Coffee is the most popular beverage in the world and various pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are emitted from the coffee manufacturing workplace (roasting process). In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of VOCs emissions from roasted Arabica coffee bean powder using a VOCs emission chamber with a PTR-ToF-MS. The emission test was maintained under constant temperature (20 ± 2oC) and humidity (50 ± 5%) conditions. As a result of the emission test, most of the target compounds had a high concentration in the initial period, and decreased emissions as time lapsed. Acetaldehyde showed the highest concentration and was initially 78 ppm during the test period. Acetaldehyde was followed by propionic acid at 61 ppm, propanal at 51 ppm, and isobutanal at 50 ppm. As a result of comparing the occupational exposure limits (OELs) of individual VOC emitted during the coffee roasting process, the OELs of four substances, including acetaldehyde, propionic acid, acetic acid, and pyridine were identified. Of all four substances, only pyridine exceeded the OELs, and the other compounds had levels of 10% to 30% of the OELs.

Probiotic strain is known to regulate the immune system by colonizing in the intestine and interact with intestinal cell receptors of lymphoid tissue. In this study, safety of Streptococcus thermophilus KCTC14471BP and silk fibroin coating effects was evaluated with respect to mucin binding abilities and immune system modulation. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP was coated with silk fibroin by adding 1% water-soluble calcium and 0.1% silk fibroin. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP showed the high activities of leucine arylamidase and β-galactosidase. Regarding the antibiotic resistance tests, S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP was susceptible to ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP coated with silk fibroin showed the improved mucin binding ability from 16.1% to 71.3% and was confirmed to have no cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophage. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP coated with silk fibroin showed dose-dependently significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. These results suggested that S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP can be expected as a promising probiotic bacteria for applications to food industries such as fermentation or functional foods.

Kombucha is a fermented tea manufactured by adding various microorganisms and sugars to brewed herb tea such as green tea and black tea. Its components and functions vary depending on ingredients, inoculated microorganism compositions, and fermentation conditions. Therefore, this study aims to examine which conditions affect kombucha properties and how these features are affected. Types of substrates, specifically plant-based foods, alter profiles of polyphenol, organic acids, carbohydrates, and protein amounts in kombucha. Long fermentation time raises polyphenol contents and high fermentation temperatures increase sourness in kombucha. Microbial composition of SCOBY, which is the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast used to inoculate microorganisms, change the kombucha microbiome that contributes to the chemical composition and functions of kombucha. Several studies have discovered that kombucha has health beneficial functions such as antioxidant activity, hepatic protective effects, antimicrobial effects, anti-diabetic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, and cholesterol reducing effects. These findings indicate that kombucha has high potential as a health functional food. However, future studies are needed to further determine the relationship of manufacturing conditions and functional properties of kombucha.

국내 기업들이 임금 유연성을 확보하고 경쟁을 통한 종업원의 역량강화를 통한 기업성과의 향상을 기대하며 성과급제를 도입하였으나 그 도입 추세는 점차 하락하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 성과급제가 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 국내외에서 이루어졌다. 그러나 기업 마다 성과급을 구성할 때 그 적용 수준이 다르다는 점에서 성과급 적용 수준에 따라 차별적인 효과에 대한 연구는 아직 드물다. 특히 한국의 집단주의 문화를 고려할 때 집단 성과급과 개인 성과급이 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 차이가 있을 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 성과급을 개인, 팀, 사업부, 전사의 네 가지 지급수준으로 구분하여 각 성과급 적용 수준이 기업성과에 미치는 차별적인 영향을 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 차등지급 성과급시행여부는 종업원 1인당 부가가치, 매출액 성장율, ROA의 기업성과에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 차등지급성과급의 비중이 높을수록 매출액 증가율과 ROA는 높아졌으나 종업원 1인당 부가 가치에는 유의미한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 집단성과급비율이 높을수록 매출액 증가율과 ROA가 높아졌다. 넷째, 성과급수준에 따라서는 사업부성과급비율은 매출액 증가율에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며 전사성과급비율은 제한적으로 정(+)의 관계에 있었다. ROA는 전사성과급비율과 유의한 정(+)의 관계에 있었으며 종업원 1인당 부가가치는 성과급수준에 따른 차이가 없었다. 이러한 분석 결과는 집단성과급비율이 기업성과를 향상시키는 요인이라는 점에서 한국의 집단주의 성향이 고려되어야 함을 보여준다. 또한 기업은 목표로 하는 기업 성과 지표에 따라 적용 수준에 따른 성과급비율을 차별적으로 구성해야 한다는 시사점을 제시한다.

This article focuses on analysis of 11 storytelling samples produced by Korean adult test-takers of an English speaking proficiency test. The process of telling stories, hearing the stories, and retelling them is a commonly used way of communication with others not only in a classroom but also in everyday life, and moreover storytelling is a task often used in English speaking proficiency tests. Although it is surely an important part of our lives as mentioned above, there has not been much research on structure and characteristics of storytelling and its value in English language education. It should be discussed in public that what storytelling can do for English education in Korea, more specifically in teaching English speaking. This study provides what cyclical structure of storytelling is and what it means to English language education in Korea. It is illustrated that storytelling task samples of advanced learners of English can be well understood from the framework of storytelling components (Bidell, Hubbard, & Weaver, 1997).

가막사리와 미국가막사리 종자의 발아에 명 암조건과 식물생장조절제(ABA, BA, , IAA) 및 종피가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 종피를 파상시킨 종자는 명상태에서는 발아하였으나, 암조건에서는 발아하지 않거나 저조하였다. 2. 종피를 파상시킨 가막사리와 미국 가막사리 종자는 암조건에서는 발아하지 않았으나 와 BA의 처리에 의해 발아가 가능하였다. 3. 미국가막사리 종자의 외피만 제거할 경우 발아되지 않았으나 내피를 제거할 경우에는 높은 발아율을 나타내었다.