Emodin is a bioactive compound isolated from the root and rhizomes of Rheum plamatum L. (polygenaceae), which is known as a traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. In the present study, the effect of emodin on YD-15 mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells and its molecular mechanism were investigated. This study shows that emodin significantly inhibits the growth of YD-15 cells. Activation of caspase-3 and PARP is triggered by emodin and it increases sub-G1 population and the number of YD-15 cells with nuclear condensation and fragmentation. In addition, we found that emodin significantly decreases myeloid cell leukemia 1(MCL-1). These results suggest that MCl-1 is an important molecule for emodin-induced apoptosis. Taken together, emodin inhibits cell viability and induces apoptosis via down-regulation of MCL-1 and it can be a new potent anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of mucoepidermoid carcinoma

사과원 나무좀은 나무내부에 갱도를 만들며, 갱도 내에는 나무좀과 공생하는 암브 로시아균(Ceratocystis sp.)이 번식하게 된다. 나무좀 성충이 산란하면 부화한 유충이 암브로시아균을 먹게되며, 일반적으로 암브로시아균의 독소가 나무를 급격하게 약화 시킨다고 알려져 있다. 사과원에 사용되는 살균제가 나무좀과 공생하는 암브로시아균 에 대해서 약효가 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 사과원에 일반적으로 사용되는 트리아졸계의 테부코나졸 수화제와 구아니딘계의 이미녹타딘트리아세테이트 액상수화제, 스트로빌루린계인 트리플록시트로빈 액상수 화제를 선정하여, PDA 배지상에서 0.5ml 씩 약제를 분주하고 조직배양 한 암브로시 아균 균사를 5mm씩 지름을 잘라서 접종한 후에 균사 생장속도를 조사하였다. 그 결 과, 트리아졸계의 테부코나졸 수화제를 처리한 구에서 암브로시아균의 균사 생장억제 효과가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 2차실험으로 트리아졸계의 테부코나졸 수화제, 비테타놀수화제, 헥사코나졸 수화제에 대하여 약효를 검토한 결과, 처리구 모두 약효 가 인정되었으나, 테부코나졸 수화제 처리구에서 암브로시아균의 생장억제 효과가 가 장 우수하였다. 암브로시아균을 몸에 보유하고 있는 오리나무좀을 테부코나졸 수화 제에 침지하여 건조시킨 후에 PDA배지에 오리나무좀을 접종한 후, 암브로시아균의 생장여부를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 무처리구와 동일하게 암브로시아균이 생장하였다. 이는 암브로시아균낭이 오리나무좀 가슴의 등판 내부에 존재하여 약제가 제대로 침투 하지 못한 때문으로 추정된다.

2010년에 사과주산지인 경북 군위, 상주, 의성, 청송, 칠곡, 경남 거창, 전북 장 수, 무주, 전남 장성 등 9개 지역 24개 일반사과원에서 복숭아순나방붙이의 발생유 무와 발생정도를 조사하기 위하여 발생예찰용 복숭아순나방붙이 성페로몬 트랩과 복숭아순나방 트랩을 설치하고 4～9월까지 트랩에 유살되는 유살수를 조사하였 다. 또한 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방 교미교란제로 사용되는 Confuser-R에 대하여 복숭아순나방붙이도 교미교란 효고가 있는지를 검토하였다. 복숭아순나방 붙이는 9개지역 24개 사과원 모두에서 발생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 복숭아순나 방붙이의 연간발생량은 사과원별로 큰 차이를 보였으며, 연간발생량은 15～514 마리로, 복숭아순나방의 연간 발생량 140～592마리에 비하여 적었다. 복숭아순나 붙이의 연간 평균발생량은 198마리로 복숭아순나방 379마리에 비하여 약 0.5배 정도 적었다. 복숭아순나방붙이의 연간 발생량은 상주 > 칠곡 > 청송 > 군위 > 의 성 > 장수 > 거창 > 무주 > 장성 순으로 나타나서, 경북지역 사과원이 복숭아순나 방붙이 발생량이 많았으며, 전라도 지역이 상대적으로 적은 경향이었다. 경북 군 위의 사과시험장에서 심식나방류 교미교란제인 Confuser-R를 처리한 구와 처리 하지 않은 구에서 복숭아순나붙이의 연간 유살량을 조사한 결과, 교미교란제 처리 구에서는 발생예찰용 성페로몬트랩에 전혀 유살되지 않았으며, 교미교란제 미처 리구에서는 연간 245마리가 유살되었다. 따라서, 교미교란제인 Confuser-R이 복 숭아순나방붙이에도 교미교란 효가가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

As an environment-friendly phytosanitary measure, CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system) has been developed to kill several quarantine insect pests infesting subtropical agricultural commodities. This study tested any possibility to apply CATTS to apples to effectively eliminate the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, which has been regarded as a quarantine insect from the imported countries. When the larvae of C. sasakii were directly exposed to 46℃ (an installed lethal temperature of CATTS), they showed a median lethal time at 14.66 min. Addition of high carbon dioxide to the temperature treatment enhanced the thermal limit susceptibility of C. sasakii to 46℃. CATTS device was constructed to automatically control CO₂ concentration and temperature with real-time monitoring both in the chamber and in the fruit. The larvae internally infesting apples were tested using the CATTS device and showed 100% lethality after 60 min exposure to a treatment of 46℃ under 15% CO₂ in the chamber. Relatively long exposure may be due to the deviation between the ramping temperature (0.35℃/min) of the chamber and the ramping temperature (0.12-0.23℃/min) inside apple fruit, where the tested larvae were located. This study suggests a possibility that CATTS can be applied as a quarantine measure to kill the larvae of C. sasakii locating inside the apples.

Monitoring was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Grapholita dimorpha Komai in Korean apple orchards using sex pheromone traps. G. dimorpa showed four peaks per year: early May, from late June to early July, from late July to mid August, and from late August to September. After adult emergence of the over-wintered G. dimorpha, G. dimorpha catches was decreased significantly and increased again after July. In G. molesta traps, G. molesta and G. dimorpha were trapped by 98.8 and 1.2%, respectively. Conversely in G. dimorpha traps, G. dimorpha and G. molesta were trapped by 99.7 and 0.3%, respectively. The 30.6% of the moths from the damaged apple fruits were G. dimorpha. This is the first report on G. dimorpha in apple orchards in Korea.

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, overwintered as adult or nymph stage on rootstocks, and crown- and root sucker in the soil. In an unsprayed apple orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colony started to increase from mid-April, showed the 1st peak between late June and early July, thereafter decreased followed by the 2nd peak in late July, and then again peaked in late September as the size in the 1st peak. In this orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colonies per tree did not exceed 3.5 colonies during the peak occurrence period, and was maintained around 2 colonies throughout seasons. In all seasons, parasitism of Aphelinus mali on E. lanigerum was much lower on root colonies than on aerial colonies that located on shoots and tree trunks above the ground. The parasitism of E. lanigerum was high in most orchards examined, showing parasitism of > 70% in maximum in most cases. In the laboratory bioassay for the mortality effects of several insecticides on E. lanigerum, fenitrothion, dichlorphos, machine oil, methidathion, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid showed 97.8, 96.8, 95.4, 91.5, 26.7, and 7.8% morality, respectively. Also, the adult emergence rates from A. mali mummies were 51.2, 72.6, 14.2, 3.5, 72.2, and 85.4% in the treatment of the above insecticides, respectively. Insecticides belong to neonicotinoid, which are newly developed to control aphids, showed low mortality against E. lanigerum. Fenitrothion and dichlorphos were effective on E. lanigerum control and had a low toxic to A. mali. Consequently, the insecticides should be useful in integrated pest management system for E. lanigerum in apple orchards.

여 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta) 성충의 유살수를 2-3일 간격으로 조사하 였으며, 시험장내의 기상자료와 Weibull 함수식을 이용하여 복숭아순나방 월 동유충의 우화시기모형을 구하였다. 우화시기 모형은 r2값이 0.93으로 구해진 수식이 적산온도와 누적우화율과의 관계를 잘 설명하였다. 또한, 누적 우화시 기 모형을 바탕으로 사과시험장 인근 의성지역의 1973부터 2008년까지의 기 상온도 변화에 따른 복숭아순나방 초발일과 50%우화일, 우화 완료일을 연도 별로 비교하였다. 복숭아순나방의 연도별 초발생일을 비교한 결과, 1970년, 1980년 1990년, 2000년대각 각각 4월11일, 4월 13일, 4월 13일, 4월 9일이였다. 2000년대가 80-90년대에 비하여 초발생일이 약 4일 정도 빨랐으며, 70년대에 비하여 2일정도 빨랐다. 복숭아순나방 50% 우화일은 연대별로 각각 4월 27일, 4월 28일, 4월 28일, 4월 26일로 2000년대가 80-90년대에 비하여 약 2일정도 빨랐으며, 복숭아순나방 100% 우화일은 각각 6월 1일, 6월 1일, 6월 1일, 5월 30일로 복숭아순나방 50%우화일과 같이 2000년대가 80-90년대에 비하여 약 2 일정도 빨라서, 대체로 2000년대가 1970-1990년대에 비하여 복숭아순나방 월 동성충의 발생시기가 빠른 것으로 나타났다.

A wax-typed pheromone dispenser has been developed and applied to control outbreak of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, in apple orchard. To optimize its application technique, this study analyzed effect of different amounts of the pheromone dispenser on mating disruption (‘MD’) of G. molesta. Different pheromone dispenser amounts significantly influenced the MD effect assessed by cumulative male adult catches monitored respectively by sticky delta trap and food trap, and resulted in differential damage on host plants. In a field test during entire growing season, a standard amount (120 g per 0.117 ㏊) of wax-typed pheromone dispenser was proved to be effective to suppress outbreak of G. molesta adults and to prevent host plant damage as much as a current commercial MD product (Isomate<SUP>Ⓡ</SUP>). This study also demonstrated an effectiveness of deployment of food trap barriers around MD-treated area to prevent immigration of mated females from outside untreated areas. These results indicate that the wax-typed pheromone dispenser can be applied to control field G. molesta populations and its co-application with food trap barriers would be optimal to maximize MD efficacy.

This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including 4~8 cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of ＜ 0.3% except 1998. The orchard infested with G. molesta was 13 to 71%, while 12 to 57% with C. sasakii. The rates of orchards where fruit damage by G. molesta was found were higher than those by C. sasakii after 1997. The tendency of fruit damage rates in the orchard where the most fruit damage was found was same with the trend of orchard rates infested with the pests. The maximum damage rate by G. molesta was 20.0% in 2005, while 4.5% by C. sasakii in 1998. The damaged shoot rates by the first generation G. molesta was 0.1~8.1%, and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.

This study was performed to estimate the efficacy of three commercial mating disruptors for the control of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), using a food-baited trap to collect field females. Mated female ratios estimated in the mating disruptor-treated areas were compared with the estimates of male trap captures, and both estimates were evaluated on the basis of crop damage measured by shoot tip damage caused by G. molesta. Both males and females were attracted to the food trap-baited with terpinyl acetate in apple orchard. Spermatophore of G. molesta was similar to female bursa copulatrix in size. Though there was more than 95% reduction in male trap captures indicating significant mating disruption, significant crop damage occurred on apple leaf buds, in which more than 35% of captured females were mated. This study demonstrates that assessment of the mated females would be more reasonable to represent the efficacy of mating disruptor(s) than the assessment of the male captures in G. molesta.

Two fruit moths of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), infest apples in Korea by internally feeding behavior. C. sasakii is a quarantine insect pest from some other countries importing Korean apples. G. molesta is not a quarantine insect pest, but can be incorrectly identified as C. sasakii especially when it is found inside apple fruits at its larval stages because it is not easy to identify the two species by morphological characters alone. This incomplete identification results in massive economical loss by fruits needlessly destroyed or turned away at border inspection stations of the importing nations. This difficulty can be overcome by molecular DNA markers. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific restriction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Based on these sequences, three diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites were detected and validated for their practical uses. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders.

제초제 alachlor에 대한 송사리 및 지렁이 독성시험을 실시하고 국내 잔류실태조사 결과를 바탕으로 생태 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 송사리 독성시험 결과, 96시간 LC50는 1.8 mg L-1이었으며, 수정란을 사용한 초기생장단계 독성시험에서는 부화율에 대한 NOEC가 100 μg L-1으로 나타났다. 한편, 지렁이 급성독성시험에서 LC50(14일)는 94.1 mg kg-1, NOEC는

Efficacies of two commercial mating distruptors (SPLAT<SUP>®</SUP> and Isomate<SUP>®</SUP>-ROSSO) were evaluated on field overwintering populations of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in four apple orchards. Based on the monitoring with sex pheromone traps, all the orchards (Youngchun, Kyungsan, Chungsong, and Youngju in Korea) exhibited significant overwintering populations from late April to late May. Both mating disruptors that were applied 10 days before the monitoring period significantly inhibited the male orientation to the monitoring lures, in which SPLAT type was more effective than Isomate type in the disrupting efficacy. The disruption of male orientation was highly correlated with the reduction in the early leaf damage caused mostly by G. molesta.

1998년부터 2000년까지 3년간 경북사과주산지 사과원과 묘목원을 대상으로 잎말이나방류 종을 조사하였으며, 1992년부터 2001년까지 10년간 5-6개 시군의 관행사과원과 폐원에서 잎말이 나방 발생동향과 피해정도를 조사하였다. 사과원에 발생하는 잎말이나방으로는 애모무늬잎말이나방 (Adoxophyes orana), 사과무늬 잎말이나방(Archips breviplicanus), 매실애기 잎말이나방(Rhopobota unipunctana), 사과잎말이나방(Choristoneura longicellana), 복숭아잎말이나방(Acleris fimbriana), 감나무잎말이나방(Ptycholoma lecheana circumclusna), 한국잎말이나방(Archips subrufanus) 등 총 7종이 조사되었다. 이중 애모무늬잎말이나방이 매년 단연 우점종이었으며, 사과무늬잎말이나방과 매실애기잎말이나방은 특정 해에만 1-2 농가에서 다발생하였다. 1980년대 우점종은 사과무늬잎이나방과 매실애기잎말이나방이였으나, 1990년대말 우점종 변화가 이루어진 것으로 조사되었다. 10년간 관행사과원의 잎말이나방 피해정도를 조사한 결과, 평균 피해과율은 였다. 과실 피해는 3세대 유충에 의해 8-10월에 집중적으로 이루어졌다

1992년부터 2001년까지 10년 간 경북 사과주산지 4-6개 시군의 일반대목 사과원과 1999-2001년까지 3년 5-6개 시군의 M.9왜성대목 사과원에서 은무늬굴나방의 발생동향과 피해정도를 조사하였다. 1992년과 1993년의 발생과원율은 각각 10%와 25%, 피해엽율은 0.15%와 0.06%로 매우 경미하였다. 그러나, 1994년부터 2001년까지는 피해엽율이 급증하여 조사된 모든 일반대목 사과원에서 발생하였으며, 특히, 1996-1998년의 피해엽율이 6.28%-7.78%로 가장 높았다. M.9왜성대목 사과원에서는 3년 모두 발생과원율이 100%였으며, 누적피해엽율은 99년은 15.3%로 같은 해의 일반대목 사과원의 3.68%에 비해 높았으며, 2000년과 2001년은 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 M.9왜성대목 사과원의 발생밀도가 높았다. 일반대목 사과원의 월별 발생과원율과 피해엽율을 조사한 결과, 9월의 발생밀도가 가장 높았으며, M.9왜성대목 사과원에서는 통계적 유의성이 없었다. 국내에서 육성된 홍로. 감홍, 추광, 화홍 등 4개 품종과 후지의 은무늬굴나방에 의한 피해정도는 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 M.9왜성대목 사과원의 증가가 최근의 은무늬굴나방의 다발생과 관련이 클 것으로 판단된다.