The traditional Korean heating system ondol, one of the most important characteristics of Korean architecture, still remains as hydronic floor heating. Various studies have been conducted on the modernization of ondol, but the process of introducing the hydronic floor heating has not been seriously studied so far. Therefore, this paper aims to demonstrate how the hydronic floor heating had been introduced to Korea, taking the 1950s and 1960s Haengchon, Jongam, and Mapo Apartments for example – these three are regarded as the first Korean apartment houses after the Korean War. While Western advanced construction technology was imported for these apartments, various methods of modernizing ondol were also considered. What was remarkable in these attempts is that hydronic floor heating first appeared in Mapo 1st Apartment in 1962, because this is the universal heating method in the present Korea. This fact signifies that the traditional principle of floor heating has been maintained, and it would also be meaningful in terms of architectural exchanges between East and West, if considered along with Wright’s application of the Korean heating principle to his houses since 1930s.

본 연구는 2005년과 2007년에 시행한 중소기업기술통계조사에 모두 응한 중소 기업 중 전자부품, 영상, 음향, 통신 장비 업체(KSIC 32) 142개사를 대상으로 외부 자원 활용 과 흡수능력이 2년 후 경영성과와 혁신성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 또한 흡수능력이 이 들 관계를 어떻게 조절하는지를 실증 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 공동기술개발 여부와 정부지원액으로 측정한 외부 자원 활용은 성과에 유의미 한 영향을 미치지 않았고, 매출액에 대해서만 R&D투자비는 정(+)의, R&D인력비는 부(-)의 영향을 끼쳤다. 그리고 흡수능력의 조절효과는 측정방식과 독립변수에 따라 다르게 나타났 다. 즉, 공동기술개발을 수행할 때의 성과는 R&D투자비가 증가할수록 향상했지만, R&D인 력비는 반대로 작용했다. 그리고 정부의 자금지원이 늘어날수록 성과가 향상하는 기업은 R&D투자비가 낮거나 R&D인력비가 높은 기업이었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 중소기업의 외부 자원 활용이 내부 역량을 대체하지 못하며 오히려 흡수능력을 축적하여 외부 자원 활용의 효과를 극대화 할 필요가 있음을 보여준다. 또한, 공 동기술개발을 수행할 때에는 중소기업의 적극적인 R&D투자가 필요하며 정부의 자금지원은 R&D인력을 보유하고 있으나 자금을 확보하지 못해 독자적인 기술개발이 어려운 기업에 더 욱 효과적이다. 본 연구는 제한된 산업과 표본에서 이루어진 한계가 있지만, 종단적 자료를 통해 인과관계를 규명함으로써 기존 연구들의 한계를 극복하였다.

This paper presents PKES(PuKyung -Excel based Simulator) for WWTPs(wastewater treatment plants) by using MS Excel and VBA(Visual Basic for Application). PKES is a user-friendly simulator for the design and optimization of the whole plant including biological and physico-chemical processes for the wastewater and sludge treatment. PKES calculates the performance under steady or dynamic state and allows changing the mathematical model by the user. Mathematical model implemented in PKES is a improved integration model based on ASM2d and ADM1 for simulation of AS(activated sludge) and AD(anaerobic digestion). Gaseous components of N2, N2O, CO2 and CH4 are added for estimation of GHGs(greenhouse gases) emission.The simulation results for comparison between PKES and Aquasim(EAWAG) showed about the same effluent concentrations. As a result of verification using by measured data of BOD, TSS, TN and TP for 2 years of operation, calculated effluent concentrations were similar to measured effluent concentrations. The values of average RMSE(root mean square error) were 1.9, 0.8, 1.6 and 0.2 mg/L for BOD, TSS, TN and TP, respectively. Total GHGs emission of WWTP calculated by PKES was 138.5 ton-CO2/day and GHGs emissions of N2O, CO2 and CH4 were calculated at 21.7, 28.9 and 87.9 ton-CO2/day, respectively. GHGs emission of activated sludge was 32.5 % and that of anaerobic digestion was 67.5 %.

일반적으로 직원들이 자신의 경력이 정체되어 있다고 인식하게 되면 직무몰입 및 직무만족도가 낮아지고 이는 궁극적으로 성과에 부정적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 특히, 연구개발 업무와 같이 고도의 전문적인 지식이 필요한 직무에서는 경력개발이 더욱 중요한 의미를 가진다. 기존 연구들이 경력정체성의 부정적 결과에 연구의 초점을 두었다면 본 연구는 경력정체성의 선행요인을 파악하는데 중점을 두고 있다. 본 연구에서는 경력정체성의 선행요인을 조직수준 변수와 개인수준 변수로 구분한 후 각각의 변수가 경력정체성에 미치는 직접효과 및 변수들간의 상호작용 효과를 분석하였다. 국내 정부출연연구소 연구원 및 행정직을 대상으로 실증 분석한 결과, 경력개발제도와 타 기관 근무경험은 경력정체성과 부(－)의 관계를 보였으며, 연령은 경력정체성과 정(+)의 관계를 보였다. 또한 경력개발제도와 타 기관 근무경험간의 상호작용도 유의적인 결과를 보였다.

중소･벤처기업 기술혁신을 위한 정부 지원이 지속적으로 증가하면서 그 효과성을 실증적으로 분석할 필요성이 학계뿐만 아니라 정책담당자들에 의해서 꾸준히 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 중소･벤처기업에 대한 정부 출연 형태의 R&D 지원이 기업의 경영성과 및 고용창출에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석했다.기업의 내부 요인을 통제하고, 정부 지원이 중소기업의 경영성과 및 고용창출에 미치는 순 효과를 분석한 결과, 정부의 R&D 지원은 성과 향상에 일정 정도 효과가 있었으며 상황 요인에 따라서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 단순 지원 여부 보다는 지원금의 규모가 더 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 정부의 R&D 지원이 중소기업의 경영성과 향상 및 고용창출에 효과적으로 이바지하기 위해서는 다수에 대한 소액 출연 방식에서 분야별 선택과 집중에 의한 대규모 투자 방식으로 전환할 필요가 있음을 의미한다. 왜냐하면, 출연보다는 투자 방식의 자금지원이 중소기업들로 하여금 더욱 적극적으로 R&D 투자를 하도록 유도할 수 있기 때문이다. 또한, 분석 결과는 정부 R&D 지원의 효과성을 높이기 위해서는 R&D를 위한 자금지원이 다른 지원사업과 연계되어야 함을 의미한다.그러나 데이터의 한계로 성과에 영향을 줄 수 있는 기업 전략과 같은 기타 요인에 대한 적절한 통제가 이루어지지 않아 모형의 설명력이 전반적으로 낮다. 앞으로 정부 지원 효과를 더 정교하게 추정하기 위해서는 추가 데이터 확보와 분석 모형의 정교화를 통한 추가 분석이 필요하다.

AJthough salivary gland adenocarcinoma accounts for third prevalence rate of all salivary gland tumors. it is one of the most aggressive solid tumors. Current therapy does not s ignificantly improve survival rates. Thus‘ investigating new therape utic modali t ies aga inst sali va ry gland adenocarcinoma is necessary. Manumycin A. a natural product o{ Streptα7Jyces parvuJus‘ inhi bits farn esy l- transferase by competition with farnesyl pyrophosphate groups . Manumycin has shown antitumor activity in several ex per‘ imental systems through identifying the regulatory pathway of apoptosis. The hi erarchical relationship of caspase-8 to caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the drug-induced a poptosis pathway in antitumol effect is not clear. The hi erarchical relations hip between cytochrome c and the caspases and provided evidence to support the hypothesis that the release of cytochrome c was upstream of caspase activation in the enhanced apoptosis induced by manumycin A Manumycin A has not been examined extensively in human salivary gland tumor and has not yet been clarified. The purpose of this study were to investigate mRNA and protein expression of Bc l- 2 、Bax, Cytochrome C‘ caspase- 3 , 一8 and -9 in SGT cell line by RT-PCR and immunoslot blotting, and to a pply its results to exami ne iLs chemoprevention for salivary gland adenocarcinoma. MTI assay showed about 50% cellular viability of SGT cell line treated by 50μM manunycin A Bcl-2. Bax‘ and caspase-8 mRNA expression in SGT cell line were unchangeable after 50μM manu nycin A Cytochrome C‘ caspase-3 and -9 showed about 1.5-5 folds higher mRNA expression in SGT cell line than that of control a nd DMSO- t reated group a fter 50M manunycin A. Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-8 protein expression in SGT ce ll line were unchangcable after 50μM manunycin A. Cy Lochrorne C, caspase-3 and -9 showed about 2-7 fo lds higher protein express ion in SGT cell line than that of control and DMSO-treated group after 50μM manunycin A. mRNA expression was assoc iated with protein expression in SGT cell line after 50μM manunycin A. It suggested that manumycin A would induce poptotic effect on SGT cell line by caspase-3 and - 9 activation through cytochrorne c release. And man umycin A will be a useful chemoprevention drug for human salivary gland carcinoma in future.

It is very little known that the molecular mechanisms control growth, cell differentiation, and invasion of ameloblastoma into bone. Tissue culture methods have also been used extensively for studies of the cell biology of ameloblastoma. The purpose of this study were to examined the ultrastructural features of ameloblastoma, and to apply these results to examine the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma in the future. Amelobalstoma was primarily cultured under 0.1, 0.15 and 1.2mM Ca++ of KBM bullet kit at 370C and 5% C02. For transmission electronmicroscopy(TEM), cultured ameloblastoma cells were immediately fixed in 2.0% glutaraldehyde in O.lM cacodylate buffer(pH 7.4) at 40C for 1h The ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined by TEM. The obtained results were as follows. Primay culture ameloblastoma grown in 0.1 mM Ca++ showed interlacing papillary projections without desmosome within early passage(3-4). Primary culture amelobalstoma under high calcium showed prominent desmosomes or tight junctions within early passage. There was evidence of cellular degeneration, as exemplified by nuclear pyknosis, the margination and clumping of the chromatin, and vaculolation under high calcium. The sparse ribosomes, the cytoplasmic space filled with vacuoles, and the condensed mitochondria were seen under high calcium. From the aboving results, under high calcium primary culture ameloblastoma showed rapid cellular degeneration within early passage, indicating that the cells were gradually losing metabolíc actívitíes, leading to enventual cell death. It was thought that it would be necessary to establish cultured immortalized amelobalstoma cell line for studying the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors.

Established SGT cell line from human submandibular gland adenocarcinoma was used to study the TGase expression on a cellular level in vitro. Transglutaminase 2(TGase 2) is assoacitated with apoptosis, GTP binding protein, and cell marix interaction. The role of TGase 2 in salivary gland tumors is not clear yet. The pupose of this study were to examine the TGase expression of SGT cell line compared to other tumor cell lines, and to apply these results to the pathogenesis of salivary gland tumor. TGase enzyme assay of SGT, SCC-15, HN 4 and HeLa tumor cell line was 3 times repeated, and calculated. Immunoslot blot for semiquantitative protein analysis was done. The obtained results were as follows. 1. SGT cell line showed the highest TGase 2 enzyme activity(about 6-16 folds) irrespective of pre or postconfluency. 2. HN 4 cell line showed the highest TGase 1 enzyme activity(about 2-3 folds) irrespective of pre or postconfluency. 3. Under postconfluency TGase 1 induction was not induced, but slightly increased in all tumor cell lines. 4. TGase enzyme activity in all tumor cell lines was accompanied with TGase protein formation. From the aboving results, the higher TGase 2 expression of SGT cell line suggested that they would come from submandibular ductal cells and have a important role in the pathogensis of salivary gland tumors.

Orchardgrass의 종자배양에서 캘러스형성과 식물체 재분화에 적합한 조건을구명하기 위하여 품종간의 차이와 배지조성 및 생장조절물질의 조성 등에 대한 일련의 실험을 수행한 바, 공시품종중 "Amba"의 식물체 재분화율이 가장 높았고, $N_6$ 수식 이미지 배지가 MS, $B_5$ 수식 이미지 배지보다 종자에서 형성된 캘러스 생체중이 무거웠으며, 식물체 재분화율도 높게 나타났다. 또한 3 mg/L의 dicamba가 첨가된 배지에서 형성된 캘러스를 재분화배지에 이식하였을 때 식물체 재분화율이 30%로 가장 높게 나타났다.ㅍ

This study compared the performance of a bioscrubber, a biofilter, and a combined system of bioscrubber and biofilter employed being operated at the laboratory-scale. for the removal of hydrogen sulfide. The bioscrubber maintained 100% removal of hydrogen sulfide up to inlet load of 56 g-S/m3․hr, while the removal efficiency was decreased with the increase of inlet load. The biofilter showed 100% removal efficiency up to inlet load of 126 g-S/m3․h and the maximum elimination capacity of 126 g S/m3․h for the inlet load of 224 g-S/m3․h. On the other hand, the combined system of bioscrubber and biofilter showed 100% removal for an inlet hydrogen sulfide load of up to 85 g-S/m3․h and the maximum elimination capacity of 153 g-S/m3․h for inlet loads of 224 g-S/m3․h.

A packed bed of volcanic rock was used as deodorizing material to remove hydrogen sulfide(H2S) from air in a laboratory-scale column, and was inoculated with Thiobacillus sp. as H2S oxidizer. The effects of volcanic rock particle size distribution on system pressure drop were examined. Various tests have been conducted to evaluate the effect of H2S inlet concentration and EBCT(Empty Bed Contact Time) on H2S elimination. The pressure drop for particles of size range from 5.6 to 10 ㎜ was 14 ㎜H2O/m at a representative gas velocity of 0.25m/s. Biofilter using scoria and Thiobacillus sp. could get the stable removal efficiencies more than 99.9% under H2S inlet concentrations in the range from 30 to 1,100ppm at a constant gas flow rate of 15.2 ℓ/min. H2S removal efficiencies greater than 99% were observed as long as EBCT was longer than 8sec at the 250ppm of H2S inlet concentration. When EBCT was reduced to 5.5 sec, H2S removal efficiency decreased by about 12 percent. The maximum H2S elimination capacity was determined to be 269g-H2S/㎥·hr.

The clogging phenomenon in the fixed film reactor is shown when biomass growth is excessive for long operating time. In addition, effluent water quality gets worse because of detachment of biomass. In this study, we conducted air - backwashing to sustain biomass in reactor to complement these defects. The results of experimental are showed in the following conclusion. The detachment rate was 19.5 - 38.0 % when the organic loading rate was 0.40 - 1.32 ㎏ COD/㎥/day, the air - backwashing intensity was 2 L/min(6.7 ㎥/㎡/hr) and the backwashing time was 15 - 19 seconds. And the detachment rate was 32.2 - 58.6 % when the organic loading rate was 1.37 - 2.27 ㎏ COD/㎥/day, the backwashing time was 1 - 12 minutes. As organic loading rate and backwashing time are increased, detachment of fixed biomass is increased. The detachment equation with detachment rate(DR, %), backwashing time(BWT, min), fixed biomass concentration(FB, ㎎/L), and organic loading rate(OLR, ㎏ COD/㎥/day) through multiple linear regression was given by the following equation: DR = 17.964 BWT^0.41407 FB^0.0597 OLR^0.1945

The study of flocculation kinetics is of fundamental interest in the field of water treatment, because rational study of the factors affecting the coagulation process should be based on the rate of particle growth. The effect of sulfate on flocculation kinetics were examined using ferric nitrate as a coagulant to coagulate kaolin clay in water under several experimental conditions. Both the particle size distribution data obtained from the AIA and the on-line measurement of turbidity fluctuation by the PDA were used to measure flocculation kinetics. Results show that sulfate ion added to the kaolin suspension played an important role in the flocculation process, not only improving flocculation kinetics at more acidic pH levels but also changing surface charge of particles. The kinetics of flocculation were improved mainly by the enhanced rate and extent of Fe(Ⅲ) precipitation attributed to the addition of sulfate, and thereby, better interparticle collision frequency, but little by the charge reductions resulting from the sulfate addition. The increase in sulfate concentration beyond 3×10 exp (-4)M (up to 2×10 exp (-3)M) did not induce further improvement in flocculation kinetics, although the higher concentrations of sulfate ion substantially increased the negative ZP value of particles.