경산 묘목단지는 대단위 과수종묘를 생산하고 있어 경쟁력 강화를 위하여 무독묘 보증 생산이 요구되고 있다. 특히 생산규모가 큰 사과종묘에 대한 빠르고 정확한 바이러스 진단이 시급하다. 본 연구에서는 사과바이러스 진단을 위하여 다량의 시료를 동시 분쇄할 수 있는 bead beater를 이용하였으며 분쇄 bead는 저가의 산업용 glass bead (0.4 mm 직경)를 일회용으로 채택하였다. RNA추출을 위하여서는 guanidine thiocyanate 용액이 Trizol 용액보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 silica membrane tube의 이용으로 RNA추출 간편성을 높일 수 있었다. 사과바이러스는 RT-PCR에 의하여 검증하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine features of English speaking contests and preparation activities by contest-takers through the Internet, It focuses on the following issues: (1) test-takers' perceptions of tests, (2) appropriateness of test-takers' preparation activities, (3) learners autonomy in the test preparation process. The source of data in this study was collected from the websites hosting contests as well as a portal site (www.naver.com) allowing for information exchange on speaking contests. In the data analysis, key words or phrases were categorized and counted by frequency. It was found that there were perceptional differences between the intent of the testing institutions and students' preparation in the Internet. It is suggested that contest participants need to acquire sufficient information on preparation activities and test-taking strategies from the testing institutions.

당근 (Daucus carota L.)은 β-carotene이 풍부하게 함유되어 있는 뿌리채소로서 잘 알려져 있으며 또한 신품종 육성을 위한 Agrobacterium 이용 형질전환도 비교적 용이한 식물로도 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 뿌리 부위를 1 mm 정도의 두께로 얇게 절단한 당근채에 대하여 화학처리에 의한 표면상해를 유발시키고 이에 의한 Agrobacterium 이용 형질전환의 증대를 분석하였다. MTT를 이용한 세포활성분석을 통하여 0.1-0.3% NaOH 또는 1-4% H2O2 용액의 처리 (3 min)가 당근채 세포활성에 미약한 독성을 나타냈으나 각각 그 보다 고농도 처리에서는 육안으로 비교될 정도의 세포활성 저하를 초래하였다. NaOH나 H2O2 처리 후 1/2 x MS배지 (pH 5.7)로 세척한 당근채는 agroinfiltration 및 3 일간의 동시배양을 거쳐 β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene의 발현정도를 비교하였다. 그 결과, 형광법에 의한 GUS 효소활성측정에서 화학물 처리는 10-15 배 이상의 GUS효소의 활성증대가 확인되었다.

This study explores the effect of ethics-focused teacher training through exploratory action research methodology. Issues of ethical assessment has been taught at an university-based research program. The program implementation was planned and carried through continuous reflections-in-action. The following activities were collected or recorded among the participants: participants' journal writing, e-mail exchanges, official documents, and other relevant assessment records. Problems were identified and ethical issues of English language assessment were re-valued in Korean contexts. This research reported how Korean teachers has understood the meaningfulness of ethical dimensions in the field of English language assessment. It was not easy that they could formulate ethical assessment in their professional lives. The issues for further research were discussed.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the storytelling performance of Korean elementary school students by using the framework of narrative assessment profile (Bliss, McCabe, & Miranda, 1998). Story samples were collected from ten six-grade students during the English storytelling class. The English storytelling class consisted of mini lesson, storytelling activity, storytelling practice and self-assessment. Every class student was asked to practice storytelling in performing three tasks: picture book, family photo, and story stem. In this study, family photo storytelling samples were used to investigate. They were analyzed from six dimensions: topic maintenance, event sequencing, explicitness, referencing, conjunctive cohesion and fluency. From the diagnostic profile of strengths and weaknesses, five types of storytelling performance were presented. The implications for classroom practice and assessment were discussed.

This article focuses on analysis of 11 storytelling samples produced by Korean adult test-takers of an English speaking proficiency test. The process of telling stories, hearing the stories, and retelling them is a commonly used way of communication with others not only in a classroom but also in everyday life, and moreover storytelling is a task often used in English speaking proficiency tests. Although it is surely an important part of our lives as mentioned above, there has not been much research on structure and characteristics of storytelling and its value in English language education. It should be discussed in public that what storytelling can do for English education in Korea, more specifically in teaching English speaking. This study provides what cyclical structure of storytelling is and what it means to English language education in Korea. It is illustrated that storytelling task samples of advanced learners of English can be well understood from the framework of storytelling components (Bidell, Hubbard, & Weaver, 1997).

The effect of parameters on the consequence of the flash fire accident by the release of heavy gas(in this study, xylene vapor) was analyzed. Simulation results showed that the distance with the lower flammable limit(XLFL) was increased with the increase of the release hole diameter. For the case of the elevated release, XLFL was increased with the increase of the wind speed and the release height, but XLFL was not affected by the wind speed for the release on the ground level. Therefore, the accident in the elevated release was more dangerous than the release on the ground level. In this condition, the release height had more effect on XLFL at the night time than the daytime and in the urban area than the rural area.

This article focuses on English language assessment for young learners in Korea questioning how far the special needs of young language learners (YLL) are being catered by the current English language assessments. First of all, this paper identifies the distinctive characteristics of young learners and the related assessments and provides several examples in the European context to explore how European programs apply the distinctive conditions of YLL on the assessing practices at schools. Secondly, four tests of oral proficiency which are currently administered in Korea (SEPT-general vs. SEPT-Junior; ESPT-general vs. ESPT-Junior) are explored to compare how the assessments for YLL take account of the special characteristics of young learners. Test content is analyzed on item types, test criteria and level descriptors. Lastly, suggestions are made based on the analysis of the assessments. It is hoped that this research paper provides meaningful implications on the YLL test development in Korea.

Face-to-face interview format has been widely used to elicit English language samples in oral proficiency testing. It is desirable to replicate target language use situations in oral testing, and the direct testing format is believed to assess more authentic and interactive language abilities. However, it has been argued that speech samples from unstructured face-to-face interviews are quite different from those in natural communication settings. The purpose of this study was to understand the construct to be assessed through an unstructured face-to-face interview, which was adopted to an English speaking contest. Data from the English speaking contest were analyzed in terms of how they were different from the characteristics of naturally occurring conversations. It was found that the test construct in the English speaking contest did not reflect the features of natural conversation specifically in the areas of turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and topic nomination due to asymmetrical power relations between interviewer and interviewees. Therefore, it was suggested that we need to incorporate diverse discourse-based approaches into current speaking skill assessments, which can interpret spoken language data in many ways.

Recent developments in multifaceted Rasch measurement (Linacre, 1989) have made possible new kinds of investigations of facets of speaking test samples. The Rasch measurement, implemented through the computer program FACETS 3.56 version, can provide useful information in separate graphics and tables for the facets (e.g., test takers’ ability, item difficulty, and rater severity, bias analyses). This study investigates the roles of newly updated FACETS in the context of rater monitoring of English speaking test. Data for this study came from G-TELP Speaking Test. The performance of 50 candidates on the speaking test was multiply rated and analyzed using the most updated FACETS version of Rasch model. After exploring the extent to which new graphics and analyses tables of new FACETS are useful in rater monitoring, it was suggested that other tester groups should bring analytic tools like FACETS to effectively analyze raters’ consistency patterns as well as other rating patterns of individual raters for specific test tasks and criteria.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 13(1). The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of interface research between English discourse studies and speaking assessment. Assessment expertise has already been interfaced with discourse-based studies to develop and validate oral proficiency tests of English. One of the important developments in language assessment over recent years is the introduction of qualitative discourse research methodologies to design, describe, and validate direct or semi-direct tests of speaking. This paper explored assessment research in the areas of the following discourse studies: interactional sociolinguistics, ethnography of communication, variation analysis, conversation analysis, critical discourse analysis. This review of discourse-related assessment literature showed that discourse studies have much potential for the validation tasks of current oral proficiency tests. Possible areas of discourse studies related to the new era of process-oriented language assessment were discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to value the intercultural communicative competence model in English language assessment. As for intercultural communication, it becomes of utmost importance that (1) the inappropriateness of the conventional communicative competence models be demonstrated, and (2) altemative models from interculturally communicative needs be proposed and their use defended. Qualitative methodolgy and narrative inquiry are needed to make the assessment of intercultural communicative competence press forward in Korea.