The Korean environmental impact assessment(EIA) system, and explored ways to improve it as a more efficient and viable institution relevant to the demand of our time and conditions in study. The first problem this study identified is found in the fact that the party to write up the assessment report is itself the business operator or the one who is planning to work out the business plan. This structure translates into placing an order with an agent for EIA report. The reporting job may br subcontracted to the agent at a cost far below the rate specified in the ‘Standard for Estimate of Agency Fee for Environmental Impact Assessment.’ This practice also causes the vicious circle of producing a report that is written to justify the project or business in question or it leads to rough-and ready and poor documentation to minimize the time required. Second, in order to achieve the goal of the plan or business, which is the target of EIA, the local residents tend to ve regarded as an obstacle. This means elimination of the local people from participating in the EIA or their opinion being frequently ignored. This is the seed of distrust and hostility that sometimes provoke disagreements or fierce conflicts. The first proposal to improve these problem is to improve the factors that cause poor documentation of the assessment report as well as improve the understanding of the EIA system. This study proposes the following measures for improvement. The agency cost for EIA should be paid by the business operator or a third party that can ensure faithful implementation of the payment. A system should be established to verify transparent estimation of the agency cost. In order to enhance the professional quality of EIA agents, there should be implementation of qualification test for industrial engineer of related engineers in addition to the current EIA Qualification Test. The second proposal for improvement is to improve the citizen participation process by instituting a legal framework to make clear the purpose of the briefing session for local residents, which is held as a procedure of EIA, and to ensure more positive publicity during the stage of listening to the opinion of the local community. For a smooth and rational communication process, a moderator and a communicator of opinion, as is the case in a public hearing, could be instituted to clearly get the purpose of the briefing session across to the residents and to help to carry out the explanation and Q & A sessions according to the categories of the opinion of the residents. At present, the notification of the public inspection of the draft of the assessment report and briefing session for the residents is made on the newspaper and internet network. But some people have difficulty with access to this method of announcement. A higher participation rate could be secured if a legal provision is added to specify putting up placards in specific places such as the entrance to the place for the briefing session for residents or the building of administrative agencies of the area concerned.

Background : Schisandrae Fructus (Omija) has been widely used for medicinal herbs because it is known for its various medical functions and antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activities of extracts from Schisandrae Fructus against six foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and figured out the efficient extraction methods. Methods and Results : Traditionally, Schisandrae Fructus is soaked or boiled in water when people drink it like tea. In this study, we extracted Schisandrae Fructus by soaking in water and ethyl alcohol for 24 hours, ultrasonicating in methyl alcohol and water for 60 minutes, and boiling in water for 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Each extract used for paper disc test that estimates antimicrobial activities by measuring the inhibition zone. The blank discs that absorbed with extracts were placed on the agar plates that smeared with each foodborne pathogen, then incubated overnight at 37℃ incubator. Then, antibacterial extracts formed clear zones around the disc. In this study, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most sensitive to the all kinds of extracts and methyl alcohol extracts that were obtained by ultrasonicating showed the most strong antimicrobial activities against six foodborne pathogens (23, 12, 29, 18, 23, 28 ㎜). Hot water extracts and soaking extracts in water showed the similar results, and the extracts that was boiled for 60 minutes was the best results (13, 8, 21, 10, 13, 17 ㎜) against all the pathogens. Conclusion : The extracts from Schisandrae Fructus inhibited the growth of six foodborne pathogens. Soaking and boiling in water are good methods for drinking Schisandrae Fructus like tea because they showed antimicrobial activities in the paper disc test. According to this study, the best boiling time for effective antimicrobial activity is 60 minutes.

우리나라에서 폐기물을 처리하는 방법에는 크게 매립, 소각, 재활용이 있으며 일반적으로 폐기물을 수거하여 재활용 할 수 있는 부분을 제외한 나머지는 소각한 뒤 매립을 하는 방식을 택하고 있다. 매립은 계속적인 매립지 확보에 어려움을 겪고 있으며 폐기물의 배출량이 갈수록 증가됨에 따라 예상되는 매립지의 기대수명이 점점 감축되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 우리나라에서는 폐기물을 짧은 시간 안에 매우 안정적으로 처리할 수 있는 소각기술로 시야를 넓혀야 한다. 소각은 대부분 재활용할 수 있는 폐열 및 고형화연료를 확보할 수 있을뿐더러 매립지의 수명도 효과적으로 늘릴 수 있다. 또한 소각이 완료된 후의 소각재는 수분까지도 거의 제거된 상태이기 때문에 바로 매립이 가능한 정도에 이르렀다. 환경부에서 발행한 ‘전국 폐기물 발생 및 처리 현황(2015년도 수정본)에 따르면 소각과정에서 발생된 연소재의 일일배출량은 점점 증가하는 추세이다. 따라서, 소각재를 매립하는 방법 외에 재활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하여 매립지의 수명연장은 물론 효율적인 재활용자원으로 사용할 수 있게 만드는 것이 필요하다. 그러나 소각재는 현행 폐기물 관리법상 중금속 농도가 비교적 낮기 때문에 일반폐기물로 관리되고 있었으나 유해성 논란이 끊이질 않고 있다. 따라서, 소각재에 들어있는 유해중금속의 농도를 효과적으로 처리하여 낮추면 다른 분야에서 즉각 활용할 수 있는 좋은 재료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 소각재의 처리 실태를 알아보고 재활용되고 있는 방법들을 검토, 비교하고 현재 유동상식 소각로에서 배출되는 폐유동사의 재생골재로의 재활용 가능성에 대해 알아보았다. 추가적으로 유동상식 소각로에서 배출되는 보일러재와의 배합 가능성, 그리고 성분분석을 이용한 함유성분의 함량과 재활용 목표의 관계도 연구하였다. 이는 기존에 활용되고 있는 재활용 방법과 새롭게 이용할 수 있는 방법에서 원재료로 사용되고 있는 것들을 대체할 수 있는가에 대한 것이다. 기존에 사용되고 있는 원재료만큼의 효율이 나온다면 원가절감은 물론 폐기물 재활용, 나아가서는 자원재이용에 따른 환경문제 감소에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

This study carried out first a component survey on the domestic waste shipped into a waste disposal facility in B city, and then heavy metal analysis of each component according to the SRF standards. Based on this, this study explored the problems with domestic waste and measures to improve them. The results are as follows. The result of the survey of physical components show that paper accounted for the largest proportion with 20.5 %~59.9 %, metals (including batteries) among incombustibles accounted for 0.0~8.3 %, other inorganic substances, glass and ceramics accounted for 0.0~43.7 % and 0.0 %~19.6 % respectively. However, the proportion of coated viny and plastics, which have high lead and cadmium content, was rather high with 2.9 %~30.9 %. This suggests the possibility that actual concentration of lead and cadmium within SRF is likely to be higher. Among the 15 components contained in the waste brought into the waste disposal facility, 10 components (food waste, textiles, vinyl, plastics, wood, rubber and leather, paper, metals, electronic substrates, and nail polish) were analyzed according to assay samples (approximately 0.1 g and 0.3 g). The result of analysis shows that the amount of Cd and Pb detected in coated vinyl for 0.109 g of assay sample was 98.6 mg/kg and 20.6 mg/kg respectively; 117.0 mg/kg and 29.0 mg/kg respectively for 0.313 g of assay sample. This is high contents exceeding the Cd standard. As for wooden component, the amount of Pb was 480.0 mg/kg for 0.3 g of assay sample. This suggests that there always exists the possibility of exceeding the exposure level of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) in SRF as long as coated wood and vinyl·plastics with high contents of Pb and Cd are shipped into the waste disposal facility; and the local government and the residents need to work hard to improve the situation including development of the machine to sort electronic substrates and batteries for separate collection of the waste of coated vinyl and plastics within domestic waste.

To diversify the grain size and shape of japonica rice, we developed the Breeding Materials with Diverse Grain Size and Shape (BM_DGS) and characterized the grain and yield-related traits. We used the donor parents Jizi1560 and Jizi1581, japonica germplasm with extremely large grain size. Four cross combinations between the each donor parents and Korean high yielding japonica rice cultivars, Deuraechan and Boramchan, were constructed and anther culture method was applied. Among 290 doubled haploid lines, we selected 91 elite lines with diverse grain size and shape and designated to the BM_DGS. The grain size and shape of BM_DGS exhibited beyond the characteristics of previously developed Korean rice cultivars. The alleles of major grain-related genes, GW2, GS3, and qSW5, in BM_DGS showed two types, wild type or loss-of-function mutant type. The loss-of-function mutant alleles, gw2, gs3, and qsw5, had an effect on increasing grain size. The phenotypic variation of grain length was mostly controlled by GS3 alleles, and grain width and thickness were influenced by the combinations of GW2 and qSW5 alleles. 1,000-grain weight was determined by the combinations of GW2, GS3, and qSW5. The grain-related genes influenced the phenotypic variation of yield-related traits. The result of this study could be useful to elucidate the relationship between the grain-related genes and agronomic traits. And the BM_DGS are being utilized in the breeding programs to diversify the grain size and shape in japonica rice.

‘Manbaek’ is a bacterial blight resistant mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality. ‘Manbeak’ was derived from anther culture using the backcross combination, Hopum*2/SR30075. ‘Hopum’ is a mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality and ‘SR30075’ is a pyramid line carrying three bacterial blight resistance genes. ‘Manbaek’ was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests. ‘Manbeak’ carrying two bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and xa5 showed high-level and broad-spectrum resistance against bacterial blight. ‘Manbaek’ was resistant to K3a, mostly virulent race in Korea, and exhibited resistance reaction against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates. ‘Manbaek’ was a mid-late maturing rice. The heading date of ‘Manbaek’ was August 19th, which was 5 days later than that of ‘Nampyeong’. Manbaek’ was a lodging-tolerant rice with short culm and dark green leaf. Due to the low viviparous germination, ‘Manbaek’ could be a useful material to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. ‘Mabeak’ was resistant to bacterial blight and rice stripe virus, but susceptible to other virus diseases and insect pests. The yield of ‘Manbaek’ was similar to ‘Nampyeong’. ‘Manbaek’ showed excellent grain appearance and good tastes of cooked rice, so that it could contribute to improving the quality of bacterial blight resistant cultivars. ‘Manbaek’, bacterial blight resistant cultivar with high grain quality, is suitable for the cultivation at bacterial blight prone area and has been utilized in the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance against bacterial blight (Registration No. 6069).

This paper describes the flexural characteristic of high strength steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) prisms with different fiber tensile strength. All mixtures have specified compressive strength of 80 MPa and fiber volume fraction of 0.5% and 1.0%. In accordance with EN-14651, SFRC prisms were made and tested under bending loading. Test results indicated that steel fiber has no significant effects on compressive behavior of SFRC. However, flexural behavior of high strength SFRC was improved considerably with increase of fiber tensile strength.

본 연구에서는 프라이머 도포 여·부 및 압축강도수준 그리고 바닥 마감재 시공재령에 따른 주차장용 바닥 마감재 부착성능을 평가 하였다. 또한 현행 KS 기준에서는 바닥 마감재 부착성능을 모르타르 공시체를 활용하여 평가하도록 제안하고 있지만, 실제 현장에서 바닥 마 감재는 콘크리트 상부면에 시공되기 때문에 바탕면 변화에 따른 부착성능을 추가변수로 계획하여 평가를 진행하였다. 모르타르는 현행기준에 서 제안하고 있는 배합표에 준하여 제작하였으며, 콘크리트 설계기준강도는 18, 30, 50 MPa로 계획하였다. 프라이머는 모르타르 및 콘크리트 재령 28일 변수에 따라 바닥 마감재와 함께 도포되었으며, KS 기준에 준하여 바닥 마감재 재령 일에 따라 부착성능을 평가하였다. 변수에 따른 부착성능 평가결과 바닥 마감재 재령이 경과함에 따라 바닥 마감재 부착성능은 향상되는 것으로 나타났으며, 압축강도가 높아짐에 따라 바닥 마감재 부착성능 또한 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 파괴양상을 고려하였을 때 콘크리트 쪼갬 인장강도의 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 프 라이머 도포에 따른 부착성능은 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 프라이머의 사용은 부착강도에 문제없이 콘크리트 표면의 내구성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 콘크리트 및 모르타르 바탕면의 부착강도 특성을 비교한 결과 바닥재의 부착강도는 구성재료 보다 압축강도에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 현행 KS 기준의 모르타르 바탕면 실험체의 부착강도를 근거로 실제현장의 부착강도를 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This paper provides the flexural test results of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) prisms with different aspect ratios of steel fibers (60 and 67). All mixtures have specific compressive strength of 40 MPa and steel fiber volume fraction of 0.75%. According to ASTM C 1609 and EN-14651, SFRC prisms with 150×150×550 mm were made and tested under bending loading. Test results indicated that the aspect ratio of hooked-end steel fibers has insignificant effect on the first-cracking strength and flexural behavior of SFRC prisms.

This paper presents the flexural test results of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) prisms with different lengths of steel fibers. The specified compressive strength of SFRC is 40 MPa. Two types of steel fiber used in this study have lengths (0.5 and 0.9mm). Test results indicated that steel fibers with longer length is more effective to improve the flexural performance of concrete prisms than steel fibers with shorter length.

This paper examines the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on compressive and flexural properties of high-strength concrete with compressive strength of 40 MPa. The fiber volume fractions used in this study consist of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%. The prisms with 150x150x550 mm were made and tested in accordance with EN-14651.

This paper describes the experimental results for the structural performance of full-scale coupling beams with different reinforcement layout (diagonal and horizontal). For the reinforcements of the coupling beams, high-strength steel bars(SD500 and SD600) were used in order to improve workability and economic feasibility. The rigid steel frames and linked joints were used to maintain the clear span length (distance between both shear walls) of the coupling beam during the cyclic loading. Experimental results indicated that the diagonally reinforced coupling beam specimen could exhibit more ductile behavior compared to horizontally reinforced specimen. ACI318-14 code is applicable to design of coupling beam with diagonally reinforcement, however, that is overestimating the strength of horizontally reinforced coupling beam. It is remarkable that effective elastic stiffness values of both reinforcement details coupling beam significantly lees than ASCE 41-13.

This paper provides the flexural test results of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) prisms with different aspect ratios of steel fibers (60 and 67). All mixtures have specific compressive strength of 40 MPa and steel fiber volume fraction of 0.75%. According to ASTM C 1609 and EN-14651, SFRC prisms with 150×150×550 mm were made and tested under bending loading. Test results indicated that the aspect ratio of hooked-end steel fibers has insignificant effect on the first-cracking strength and flexural behavior of SFRC prisms.

This paper presents the flexural test results of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) prisms with different lengths of steel fibers. The specified compressive strength of SFRC is 40 MPa. Two types of steel fiber used in this study have lengths (0.5 and 0.9mm). Test results indicated that steel fibers with longer length is more effective to improve the flexural performance of concrete prisms than steel fibers with shorter length.

Livestock manure treatments have become a more serious problem because massive environmental pollutions such as green and red tides caused by non-point pollution sources from livestock manures have emerged as a serious social issue. In addition, more food wastes are being produced due to population growth and increased income level. Since the London Convention has banned the ocean dumping of wastes, some other waste treatment methods for land disposal had to be developed and applied. At the same time, researches have been conducted to develop alternative energy sources from various types of wastes. As a result, anaerobic digestion as a waste treatment method has become an attractive solution. In this study has three objectives: first, to identify the physical properties of the mixture of livestock wastewater and food waste when combining food waste treatment with the conventional livestock manure treatment based on anaerobic mesophilic digestion; second, to find the ideal ratio of waste mixture that could maximize the collection efficiency of methane (CH4) from the anaerobic digestion process; and third, to promote CH4 production by comparing the biodegradability. As a result of comparing the reactors R1, R2, and R3, each containing a mixture of food waste and livestock manure at the ratio of 5:5, 7:3, and 3:7, respectively, R2 showed the optimum treatment efficiencies for the removal of Total Solids (TS) and Volatile Solids (VS), CH4 production, and biodegradability.

Early maturing glutinous rice lines with giant embryo were developed using anther culture. Deuraechan, mid-late maturing high-yielding japonica rice variety with resistance against rice stipe virus (RSV), bacterial blight (BB), and lodging, and Chenghyangna ge, early maturing glutinous rice germplasm with giant embryo were used the parents. F2 seeds from the cross between Deuraechan and Chenghyangna ge with glutinous endosperm and giant embryo were selected and propagated to F2 population. In F2 population, anther culture was conducted using the panicles from the early maturing plants. All doubled haploid (DH) lines showed early maturing, glutinous endosperm, and giant embryo phenotype. Through marker-assisted selections to Stvb-i and Xa3, 17 DH lines carrying both resistance genes were selected. Among 17 DH lines, six lines with more embryo size and better agronomic traits were selected and analyzed their characteristics. These lines were early maturing glutinous rice with giant embryo and showed enhanced yield, resistance against RSV and BB, and lodging, compared to previously developed giant embryo rice varieties. But they were vulnerable to preharvest sprouting which is important trait in early maturing rice. According to the texture and rapid viscosity analysis, DH lines were considered to have appropriate properties of cooked brown rice. They showed less hardness, gummniess, chewiness, and setback. Developed DH lines could be useful materials for diversification of cropping system and enhancing the brown rice consumption but the breeding efforts to improve the vulnerability against preharvest sprouting is required to apply for practical variety.

This paper describes the effects of tensile strength and aspect ratio of steel fiber on flexural behavior of high-strength SFRC notched beam. Test results indicated that flexural properties of SFRC improved with increasing in aspect ratio and tensile strength of steel fiber.

This paper describes adhesive performance of between concrete and surface-material with different compressive strength and HPP (High Performance Polymer). To measure adhesive strength between concrete and surface-material flexural specimen(100×100×400 mm) with HPP were made and tested. The test result indicated that HPP was effective on low compressive strength than high compressive strength.

This paper describes the structural performance of coupling beam with diagonal steel tube for reinforcement detail simplification of RC coupling beam. Two coupling beams were made and tested to compare the structural performance of coupling beam with diagonal steel bar and that with diagonal steel tube.

Research was conducted on the characteristics of waste discharge in apartment houses with less than 200 households. Implementation of the meter-rate system of food waste for apartment houses was also investigated and an economic evaluation was carried out to reach the following conclusions. First, for the monthly characteristics of the overall amount of food waste in apartment houses with less than 200 households, December and January exhibited the maximum amount while February and March exhibited the minimum amount of discharge. The average amount of waste discharge per household was the lowest at 0.51 kg/day · household in apartment houses with 20 to 50 households, followed by 0.80 kg/day · household in apartment houses with less than 20 households and in apartment houses with 50 to 100 households. Apartment houses with 100 to less than 200 households had 0.71 kg/day · household of average waste discharge. The results showed that the amount of food waste discharge is dependent upon the economic conditions or environment of the regions concerned rather than upon the number of households. Second, two meter-rate systems of food waste were compared: the RFID system and the Chip system. When the comparison was made under the same conditions for the number of households in apartment houses in which meter-rate system was being implemented, the average reduction rate in the Chip system was 21.1% and that in the RFID system was 57.1%. A comparison of apartment houses under the meter-rate system and of apartment houses with less than 200 households with apartment houses with less than 20 households, 20 to 50 households, 50 to 100 households, and 100 to less than 200 households showed that the average reduction rates of the Chip system and the RFID system was 35.3% and 61.9%, respectively. Last, a comparison of the results of the field study and the rate of food waste reduction in regions where the meter-rate system was being implemented showed that the average reduction was 35.3% for the Chip system and 61.9% for the RFID system, with a difference in reduction of about 35.5%. In the case that the RFID system is adopted, the disposal cost of about 62.7 billion won per year would be reduced by about 19.4 billion won, which leads to a prediction of a reduction in disposal cost to about 43.3 billion won per year.