This study intended to analyze the grunge look as a mode of expression and as a characteristic of the fashion of the 21st century, arguing that the look expressed not only an outward appearance or sub-culture but also a change in our attitude and spirit about contemporary fashion. In the study, I carried out an empirical analysis focused on the collection from 2001S/S to 2010F/W and a literature review. In my results, I classified the grunge look into the following categories: 1. mix and match layering; 2. patchwork, collages, and assemblage using all objects as well as clothing materials; and 3. distressing techniques, such as bleaching and dyeing, unweaving, and tears and holes. I also classified the characteristics of grunge into the following categories: 1. conspicuous destitution, which is intentionally expressed by skillful techniques and craftsmanship, indicating that modern people want to attract attention and be distinguished from others, which reflects an attitude of superiority through ironic fashion choices; 2. high lighting the dissolution of decoration, where destruction, poverty and recombination shown in the grunge look emerged as an artificial and intentional ugly aesthetic in contrast to the existing elegant and sophisticated image; and 3. satire and playfulness, as grunge expresses alienation and conflict in modern society through satire and sarcasm, not attacking or avoiding, but through playful and sarcastic engagement so as to decrease poverty and give temporary freedom.

다이옥신은 내분비계장애물질(Endocrine disruptor chemicals, EDCs)로 발암성과 성호르몬의 변화, 갑상선 기능 저하 등의 영향들이 보고된 물질이며, PCB 함유제품의 소각, 운송수단의 배기 가스등을 통해 대기로 배출되며 하·폐수 처리장의 처리수 및 제지 공장의 배출수 등의 하천 오염을 통해 해양 오염의 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 생태계 모델(EMT-3D)을 사용하여 울 산만의 Dioxins을 대상으로 민감도 분석 및 오염부하에 대한 해역의 응답성 분석을 수행하여 영향인자를 판별하고 대안에 따른 영향을 평가하였다. 대상해역에서 실측한 용존 Dioxins의 농도와 계산된 용존 Dioxins의 농도를 비교하여 상관계수와 결정계수 값을 고려한 결과 계산치가 비교적 잘 재현된 것으로 사료된다. 용존 Dioxins의 경우, 하천으로부터의 유입부하가 집중된 울산 인근해역에서 가장 높은 농도를 나타내었으며, 만 바깥쪽으로 갈수록 낮아졌다. 입자성 유기물질 내와 식물플랑크톤 체내의 Dioxins의 경우에서도 용 존 Dioxins와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 퇴적물 중의 Dioxins 농도는 울산만 동부해역에서보다 울산 인근 해역과 만 중앙부에서 더 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 계수의 민감도 분석을 위해 모델 보정에 적용된 계수값에 대하여 각 계수값의 2배 및 1/2배에 해당하는 값을 증감시켰을 때 나 타나는 상태변수 결과값의 변동량을 산정하였다. 수층의 용존 Dioxins의 경우 입자성 유기탄소에 대한 분배계수의 증감에 따른 농도변화가 가장 크게 나타났으며, 유기입자 내 Dioxins의 경우는 입자성 유기탄소에 대한 분배계수의 증감에 따른 농도변화가 가장 영향이 큰 계수로 나타났다. 식물플랑크톤 체내의 Dioxins의 경우는 식물플랑크톤의 생물농축계수의 증감에 따른 농도변화 가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났으므로, 추후의 Dioxins에 대한 모델 적용 시에는 목적하는 상태변수에 따라 이들 계수에 대한 정밀한 고찰이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 유입부하의 변화가 대상해역의 용존 Dioxins 및 입자성 유기물질 내 Dioxins에 미치는 영향을 시뮬레이션하기 위하여 하천 및 대기로 부터 유입되는 오염부하의 저감율을 30%, 50%, 80%로 각각 적용하는 시나리오를 구성하였으며, 퇴적물에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 용존 Dioxins은 해역으로의 유입부하를 30% 저감하였을 경우 울산만 중앙부에서의 농도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났 으며 입자성 유기물질 내 Dioxins의 변동은 상대적으로 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 해역으로의 유입부하 50% 저감시의 경우 농도가 감소하는 영역이 확장되어 나타났으며, 해역으로의 유입부하를 80% 저감하였을 경우 대부분의 지역에서 큰 폭의 농도 감소를 나 타내었다. 퇴적물 준설 후 현재 유입부하를 적용할 경우 현재의 퇴적물 농도 수준까지 도달하는 시간을 개략적으로 산정하였다.

In this study, the antioxidative effect, cellular protective effect and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (11.48 μg/mL) showed more excellent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC50) than those of leaf and stem extracts (17.45 μg/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity (OSC50) of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts on ROS generated in Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2 system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (0.56 μg/mL) showed 3 times more excellent ROS scavenging activity than L-ascorbic acid (1.50 μg/mL). The protective effects of the ethyl acetate fractions of extracts from different parts of Cosmos bipinnatus on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fractions of leaf and stem extract and flower extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner (10~50 μg/mL). The inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (62.75 μg/mL) on tyrosinase was investigated to assess the whitening efficacy. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract showed 3.5 times higher tyrosinase inhibitory effect than arbutin (226.88 μg/mL) known as an effective whitening agent. These results indicate that fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging 1O2 and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antioxidant and whitening.

This study attempted to understand the value of traditional floral wall patterns reflecting the distinct aesthetic consciousness of Korean people and reinterpret the images of floral wall patterns in simplified forms. In addition, the study created new floral patterns to apply them to the design of neckties and scarves. In a methodological aspect, the computer design software programs Adobe Illustrator CS2 and Adobe Photoshop CS2 were used to make the traditional floral wall patterns motifs. Four basic motifs for a new formative image were set using graphical functions such as omitting, simplifying, overlapping, repeating, and/or reducing shapes based on floral wall patterns, and each motif was developed in two variations with different colors applied to them. Each of the set motifs was expressed in a repeated arrangement and in a modified pattern of 45 degrees. Necktie design with a floral wall pattern made use of the motifs developed through a variety of effects such as simplification, repetition, size variation, and gradation and the pattern modified at a 45°for application. Scarf design employed and applied the existing motifs in an appropriate manner for design purposes and reconstructed and expressed them through such effects as repetition, rotation, compositional variation and gradation.

This study is about the strife patterns in modern fashion and the characteristics inherent in them. The study was aimed at offering the basic materials to develop the creative design that can show various visual expression effects. In terms of method, the study was led by the analysis of documents; domestic and foreign fashion, collection magazines etc were used to analyze the strife patterns in modern fashion. According to the findings, the study used the rearrangement of the strife patterns at the same intervals, the arrangement of different strife patterns within one single item, the hybrid arrangement of strife patterns and different patterns, and the use of strife patterns for a certain part of clothing for the purse of emphasis or decoration. First, the characteristics inherent in such strife patterns showed clear simplicity using the same repetition of simple lines or the two colors of black and white. Second, strife patterns changed silhouettes by causing optical illusion, and showed the rhythm effects, such as swelling, wave or movement by distorting and controlling lines or forms. Third, based on irregular intervals or multi-strife, the concept of unclear disharmony and inconsistency was shown with the beauty of hybridharmony by blending various strife patterns with each other, or strife patterns with different patterns, and thus expressing composite images.

This study aims to discuss the type and characteristics of primitivism in the modern fashion of the 21st century and, as a research method, the concept of primitivism as well as the transition of the patterns of primitivism expressed in modern art have been considered and reviewed through a variety of references. In particular, an empirical analysis of the works that have been created from 2000 to 2009 has been performed using domestic and overseas fashion and collection magazines. The characteristics of primitivism in modern fashion possess the following types of expression: First, Sensuality can be cited as one of the characteristics, either by using direct or indirect exposure of the human body, a silhouette which fits tightly to the body, or creating the effect of sensual beauty using animal fur or bird feathers. Second, Incantation: Masks symbolizing primitive incantation are used to cover the human face or primitive incantation is incorporated as a theme of hair accessories or fashion trinkets, etc. In addition, such decorations as tattoos and the body colorations of ancient tribes are reproduced in modern fashion by means of body painting, printing or other accessories, emphasizing the image of occult primitiveness. Third, Naturalness can be cited as one of the characteristics. Naturalness is emphasized in modern fashion not through artificial decorations and processing, but rather through different patterns of exposure by which natural purity can be felt or through the use of non-artificial materials which recalls primitive civilization. Forth, Playfulness is expressed in the form of graffiti or abstract letters and paintings, and the character of the play is often expressed by the use of grotesque images based on various distortions and exaggerations of the human body, the utilization of symbols of primitive incantation and body and/or facial painting. Fifth, Lastly ‘folkishness is emphasized. Folk-like objects, facial decorations, exposure of the body and intense color contrasts typically represent the folkish characteristics.

This study has a purpose of suggesting the basic data to achieve customer satisfaction by understanding the preference of each type of restaurant industry for the taste of customers in 20’s referring to 8 images. In the preference for style of image in dining space, the participants responded that they prefer natural, modern and romantic image, and both male and female participants preferred natural image. Participants responded that they prefer natural, romantic and modern in sequence as their general preference for style of image in dining space, and male participants preferred modern and natural but female participants preferred romantic and natural. The survey that was conducted for different menus has suggested that the reasonable image for fast food is casual, hard casual and classic for hotel restaurant, casual for school restaurant, romantic for cafe, casual for western restaurant, simple for Japanese restaurant, classic and elegance for Chinese restaurant and natural for Korean restaurant. According to the result of the analysis of dining space image, factor 1 are called ‘cold image (CI)’ as they have simple and modern image, factor 2 are called ‘soft image (SI)’ as they have natural and romantic image, factor 3 are called ‘warm image (WI)’ as they have casual and elegance image and factor 4 are called ‘hard image (HI)’ as they have classic image.

중소･벤처기업 기술혁신을 위한 정부 지원이 지속적으로 증가하면서 그 효과성을 실증적으로 분석할 필요성이 학계뿐만 아니라 정책담당자들에 의해서 꾸준히 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 중소･벤처기업에 대한 정부 출연 형태의 R&D 지원이 기업의 경영성과 및 고용창출에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석했다.기업의 내부 요인을 통제하고, 정부 지원이 중소기업의 경영성과 및 고용창출에 미치는 순 효과를 분석한 결과, 정부의 R&D 지원은 성과 향상에 일정 정도 효과가 있었으며 상황 요인에 따라서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 단순 지원 여부 보다는 지원금의 규모가 더 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 정부의 R&D 지원이 중소기업의 경영성과 향상 및 고용창출에 효과적으로 이바지하기 위해서는 다수에 대한 소액 출연 방식에서 분야별 선택과 집중에 의한 대규모 투자 방식으로 전환할 필요가 있음을 의미한다. 왜냐하면, 출연보다는 투자 방식의 자금지원이 중소기업들로 하여금 더욱 적극적으로 R&D 투자를 하도록 유도할 수 있기 때문이다. 또한, 분석 결과는 정부 R&D 지원의 효과성을 높이기 위해서는 R&D를 위한 자금지원이 다른 지원사업과 연계되어야 함을 의미한다.그러나 데이터의 한계로 성과에 영향을 줄 수 있는 기업 전략과 같은 기타 요인에 대한 적절한 통제가 이루어지지 않아 모형의 설명력이 전반적으로 낮다. 앞으로 정부 지원 효과를 더 정교하게 추정하기 위해서는 추가 데이터 확보와 분석 모형의 정교화를 통한 추가 분석이 필요하다.