Korean ECM constructions seem to give rise to many interesting problems with the minimalist program. Of these problems, we are mainly concerned with the following: (A) How is the ECMed NP/DP assigned accusative Case despite the fact that the clause containing it is supposed to be finite? (B) How can the ECMed NP/DP be affected by the accusative Case assigner though finite clauses are phases? Accessing answers to these problems, we will find out that some unknown properties of the embedded predicates in Korean ECM constructions are involved in the transitivity restriction, and that there is a derivational mechanism for determining whether given movement is A or A`.

This study was carried out to get more operational characteristics of the sequencing batch biofilm reactors with media volume/reactor volume ratio of 15 %, 25 % and 35 %. Experiments were conducted to find the effects of the media packing ratio on organic matters and nutrients removal. Three laboratory scale reactors were fed with synthetic wastewater. During studies, the operation mode was fixed. The organic removal efficiency didn't show large difference among three reactor of different packing media ratios. However, from the study results, the optimum packing media ratios for biological nutrient removal was shown as 25%. The denitrifying PAOs could take up and store phosphate using nitrate as electron acceptor.

In order to examine the pre-treatment effect of crab shell on Pb2+ removal by crab shell in aqueous solution, acid and alkali pre-treated crab shell were used. Electron microscopy techniques such as TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometry techniques were used to investigate the process of Pb2+ removal by acid and alkali pre-treated crab shell. The Pb2+ removal by acid pre-treated crab shell was much lower than that by untreated crab shell because of the decrease of CaCO3 from the crab shell. However, the Pb2+ removal by alkali pre-treated crab shell increased compared to that by untreated crab shell. The results were confirmed by TEM, SEM, EDX and FTIR.

An evaluation of the application of SBR and biofilm on small sewerage system was conducted. A newly developed small sewerage system, using SBR, was successfully applied to the nutrient treatment using municipal wastewater. The system was consisted of 6 compartments. Two systems, with SBR (A type) or without SBR (B type), were compared by several parameters (COD, SS, T-N, NH4+-N, NO3--N, NO2--N, alkalinity, pH, DO) in all experimental periods. Also, the time variation of several parameters (DO, pH, NH4+-N, NO3--N, NO2--N) was examined in a SBR applied sewerage system. T-N removal efficiency of B type was higher than that of A type by the effect of nitrification and denitrification even though the COD removal efficiencies were similar. In aeration stage, the pH was decreased from 6.4 to 6.3 within 1 h and increased to 6.65 at the end of aerobic stage, and pH was decreased to 6.2 in non-aeration stage, and these phenomena were explained. The effects of nitrification and denitrification were compared in A type and B type sewerage system, and the typical nitrificaion and denitrification were observed in B type sewerage system.

In order to examine the inhibition effect of other heavy metal ions on the removal of heavy metal ions by crab shell in aqueous solution, 10 heavy metal ions (Cr3+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+) were used as single heavy metal ions and mixed heavy metal ions, respectively. In single heavy metal ions, Pb2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ were well removed by crab shell, however, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ were not. The heavy metal removal increased as the increase of covalent index (Xm2r), and the relationship classified heavy metal ions as 2 heavy metal groups (Fe3+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ group and Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ group). In mixed heavy heavy metal ions, the removals of Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Cu2+ as 0.49 mmol/g, regardless of the existence of other heavy metal ions, were similar to the result of single heavy metal ions experiment. The removals of Mn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ decreased as the existence of other heavy metal ions, however, the removal of Zn2+, Cr3+, Hg2+ increased.

In order to provide the basic information on the environmental pollution of Kyungsan province, the contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn in soil, stream water, aquatic sediment and groundwater were investigated, and also the values of pH, COD, KMnO4-C, NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N and Cl- of stream water and groundwater were determined. The results were as follows. The values of COD, NH3-N, NO2-N and NO3-N of the stream waters were very low. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the stream waters were respectively at range of 0.014～0.063 ㎎/ℓ, 0.004～0.007 ㎎/ℓ, 0～0.045 ㎎/ℓ, 0～0.008 ㎎/ℓ and 0.001～0.175 ㎎/ℓ, and these values were much lower than those of contaminated stream water in Korea. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the soils were respectively at range of 0.12～0.71 ppm, 0.88～2.65 ppm, 2.86～22.33 ppm and 3.89～26.39 ppm, and these values were much lower than those of ordinary polluted areas in Korea. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, As, Zn and Mn in the aquatic sediments were respectively at range of 3.05～3.81 ppm, 14.6～70.6 ppm, 13.74～61.59 ppm, 76.8～465.5 ppm, 12.56～190.83 ppm and 333.3～1188.3 ppm. The values of pH, KMnO4-C, NH3-N and NO3-N of the groundwaters were respectively at range of 7.6～8.4, 0～3.95 ㎖, 0.05～0.15 ㎎/ℓ and 0.05～0.42 ㎎/ℓ. The contents of Pb, Cd and Cr in the groundwaters were respectively at range of 0.015～0.061 ㎎/ℓ, 0.006～0.009 ㎎/ℓ and 0.005～0.045 ㎎/ℓ.

Several effects on Pb2+ removal by crab shell from aqueous solution were investigated. As the increase of initial Pb2+ concentration and decrease of initial crab shell concentration, the time required to reach an equilibrium state and the residual Pb2+ concentration increased. In our experimental ranges, the optimum initial Pb2+ concentration and crab shell concentration were below 103 mg/l and over 0.5 mg/l, respectively. Also, in order to investigate the mechanism of Pb2+ removal by crab shell in aqueous solution, the crab shell was compared with chitosan and chitin on aspects of Pb2+ removal capacity and Pb2+ removal rate. The Pb2+ removal by crab shell was greater than that by chitin and chitosan. The role of chitin was not so great in Pb2+ removal by crab shell. The Pb2+ removal by chitosan was not exactly correlated to the molecular weight of chitosan.

Dongseok Kim. 2000. On the EPP-Feature of T. Studies in Modern Grammar 22, 125-144. In this paper, we argue that defective T is devoid of EPP-feature, and that the weak expletive there bears Case feature. On the observation that the target of Move or Merge for the purpose of satisfying the EPP of T is invariably a Case marked position, we propose to reduce the EPP-feature to Case checking requirement. The proposed analysis has advantages of eliminating the Merge over Move Preference and redundancy in EPP and Case checking.

In order to examine the availability and effectiveness of crab shell for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution, the crab shell was compared with cation exchange resin (CER), zeolite, granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) on aspects of heavy metal removal capacity, rate and efficiency. In the removal of Pb, Cd and Cr, the heavy metal removal capacity of crab shell was higher than those of any other sorbents (CER, zeolite, GAC, PAC), and the order of heavy metal removal capacity was crab shell > CER > zeolite > PAC =～GAC. However, in the removal of Cu, the result of crab shell was slightly lower than that of CER. The initial heavy metal removal rate was affected by the sorts of sorbents and metals. In all heavy metals, the heavy metal removal rate of crab shell was higher than those of any other sorbents. Under the heavy metal concentration of 1.0 mmole/ℓ, the heavy metal removal efficiency of crab shell was maintained as 93∼100 %, which was much higher than those of any other sorbents.

The variation of microorganisms (activated sludge, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aureobasidium pullulans) caused by the biosorption of Pb2+ was observed by TEM and microscope. By the TEM observation of S. cerevisiae, the plasmolysis and lysis of cell wall or cell membrane were occurred by the penetration of Pb2+ into the inner cellular region. However, in the case of A pullulans, the plasmolysis and lysis of cell wall or cell membrane were not occurred because of the prevention of Pb2+ penetration by the extracelluar polymeric substances (EPS). A flocculation of microorganisms, in the case of A. pullulans, was observed by the Pb2+ accumulation after 3∼4 h and the color was changed from white to black after 1 day. The flocculation of activated sludge was improved by the accumulation Pb2+ after 1 h, however, the floc was broken up and the settling efficiency decreased after 1 day.

Pb^2+ removal capacity and initial Pb^2+ removal rate were compared between non-biomaterials (granular activated carbon, powdered activated carbon, ion exchange resin, zeolite) and biomaterials (activated sludge, Aureobasidium pullulans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The Pb^2+ removal capacity of biomaterials were greater than that of non-biomaterials, generally. The Pb^2+ removal capacities of non-biomaterials and biomaterials were shown on the order of ion exchange resin > zeolite > granular activated carbon > powdered activated carbon and A. pullulans > S. cerevisiae > activated sludge, respectively. In the initial Pb^2+ removal rate, the non-biomaterials showed powdered activated carbon > granular activated carbon > zeolite > ion exchange resin and the biomaterials showed A. pullulans > activated sludge > S. cerevisiae. Comparing the Pb^2+ removal capacity and initial Pb^2+ removal rate of activated sludge with those of other non-biomaterials and biomaterials, activated sludge may have an availability on the removal of heavy metal ions by the economical and pratical aspects.

The effects of temperature, initial Pb^2+, concentration and initial sludge concentration on the initial Pb^2+ removal rate and maximal Pb^2+ removal amounts in activated sludge, respectively, were investigated. The removal of Pb^2+ in activated sludge was proved to be temperature-dependent process. The initial Pb^2+ removal rate increased from 187.5 to 261.4 ㎎ Pb^2+/g sludge dry weight·min, in response to the promoted temperature from 10℃ to 60℃, while the maximal Pb^2+ removal amount (78.5 ㎎ Pb^2+/g sludge dry weight) occurred at 30℃. As the initial Pb^2+, concentration increased from 36 to 228 ㎎ Pb^2+/L at the constant temperature of 30℃ and initial sludge concentration of 1.5 g sludge dry weight/L, the time to reach an equilibrium state was almost independent of the initial Pb^2+ concentration and the equilibrium Pb^2+ removal amount was increased from 41.9 to 73.6 ㎎ Pb^2+/g sludge dry weight. On the contrary, the equilbrium Pb^2+ removal amount was decreased from 87.7 to 65.3 ㎎ Pb^2+/g sludge dry weight as the increase of initial sludge concentration from 0.22 to 1.76 g sludge dry weight/L.

Dongseok Kim. 1998. Feature Checking in CP and the That-t Effect. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 12, 83-102. This paper briefly reviews the ECP and the minimalist theoretic accounts of the that-t effect, and proposes that the that-t effect together with the adverb effect can be adequately explained with the assumption that the [+Q]-feature of the subject wh-phrase is directly attracted by the strong [+Q]-feature of C(i.e. the complementary categorial feature of C) whereas the wh-phrase moves through the [SPEC, CP] of the embedded clauses, if any. In the analysis proposed in this paper, that; if, etc., which have been taken to be complementizers, are reanalyzed as C-checkers, and the that-t effect is captured by the Case checking mechanism in CP. Under the hypothesis that the subject wh-phrase moves from the vP-internal position to [SPEC, CP] for Case feature checking the that-t effect appears when the [-Q]-feature of C is checked by a C-checker with phonological features which do not permit T-to-C raising. The account on this track has the advantage, over the existing analyses, of reducing the chain formed by movement of a wh-subject to a uniform A´-chain, and taking complementizers to be null categories in conformity with the other functional categories such as T, v, etc.

Kim Dongseok. 1997. Case Checking in Double Object Construction. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 10: 21-96. This paper critically reviews Larson`s(1988) and Fujita`s(1996) analyses of double object construction, and proposes an alternative one that can effectively explain the asymmetries shown in dative and double object constructions. The major contents are summarized as follows: (a) In dative construction the argument assigned the role of Goal is not a complement of V but an argument merged with V`. (b) The thematic role of indirect object in double object construction is different from that of dative construction. The former assumes Benefactive or Affective, while the latter, Goal. (c) The verb in dative construction and the corresponding one in double object construction are separate lexical items that have the same phonological features but are different in their semantic and formal features. The former selects Theme and Goal as its internal arguments while the latter selects Theme and Benefactive, Experiencer or Affective. (d) The difference in thematic interpretation of the subjects in dative and double object constructions is not from the syntactic relation but from the difference in the properties of semantic selection of the verbs. (e) Indirect object of double object construction moves to the SPEC of V to satisfy the [+SPEC] feature of V. The movement is not for Case assignment or checking of Case feature.

The variations of gas hold-up, overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients and liquid circulation velocity in an internal loop reactor were investigated to manifest scale-up effect. The relationship between superficial gas velocity and gas hold-up were found as Ugr = 0.045 εr in the pilot-scale and Ugr = 0.056 εr in the bench-scale reactor. The overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient, K_La was slightly increased in the pilotscale than in the bench-scale reactor. Flow regime was changed from the bubble flow to the churn-turbulent flow when the superficial gas velocity reached to 3.5 - 4 ㎝/sec in the pilot-scale.

Kim, Doug-seok. 1996. Island Constraints on Attract-F. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 8: 129-151. Chomsky`s(1995) definition of Attract-F comprises the effects of the MLC and Last Resort. However, the CED, which is not reducible to the Shortest Movement Condition, is not incorporated in the definition. As a result, Attract-F itself cannot block illegitimate extractions out of islands such as subject, adjunct; and complex NP. To include the island constraints in the definition of Attract-F this paper captures the common properties of the islands in terms of c-command relation between a head and the category contained in the projection of the head, and proposes a revised definition of Attract-F: K attracts F if (i) F is the closest feature that can enter into a checking relation with a sublabel of K, and (ii) these is no X, X a head, such that a projection of X contains a maximal projection YP dominating a category with F and X does not c-command YP. The first part of this definition comprises the effects of the MLC and Last Resort and the second part incorporates the effects of the island constraints.

Thiobacillus neopolitanus R-10, which produces a active thiosulfate oxidase, was isolated from nightsoil. The optimal culture conditions of Thiobacillus neopolitanus R-10 for the production of enzyme was determined as followed: 0.8% Na2S203, 0.2% KH2P04, 0.2% K2HP04, 0.04% Na2C03, 0.02% MgSO4·7H2O, 2ml trace elements solution, and pH 6.5 at 30℃ and 72hr cultivation. The oxidase was successively purified 83 folds yield by (NH2)2S04 fractionation, DEAE-Cellulose, Sephadex A-50 column chromatogrophy and gel Sephadex G-150 gel filteration with yield of 5.9%. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was estimated to be 43.000 dalton by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filteration column chromatography. The enzyme activity was highest at 40℃ and pH 7.0 The enzyme activity was relatively high by β-mercaptoethanol but strongly inhibited by cysteine.

Stability of reactor and effect on biofilm characteristics were investigated by varying the hydraulic residence time in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR). The SCOD removal efficiency was maintained above 90 % in the HRT range of 12hr to 2hr, but the TCOD removal efficiency was dropped down to 50 % because of biomass detachment from overgrown bioparticles. The reactor was stably operated up to the conditions of HRT of 2hr and F/M ratio of 4.5㎏COD/㎥/day, but above the range there was an abrupt increase of filamentous microorganisms. The optimum biofilm thickness and the biofilm dry density in this experiment were shown as 200 ㎛ and 0.08 g/㎤, respectively. The substrate removal rate of this system was found as 1st order because the biofilm was maintained slightly thin by the increased hydraulic loading rate.