers’ waterworks condition and revenue water ratio comprehensively. This study conducted a survey with 96 water service providers as of the early 2015 and developed models to estimate the optimum maintenance cost of the water pipe network, considering the characteristics of the water service providers. Since the correlation coefficient of all the developed models was higher than 0.95, it turned out that it had significant reliability, which was statistically significant. As a result of applying the developed models to the actual water service providers, it was drawn that increasing revenue water ratio to more than a certain level can reduce the maintenance cost of the water pipe network by a great deal. In other words, it is judged that it would be the most efficient to secure the reliability of waterworks management by increasing the short-term revenue water ratio to more than a certain level and gradually increase the revenue water ratio from the long-term perspective. It is expected that the proposed methodology proposed in this study and the results of the study will be used as a basic research for planning the maintenance of water pipe network or establishing a plan for waterworks facilities asset management.

이 논문은 구약성서의 인간 창조 서술의 핵심으로 볼 수 있는 ‘하나님의 형상’의 구약신학적 의미와 선교신학적 의미가 무엇인지에 대해서 연구한다. ‘하나님의 형상’은 전통적으로 외형적 혹은 내면적 어떤 의미로 해석되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 구약신학의 분야에서는 아래 의 두 가지 사실에 근거하여 그것을 ‘땅에 대한 지배권’(dominium terrae)으로 해석한다. 첫째, 창 1:26의 문맥이 이것을 명확히 보여주 며, 둘째, ‘형상’의 히브리어 표현인 ‘첼렘’이 어원학상 ‘상/동상’이란 의미를 지니며, 실제로 고대근동 지방에서는 이 개념을 ‘신의 대리자’로 서 행세하는 왕들이 ‘왕의 이데올로기’를 가시화하는 수단으로 사용하 였다는 점이다. ‘땅에 대한 지배권’의 모습은 구약과 고대근동에서 자연과 동물에 대한 일방적이고 폭력적인 다스림으로 나타나기도 하나, 동시에 ‘보존 과 보살핌의 개념’으로 이해되기도 한다. 창세기 1장 28절에도 이 두 가지의 모습이 다 나타나기도 하는데, 이것을 구약성서 자체가 드러내는 ‘하나님의 행하심’의 모습과 고대근동 지방에서 늦은 시기에 대두된 ‘페르시아의 왕의 이데올로기’와 연관하여 보면 창세기 1장 28절의 ‘땅에 대한 지배권’은 인간에게 주어진 자연에 대한 평화적 통치권으로 이해할 수 있다. 인간의 권리로서 주어진 ‘땅에 대한 통치권’이 특히 ‘하나님의 형상’과 관련이 있다는 사실은 동시에 그것이 ‘하나님의 행하심’의 모습을 따라 규정되어야 함을 의미한다. 인간과 모든 만물의 주로서의 ‘하나님의 행하심’은 모든 인간과 만물에게 은혜를 주시며 돌보실 뿐 아니라 궁극적 구원을 주시고 모든 창조 세계를 새롭게 하시는 것으로 나타난다. 그러므로 이런 ‘하나님의 행하심’에 참여하도록 부름 받고 보냄을 받은 인간의 사명, 곧 하나님의 형상대로 지음을 받은 모든 인간에게 주어진 ‘땅에 대한 지배권’은 ‘하나님의 선교’에 참여하도록 부르심과 보내심이라고 할 수 있다.

A variety of methods for detecting the location of an underground water pipeline are being used across the world; the current main methods used in South Korea, however, have the problems of low precision and efficiency and the limitations in actual application. On this, this study developed locator capable of detecting the location of a water pipe by the use of an IMU sensor, and technology for using the extended karman filter to correct error in location detection and to plot the location on the coordinate system. This study carried out a tract test and a road test as basic experiments to measure the performance of the developed technology and equipment. As a result of the straight line, circular and ellipse track tests, the 1750 IMU sensor showed the average error of 0.08-0.11%; and thus it was found that the developed locator can detect a location precisely. As a result of the 859.6-m road test, it was found that the error was 0.31 m in case the moving rate of the sensor was 0.3-0.6 m/s; and thus it was judged that the equipment developed by this study can be applied to long-distance water pipes of over 1 km sufficiently. It is planned to evaluate its field applicability in the future through an actual pipe network pilot test, and it is expected that locator capable of detecting the location of a water pipe more precisely will be developed through research for the enhancement of accuracy in the algorithm of location detection.

Peak load rate(i.e., maximum daily flow/average daily flow) has not been considered for industrial water demand planning in Korea to date, while area unit method based on average daily flow has been applied to decide capacity of industrial water treatment plants(WTPs). Designers of industrial WTPs has assumed that peak load would not exist if operation rate of factories in industrial sites were close to 100%. However, peak load rates were calculated as 1.10~2.53 based on daily water flow from 2009 to 2014 for 9 industrial WTPs which have been operated more than 9 years(9-38 years). Furthermore, average operation rates of 9 industrial WTPs was less than 70% which means current area unit method has tendency to overestimate water demand. Therefore, it is not reasonable to consider peak load for the calculation of water demand under current area unit method application to prevent overestimation. However, for the precise future industrial water demand calculation more precise data gathering for average daily flow and consideration of peak load rate are recommended.

Pipe Deterioration Prediction (PDP) and Pipe Failure Risk Prediction (PFRP) models were developed in an attempt to predict the deterioration and failure risk in water mains using fuzzy technique and the markov process. These two models were used to determine the priority in repair and replacement, by predicting the deterioration degree, deterioration rate, failure possibility and remaining life in a study sample comprising 32 water mains. From an analysis approach based on conservative risk with a medium policy risk, the remaining life for 30 of the 32 water mains was less than 5 years for 2 mains (7%), 5-10 years for 8 (27%), 10-15 years for 7 (23%), 15-20 years for 5 (17%), 20-25 years for 5 (17%), and 25 years or more for 2 (7%).

Owing to time and cost constraints, new methods that would make it possible to evaluate the safety of the water supply pipeline in a less time- and cost-consuming manner are urgently needed. In response to this exigency, the present study developed a new statistical model to assess the safety of the water supply pipeline using the quantification theory type Ⅱ. In this research, the safety of the water supply pipeline was defined as ‘a possibility of the pipeline failure’. Quantification analysis was conducted on the qualitative data, such as pipe material, coating, and buried condition. The results of analyses demonstrate that the hit ratio of the quantification function amounted to 77.8% of hit ratio, which was a fair value. In addition, all variables that were included in the quantification function were logically valid and demonstrated statistically significant. According to the results derived from the application of the safety evaluation model, the coefficient of determination (R2) between K-region’s water supply pipeline safety and the safety inspection amounted to 0.80. Therefore, these findings provide meaningful insight for the measured values in real applications of the model. The results of the present study can also be meaningfully used in further research on safety evaluation of pipelines, establishing of renewal prioritization, as well as asset management planning of the water supply infrastructure.

Evaluation and comparison for the performance on the contracting-out became possible after the introduction of the performance indicators(PIs) in 2012 in Korea, And local governments and private companies are utilizing them as evaluation data to enhance the performance of the contracting-out. Several revisions on performance indicator were carried out by expert group on contents validity of PIs, But the review of the composition validity of PIs was not sufficient. In this study, the applicability, distinction ability and composition validity of PIs is evaluated by statistical method. From the results, Improvement of indicator is required in order to increase the interrelationship among indicators to enhance the compostion validity of indicators related with operation, sludge and water reuse

This research carried out an analysis on input cost and leakage reduction effect by leakage reduction method, focusing on the project for establishing an optimal water pipe network management system in the Taebaek region, which has been executed annually since 2009. Based on the result, optimal cost-benefit analysis models for water distribution network rehabilitation project were developed using DEA(data envelopment analysis) and multiple regression analysis, which have been widely utilized for efficiency analysis in public and other projects. DEA and multiple regression analysis were carried out by applying 4 analytical methods involving different ratios and costs. The result showed that the models involving the analytical methods 2 and 4 were of low significance (which therefore were excluded), and only the models involving the analytical methods 1 and 3 were suitable. From the result it was judged that the leakage management method to be executed with the highest priority for the improvement of revenue water ratio was installation of pressure reduction valve, followed by replacement of water distribution pipe, replacement of water supply pipe, and then leakage detection and repair; and that the execution of leakage management methods in this order would be most economical. In addition, replacement of water meter was also shown to be necessary in case there were a large number of defective water meters.

District Metered Area (DMA) construction is one of the most cost effective alternatives for management of water loss (i.e., water leakage) and energy consumption (i.e., water pressure) in water distribution systems. Therefore, it’s being implemented to numerous new and existing water distribution systems worldwide. However, due to the complexity of water distribution systems, especially large-scale and highly looped systems, it is still very difficult to define the optimal boundary of DMAs considering all the aspects of water distribution system management requirements. In this study, a DMA design methodology (or a DMA design model) was developed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and hydraulic distribution system model to determine the optimal DMA boundary.

This study was carried out to analyze water suspension in the water supply system through fault tree analysis. And quantitative factors was evaluated to minimize water suspension. Consequently the aim of this study is to build optimal planning by analyzing scenarios for water suspension.Accordingly the fault tree model makes it possible to estimate risks for water suspension, current risks is 92.23 m3/day. The result of scenario analysis by pipe replacement, risks for water suspension was reduced 7.02 m3/day when replacing WD4 pipe. As a result of scenario analysis by water district connections, the amount of risk reduction is maximized when it is connecting to network pipe of D Zone. Therefore, connecting to network pipe for D Zone would be optimal to reduce risk for water suspension.

In recent years, Smart Water Grid (SWG) concept has globally emerged over the last decade and also gained significant recognition in South Korea. Especially, there has been growing interest in water demand forecast and this has led to various studies regarding energy saving and improvement of water supply reliability. In this regard, this study aims to develop a nonlinear ensemble model for hourly water demand forecasting which allow us to estimate uncertainties across different model classes. The concepts was demonstrated through application to observed from water plant (A) in the South Korea. Various statistics (e.g. the efficiency coefficient, the correlation coefficient, the root mean square error, and a maximum error rate) were evaluated to investigate model efficiency. The ensemble based model with an cross-validate prediction procedure showed better predictability for water demand forecasting at different temporal resolutions. In particular, the performance of the ensemble model on hourly water demand data showed promising results against other individual prediction schemes.

최근 기후에 대한 관심이 증가하면서 전국단위 뿐만 아니라 지역 단위에서도 기후 지도가 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 무인자동 기상관측장비(AWS) 자료와 LANDSAT 8호 열적외선 영상을 이용하여 지상 기온 분포도를 제작하는 과정을 제시하였다. 지상 기온 분포도 제작을 위하여 기존에 사용되었던 AWS 자료의 공간 보간 기법, 열적외선 영상으로 부터 지표 온도 추출 기법, AWS 자료와 위성영상을 이용한 지상 기온 추출 기법을 비교하고, 지상 기온 분포도에 적합한 지도 제작 기법을 파악하였다. 본 연구의 결과 지상 기온 분포도 제작을 위해 AWS 자료와 위성영상을 이용한 지상 기온 추출 기법이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제시한 과정을 통하여 다양한 지역단위의 기후 지도를 제작할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

기후 자료를 정확히 분석하고 미래 환경을 예측하기 위해서는 이들 자료에 대한 검증과 품질 관리 과정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 구축한 기후 자료의 품질을 효과적으로 관리하기 위하여, 기후 자료의 시각화 도구를 개발하고, 이를 이용한 품질 관리 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 HTML5 기반의 시각화 도구를 이용하여, 인터넷 환경에서 다수의 전문가들이 효과적으로 기후 자료를 관리할 수 있게 되었다. 기후자료의 시각화 도구를 활용하여 기후자료의 품질 관리 업무에 적용한 결과, 다양한 종류의 품질 관리 검사를 효과적으로 수행할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 기상청의 기후 자료 품질 관리 업무에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

최근 국가지리정보유통망을 통한 공간정보 통합에 대한 논의처럼, 속성데이터 중심의 인문지리정보 데이터베이스도 시작 단계에서부터 향후의 통합을 고려한 프로토콜을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 효율적인 인문지리정보 DB 구축을 위해 DB 모델의 원칙과 절차, 즉 데이터 모델, DB 정규화, 데이터 무결성에 대해 인문지리정보 사례를 통해 방향을 제시하였고, 인문지리정보의 변화를 수용할 수 있는 시간성 확보 방안과 온톨로지와 통합DB를 효과적으로 연계하는 방안을 제시하였다. 특히 시간에 따른 정보의 변화를 저장하기 위해 TimeStamp 객체와 TimeSPAN 객체를 DB에 임베드하였고 시간관계 함수를 이용해 검색할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 수시 갱신이 필요한 인문지리정보 DB를 온톨로지와 연계하기 위해서는 DBMS 내의 RDF 객체를 활용하는 효율적인 방법을 제시하였다. 이러한 방안은 인문지리정보 DB 뿐만 아니라 수시갱신이 요구되는 대용량의 DB 구축시 가장 근본적으로 검토하여야 할 내용을 제시해 줄 것이다.

지명은 지역의 위치를 표현하는 주요 방법인 동시에 지역의 고유한 특성을 반영하는 역할을 하는 주요한 지리 정보이다. 지금까지 지명은 매우 중요한 의미를 가지고 있음에도 불구하고, 체계적이고 효율적인 관리가 이루어지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 지명을 효율적으로 관리하기 위하여 지명 관리 시스템과 지명 지도를 중심으로 지금까지의 현황과 개선 방안을 제시하였다. 구체적으로 첫째, 현행 지명 관리시스템의 문제점 및 개선방안을 제시하였다. 특히 시공간적 측면에서 지명을 관리할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 둘째, 지명과 그 위치를 효율적으로 표현하는 표준적인 방법을 연구하고, 나아가 지명지도를 제작하기 위한 기초적인 자료를 제시하였다. 특히 수치지도와 지명 데이터베이스와 연결하는 방안을 제시하고, 디지털 환경에서 지명을 표현하기 위한 지명 지도를 시범 제작하였다.