호소의 부영양화와 같은 수계오염을 유발하는 질소 및 인에 대한 방류수 수질기준 규제가 점차 강화되고 있으며, 최종 개정된 방류수 수질기준에서는 처리수를 Ⅰ지역에 방류하는 경우, 총 질소 20 mg-N/L, 총 인 0.2 mg-P/L로 규제하고 있다. 이에 따라 대부분의 공공하수처리시설은 고도처리공법을 확보하고 있으며 현재 운영중인 고도처리시설에는 생물학적 고도처리법인 SBR공법과 A O 공법이 가장 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 한국 하수 성상의 경우 질소에 대한 유기물의 비율이 낮기 때문에 질소 제거효율이 낮고, 탈질을 위해 외부 탄소원을 추가적으로 주입함에 따라 운영비의 증가 문제가 발생된다. 외부 탄소원의 주입에도 불구하고 2015년 환경부에서 발표한 방류수 수질현황을 참고하면 공공하수처리시설의 T-N 제거효율은 약 70%에 그친다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 생물학적 고도처리법으로 가장 많이 적용되고 있는 SBR 공법에 수처리용 스펀지 담체를 투입하였을 때, 폭기구간에서의 질소제거 효율을 평가하고자 하였다. 스펀지 담체와 같이 담체 내외부의 물질전달이 자유로운 담체의 경우, 담체 내외부에 형성되는 산소 농도구배로 인하여 담체 내부에는 국소적인 무산소 조건이 형성되며, 그에 따라 담체 외부에서는 질산화가 내부에서는 탈질이 일어나는 SND(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification) 기작이 일어날 수 있다. 이에 폭기 전･후의 암모니아성 질소와 질산성 질소 측정을 통해 SND 효율을 계산한 결과, 약 30%의 효율을 나타내었으며, 이는 탈질이 유도되는 단위공정에서 탈질에 필요한 외부탄소원의 요구량을 감축시킬 수 있으므로 경제적인 측면에서 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

Bird species (BS) of the Nakdong River estuary (NRE) were selected to suggest conservation and management strategies, taking habitats and major threats into consideration. Five BS (Cygnus spp., Calidris alpina, Sterna albifrons, Fulica atra, and Anser fabalis) were selected following analysis of their dominance, national importance, seasonality, taxonomic group, and distribution within the NRE. The BS comprise two winter birds, one summer, one passage bird, and one resident bird. They can also be classified into four taxonomic groups: two under ducks and geese (Anatidae), and one each under gulls (Laridae), shorebirds (Scolopacidae), and diving birds (Rallidae). The results show that BS could be a useful tool in guiding estuary management because their habitats are clearly distinct, and include important areas of the NRE. A reduction of feeding and resting places—such as tidal flats, Scirpus planiculmis habitat, and agricultural farmland—and climate change are major threats to BS, therefore countermeasures to such threats should be considered in future estuary management plans.

Waterproofing materials applied in underground structures are commonly exposed to environmental factors such as rain water, vibration, structural movement. Particularly in the case of rain waters, the pollutants and chemical substances penetrate into the waterproofing layer surface and cause complex degradation. Approaching this problem with only conventional leakage preventative measures may prove difficulties in solving it. In this regard, 3 dimensional material evaluation methods (waterproofing system structure) should be employed over 2 dimensional methods, and a testing method that allows the simultaneous testing of various degradation conditions found in underground environments is necessary.

2011년 서울 우면산 산사태 이후 도시생활권의 토사재해 취약성을 재인식하고, 위험구역의 결정 및 관리수단 개발을 위한 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 서울시 우면산 일원을 대상으로 지형 및 입지 특성에 근거한 기준점을 설정 방법을 검토하여 총 46개의 소유역을 결정하였고, 퇴적토사량과 토사의 도달거리 산정을 위해 각각 3가지의 모델을 적용하였다. 퇴적토사량은 현장상황과 비교할 때 총수량과 용적토사농도를 이용한 산정모델(c1)이 과대치가 산정된 반면, 지질별, 계류 차수별 원단위 기준 산정모델(b)에서 유효치가 확인되었다. 토사의 도달거리 산정은 경험식을 이용한 산정모델(d)과 유역면적과 확산각을 이용한 산정모델(e)을 채택할 수 있었다. 다만 지질별, 계류차수별 원단위기준 산정모델(b)이 일본의 데이터를 참조하고 있으므로 우리나라 실정에 맞는 현장 데이터를 확보하여야 하며, 유역면적과 확산각을 이용한 산정모델(e)에서의 확산각 설정근거의 마련이 필요하다. 그럼에도 이 방법은 위험구역의 생산 및 퇴적지역을 획정할 수 있어, 임의의 도심산지를 대상으로 한 현지조사와 관리를 위한 도면작성의 방법으로 도입할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study investigates the users’perception of the importance and performance of National Recreation Forest Service Programs quality, forest environmental education and cultural benefits, with the aim of improving the level of service quality within the programs. An Important-Performance Analysis (IPA) was performed to determine significant patterns. The IPA results showed that most users’perceived as important how well the service programs performed to meet their expectations. The enclosed study finds, for example, users’answered that three factors which were less important to them were entrance fee, size of program center or facilities and amount of information. These factors performed poorly, and the program of guidance indicates the need for improvement of these factors. In addition, the finding also suggests how recreational service programs in the future can complement and improve what they offer. These are as follows. The process of preparation and content of the program order need to be effectively established. The Program Director needs to maintain a friendly attitude and must have ongoing training on how to provide effective programs. For programs to be enjoyable and satisfying for users, the location of the programs should provide a comfortable environment. Also, detailed program guidance is required for users’ convenience. It is expected that the results of this study will be useful when ameliorating and establishing the marketing strategy of the National Recreation Forest Service Programs.

이 연구는 수중 운동, 균형 훈련과 복합 운동이 파킨슨 유발 흰쥐 모델에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해 수산화도파민(6-hydroxydopamine)을 흰쥐의 좌측 내측전뇌다발에 주사하여 파킨슨 모델을 제작하였다. 실험동물은 수중 운동을 적용한 실험군 I, 균형 훈련을 적용한 실험군 II, 복합 운동(수중 운동+균형 훈련)을 적용한 실험군 III, 수술 후 표준사육장에서 운동을 적용하지 않은 대조군으로 배치하였다. 수술 후 7일, 14일, 21일에 실험동

In this paper, we present a global localization and position error compensation method in a known indoor environment using magnet hall sensors. In previous our researches, it was possible to compensate the pose errors of xe, ye, θe correctly on the surface of indoor environment with magnets sets by regularly arrange the magnets sets of identical pattern. To improve the proposed method, new strategy that can realize the global localization by changing arrangement of magnet pole is presented in this paper. Total six patterns of the magnets set form the unique landmarks. Therefore, the virtual map can be built by using the six landmarks randomly. The robots search a pattern of magnets set by rotating, and obtain the current global pose information by comparing the measured neighboring patterns with the map information that is saved in advance. We provide experimental results to show the effectiveness of the proposed method for a differential drive wheeled mobile robot.

이 연구는 제2형 당뇨 모델 동물인 Goto-Kakizaki(GK) 흰쥐를 사용하여 운동과 셀레늄 투여가 미토콘드리아 생성과 기능 향상을 조절하는 전사 인자의 발현 변화와 현상학적으로 당뇨의 증상 개선을 유도할 수 있는지를 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 실험동물은 52주령된 GK 수컷 흰쥐로 24 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 총 6주간 트레드밀 런닝을 실시하였다. Sodium selenite(5 umol/kg)는 selenium

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between using experience of environmental education facilities and attitude toward environmental education in parents who have elementary students in Seattle, U.S. The findings of this study represented that elementary parents have a great understanding about the importance of environmental education. Parents have a strong agreement with the necessity of environmental education in childhood. This research also found the differences between grades and facilities for environmental education in expected effect on environmental education and desirable fields of environmental education. The awareness of the importance of environmental education increased according to frequency in using environmental education facilities. In addition, the more the experiences of using various environmental education facilities, such as museum of natural history, science museum, arboretum, and aquarium expanded, the more educational effects positively increased over time.

본시험은 콩을 파종한 직후에 발생되는 조류의 피해양상 및 조류 피해경감 방법을 찾고자 수행하였다. 콩파종 후 방조망을 피복한 다음 파종기, 출현기, 자엽전개기, 초엽전개기에 방조망을 제거하여 피해양상을 살펴 본 결과 종자섭식, 종자발출, 자엽섭식, 생장점 가해 등의 양상으로 나타났다. 가해시기별 피해양상은 파종 후부터 새 피해에 노출된 처리에서는 종자섭식, 출현기에 방조망을 제거한 처리에서는 종자섭식과 종자발출, 자엽전개기와 초엽전개기에 방조망을 제거한 처리에서는 자엽 섭식과 생장점 가해 피해가 많았다. 조류퇴치 방법으로는 조류 혐오음 발생기, 맹금류 모빌, 송풍식 풍선 인형, 견사류, Thiram제제와 방향성 살충제 등의 효과를 검토한 결과, 조류 혐오음 발생기와 맹금류 모빌처리는 멧비둘기가 주로 가해하는 산간지에서는 효과가 우수했으나, 야생화 된 집비둘기가 피해를 주는 소도시나 주거지에 인접한 들녘에서는 효과가 낮았다. 송풍식 풍선인형은 반경 40m까지도 효과가 우수했으며, 타이머를 이용하여 파상적으로 작동시키면 파종 후 피해가 많은 초엽기까지는 학습효과에 의해 피해경감효과가 저하되는 현상을 막을 수 있었다. 방향성 살충제류를 이용한 조류 피해 경감 효과는 본 시험의 결과에서는 매우 낮거나 거의 없었다. 콩 재배면적별로 적합한 조류의 퇴치방법은 Thiram제제 종자 분의처리를 기본적으로 실천하고 대규모 집단재배지에서는 조류 혐오음 발생기와 맹금류 모빌을 조합한 방법이나 송풍식 풍선 인형을 이용한 퇴치방법이, 중･소농 규모에서는 은박테이프를 이용한 방법이 효과가 우수하고 경제적인 것으로 나타났다.

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate pedestrians and commercial business men and employers' recognition on management of street trees and green spaces along street sides. The followings were main results of this study. Both pedestrians and commercial business men and employers mostly perceived positive influence of street trees on urban environment and their business. In addition, pedestrians gave higher scores of positive influence of trees function than those of commercial business men and employers. Pedestrians showed strong intention to participate management activities of street trees or green spaces. This study indicated that negative perception on street trees came from improper management rather than existence of street trees. Therefore, more intensive management actions are needed.

This study analyzes the recognition of commercial business men and employers who operate the commercial zone along the streets in the downtown area on the planting for the roadside green space forming the important frame of greening in the downtown among the open spaces. Through the analysis, this study attempts to get the basic data to suggest the recommendable directions in planting and managing the street trees in the downtown. The results of this study are summarized as described below. The street green spaces are very important in improving the environment of the downtown and their necessities are also very critical. It was found that the street trees were recognized as the critical factor to enhance the aesthetical values of the city, provide the green shades and purify the air. This study also identified that the street trees have the positive impacts on the business environment rather than negative impacts. In maintaining the street green spaces, the most necessity is the service facility such as resting areas, toilets and garbage bins with the street trees. The commercial business men and employers who operate the businesses along the streets preferred the double layer type that the tall trees and green walls are planted together along the streets for the street planting. For securing the green shades in the city, the planting of linear green spaces such as streets and waterways is critical. Moreover, the street trees accounts for the important position in the urban open spaces. The majority of commercial business men and employers consider the participation of citizens for greening as the very essential factor.

The objective of the study is to suggest planning directions for practical use and to find the conditions of tourist attractions in rural villages founded on city-dweller's preference. Both a questionnaire and a field survey were used for the study. Selected were four villages such as Oryan-ri, gachun-ri, Junggi-ri, and Gyochon-ri. The results of the study are as follows: City-dweller's valued on natural environment resources in rural tourism and felt uncomfortable to accommodations. The scoring system reflecting functions of six resources showed that common problems encountered in rural tourism were lacks of people's organization, and human exchange mind, and tourism-related leasure places and facilities. Based upon the results, some measures to develop villages were suggested.