작물 재배 시 사용되는 유기질비료의 GMO 성분 함유여부를 검정하기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 시중에 판매되는 유기질 비료 4가지와 대조군으로 일반콩(non-GMO)과 GMO 콩을 사용하였다. 먼저 간편하게 GMO 여부를 확인할 수 있는 strip test를 실시한 결과 유기질 비료 4종 모두에서 GMO가 분석되어 졌다. 따라서 정밀분석을 위하여 각 시료에서 DNA 추출을 시도한 바 CTAB 및 DNA Purification Kit (Promega)를 사용시 DNA 추출이 가능하였다. 현재 콩, 옥수수의 내재유전자 및 GMO 유전자와 관련된 Primer 7종으로 PCR을 수행한 결과 일부 시료에서 GMO 관련 유전자가 분석되어 졌으며, 추후 유기질 비료의 GMO 유전자가 토양에서 비롯된 것인지 GMO 원료에 기인한 것인지에 대한 확인 실험을 수행할 예정이다.

Prunus sargentii of Rosaceae familiy, has been reported to have radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory effect. On these facts, this research was conducted to evaluate pharmaceutical activities of the bark extracts P. sargentii. Free radical scavenging activities of fraction (Fr) -5~10 isolated from P. sargentii was higher than 80% respectively at 10ppm. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of Fr-5, 9 were about 97, 84%, respectively at 1,000 ppm. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of Fr-9, 10 were about 75, 78%, respectively at 1,000 ppm. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect related to skin-whitening was 72, 68% in Fr-2, 9 isolated from Prunus sargentii R. at 1,000 ppm. Hyaluronidase inhibition activity related to the anti-inflammation effect was 98% for Fr-8 at 500 ppm. Isolation of the methanol soluble fraction from P. sargentii yielded two major phenol compounds, (-)-epicatechin and taxifolin. The structure of the compound was certainly determined by chemical analyses, as well as NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The present study was carried out in a search for new cosmetic material from the bark from P. sargentii. and, (-)-epicatechin and taxifolin were isolated as active principles. So P. sargentii R. methanolic extracts may be used for the cosmetic material.

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) 7 day old seedling treated with 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8M, and 1.0M NaCl concentration containing Hepes buffer(pH 7.5). Barley was affected by NaCl treatment. The chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid of barley decreased with an increase in NaCl concentration. However, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid of barley were not greatly influenced by o.8M and 1.0M NaCl. Fv, Fv/Fm and qP were gradually decreased by higher concentration of NaCl. qP, qNP, qR and qE were gradually decreased by 6hr. During barley chloroplast was development NaCl affected chlorophyll synthesis than photosynthetic activity. Whereas barley seedling leaves were more influenced photosynthetic activity than chlorophyll contents by NaCl.

The valuable fossils are distributed in Korean peninsula. In consequence of the development of inland, many road constructions and other public works have been carried out. As a matter of course, lots of paleontological materials in Kyongsang basin were destroyed. Fortunately, one of them was rescued and restored in a suitable place by authors. A fine 4 × 5 m sandstone slab having about 40 dinosaur tracks was brought from Sangchon-ri, Jinju city, and restored at Danghangpo, Goseong County, Gyeongsangnam-do Province. This fossil bearing slab suggests dinosaurs' ecology and paleo-environment during the early Cretaceous Period of Kyongsang basin.

The effects on photosynthesis of NaCl(0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.0 M) were examined in etiolated barley seedlings. Chlorophyll(Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoid contents, Chl a fluorescence and quenching coefficients of Chl fluorescence have been determined in the primary leaves of etiolated barley seedlings cultivated under low light(60 μ㏖ m-2s-1). Chl a, b, and carotenoid contents were decreased remarkably in comparison with the control at 0.4 M NaCl. However, the value of Fo and Fv were decreased at 0.6 M NaCl and the ratio of Fv/Fm were deceased at 1.0 M NaCl. Chlorophyll synthesis was seriously inhibited from 0.4 M NaCl, and the photosynthetic electron transport system was inhibited from 0.6 M NaCl. Quantum of photosystem II reaction center was inhibited at 1.0 M NaCl. The effects of NaCl on the Chl content were raised in a 6 hrs, but the effects of NaCl on the value of Fo, Fv and Fv/Fm were raised in 30 hrs. The value of qP was decreased in comparison with the control at all concentrations, but there was a small change in the value qE. These results provide evidence that NaCl inhibited effects of various concentration of NaCl were inhibited quinone redox, however, proton gradient between thylakoid membranes was little damaged.

To investigate the effects of strong acidic electrolytic water on the chloroplast, barley leaves were treated with strong acidic electrolytic water(pH 2.5). And to investigate the effects of weak acidic electrolytic water on the chloroplast development, etiolated barley leaves were treated with weak acidic electrolytic water(pH 6.5) during greening period. Chl contents, Fo, Fv, and Chl fluorescence quenching coefficient in barley leaves were measured during and after treatment of acidic electrolytic water. The following results were obtained. Chl a, b, and carotenoid were decreased with treatment of strong acidic electrolytic water. Chl contents were significantly decreased than that of the control after 5 min. These results provide evidence that the strong acidic electrolytic water dissimilate the Chl and so that the value of Fo was slightly increased. The strong acidic electrolytic water damaged PS Ⅱ because Fo was increased and Fv, Fm, and Fv/Fm ratio were decreased. qP, qNP and qE were decreased. On the other hand qI was increased than that of the control. But Chl content and Chl fluorescence patterns were a little changed as the pH increase over 4.0. Chl a, b, and carotenoid were increased with treatment of weak acidic electrolytic water during greening period. Chl contents were significantly increased than that of control after 12 hours greening. These results provide evidence that the weak acidic electrolytic water accelerated the chlorophyll synthesis. And the weak acidic electrolytic water accelerated PS Ⅱ development because Fv, Fm, qP and Fv/Fm ratio were increased than that of the control.

To investigate the effects of sulfite on the chloroplast development, etiolated barley seedlings were treated with 100 mM sulfite solution every 3 hour by spraying during 96 hours greening period. The effects were determined by chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents, photosynthetic electron transport activity, chlorophyll fluorescence yield and fluorescence quenching parameters. The contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were decreased than that of control by treatment of sulfite over 48 hours greening. PS Ⅱ is more sensitive to sulfite than PS I is. And by the addition of DPC to the chloroplasts of the barley seedling treated with sulfite, the photoreduction of DCPIP was not recovered. In greening with sulfite treated barley leaves, Fo, Fv and Fv/Fm ratio were decreased with little difference from that of control. But qP, qNP and qR were lowed in comparison with those of controls whereas qE was slightly higher than that of control. Especially, it is interesting that qR was decreased markedly compared to that of control. The results in the change of PS I activity, Fv/Fm and qP suggest that the site of inhibition by sulfite is carbon dioxide reduction cycle.

The effects of various intensity of UV-B on barley seedling were investigated by PS I and Ⅱ activities and chlorophyll fluorescence. The inhibitory effect of UV-B radiation on electron transport activity was increased as the intensity of UV-B irradiation was increased. Especially, PS Ⅱ is more sensitive to UV-B radiation than PS I is. By the addition of artificial electron donor, DPC, to the chloroplasts of the barley seedlings treated with UV-B, the photoreduction of DCPIP was recovered by only 11% on electron transport activity. However, the activity of PS Ⅱ was inhibited by 45% by the treatment with UV-B, but recovered it only 11% by the addition of DPC. These suggest that other sites besides the oxidation site of PS Ⅱ may be affected more by UV-B irradiation. As the intensity of UV-B was increased, Fo was increased while Fv was decreased, and thus Fv/Fm was decreased. This means that photochemical efficiency was reduced. With this parameters, it might be that UV-B radiation affected adversely to around PS Ⅱ.

The effects of 0.2 ppm ozone on the developing chloroplast of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedling during greening were examined by chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic electron transport activity, Fo, Fv and fluorescence quenching coefficient. Chlorophyll contents of seedling treated with ozone were not changed in comparison with the control during the 96 h greening experiment, but PS Ⅱ activity of the chloroplasts of seedlings treated with ozone was decreased by 15%. Fo was slightly decreased but Fv was decreased by 13% in comparison with the control. In fluorescence quenching analysis, qP and qE were decreased by 11% and 19%, respectively, in comparison with the control. These results suggest that oxidation site of PS Ⅱ is the site affected mostly and PQ pool is also affected slightly by 0.2 ppm ozone.