Background: The Natural killer cell activity measurement test of the ELISA method developed by company A could have many economic benefits in terms of cost and time compared to the existing 'cytotoxicity test method'. A portable incubator capable of culturing the specimen while moving was developed as a way to save test time and secure the stability of the specimen when transferring the specimen to the entrusted institution. Objectives: This study investigated efficacy evaluation of NK cell activity measurement in a portable incubator. Design: Experimental research. Methods: 100 participants were selected to measure NK cell activity. The collected blood was placed in a general incubator and a portable incubator at the same time to start culturing, and the plasma was separated by centrifugation. The NK cell activity test was measured by enzyme immunometry. Results: In the verification of the culturing performance of the developed portable incuvator, no significance was found between the general incuvator and the portable incuvator, and the same performance was maintained in culture. Conclusion: Portable incubators have a great effect on shortening the test time and securing the stability of samples.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational safety and health management activities on safety and health performance by using the results of safety activity level evaluation of public organizations. To this end, a research model was established by using three fields as independent variables among the four areas of the safety activity level evaluation index: safety and health system, safety and health activity plan, and safety and health activity level, and the safety and health activity performance field as a dependent variable. Correlation analysis and regression analysis between major variables were performed. As a result of the correlation analysis, the safety and health activity performance had a significant positive (+) correlation with all of the safety and health system, safety and health activity plan, and safety and health activity level. The safety and health system had a significant positive (+) correlation with the safety and health activity plan and safety and health activity level, and the safety and health activity plan had a significant positive (+) correlation with the safety and health activity level. And as a result of the regression analysis, it was found that the organization’s safety and health system, safety and health activity plan, and safety and health activity level all had a significant positive (+) effect on safety and health activity performance.

Schizandra chinensis is one of the local special crops grown in Mungyeong, more than 70% of Gyeongbuk area. Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) are the most damaging pests among the insects that occur in the Schizandra chinensis, mainly affecting fruit quality, yield and quality. Therefore, it is necessary to study how to reduce the damages by establishing efficient forecasting method and pesticide control system for the Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) occurring in Schizandra chinensis. Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) was surveyed with yellow sticky traps from April to September in the Mungyeong area. Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) has the highest density in July, beginning in early May, and then again in September. Therefore, the suitable time to control the Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) is in late May, early July, and mid August. Three species of pesticides(Spinetoram WG, Emamectin benzoate EC, Chlorfenapyr EC) registered in Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) were treated three times at the suitable time, as a result of the treatment, a high effect of 92% more.

The Shine Muscat grape(Vitis vinifera L.) have high quality and the cultivation area is increasing recentely in Republic of Korea. The total cultivation area of the country('18) is 963ha, and the cultivation area of Gyeongbuk area is 81%, which is 780ha. But the research on pests causing damage in cultivation is insufficient. Recently, the damage caused by Bark beetles is increasing due to the abnormal weather and the increase of the cultivation area of shine muskets. The Bark beetles that occur in the Grape Shine Muskete plantation are Xyleborinus saxesen, which pierce tree trunks and cause the whole tree to die. Xyleborinus saxesen occurred continuously from April to August, and it occurs in Shine Muscat stem damaged by the frostbite. Shine muskets are weak to frostbite, so it is necessary to keep the trees free from frostbite in winter and early spring.

Despite the importance of retail atmospherics documented in the literature, little empirical research has been done on the issue of what specific aspects of retail atmospherics can enhance experiential marketing. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to compare the effect of product display (lifestyle vs. product-centric) on consumer satisfaction and retail patronage intentions. In so doing, this study examines the mediating role of hedonic shopping experiences operationalized through 3 separate subdimensions (i.e., brand experience, shopping enjoyment, and cognitive pleasure) while controlling a brand effect (i.e., testing two types of product display in a single brand context). Demminga et al. (2012) state that lifestyle display is a cross-merchandised, integrated, aesthetically attractive theme or scene through which consumers could envisage themselves in the scene or nature. On the other hand, product-centric display does not necessarily present a coherent theme. Instead, this type of product display is frequently used in a traditional retail format focuses on merchandise presentation appealing to target customers (Foster and Mclelland, 2015). This study was conducted using two product display stimuli: lifestyle and product-centric displays in the context of a specialty apparel store, Anthropologie. One image of Anthropologie was selected as a lifestyle display because it contained a thematic prop, which illustrates a natural scenario in that store. The results showed that the lifestyle display creates higher brand experience, shopping enjoyment, cognitive pleasure, satisfaction, time spent, and patronage intentions compared to the product centric display. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of experiential marketing. Theoretically, this study demonstrates that lifestyle display could be applied in an apparel store. Rather than focusing only on products retailers could easily develop thematic props in a store because they are easy to set up, cost-effective, and less time-consuming. By setting up a lifestyle display, retailers could easily differentiate their brands from other competing brands.

고속도로의 품질 보증을 위해 사용되는 시방서에는 크게 두 가지 종류 1) 방법론적 시방서와 2) 공용성 시방서가 있다. 방법론적 시방서는 목표 공용성 달성을 위해 필요한 방법의 기준과 기준의 목표치를 설정 하여 합격/불합격을 결정하는 반면, 공용성 시방서는 어떤 방법을 이용하든 최종 결과물의 품질을 평가하 여 Incentive/Dis-Incentive를 결정하는 방법이다. 방법론적 시방서는 경제적으로 방법의 기준을 맞추기 위해 노력하지만, 공용성 시방서는 시공업체들의 자체 연구를 통한 품질 향상을 기대할 수 있다. 미국의 경우 공용성 시방서는 2012년 오바마 대통령이 최종 사인한 법안인 MAP-21 (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act)에 의해 법적 근거를 마련하였고, 미국 몇몇 주들(뉴저지, 캘리포니 아, 텍사스, 루이지에나 등)에서 이미 사용하고 있다. 공용성 시방서를 실질적으로 고속도로 현장에 적용하기 위해 요구되어지는 것은 누가나 쉽고 빠르게 공용성 평가할 수 있는 툴을 만드는 것이다. 간단한 시험을 통해 재료의 기본 물성치를 측정하고, 측정된 값을 역학적 재료 모델과 구조해석 프로그램의 입력 값으로 사용하여 공용성을 평가함으로써 어떻게 재료 를 개발해야 하는지와 품질 관리를 할수 있을 것인가에 대한 가이드라인도 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 아 스팔트 재료의 피로균열과 소성변형의 공용성을 평가하기 위해 NCHRP 9-19와 9-29을 통해 개발된 간 단한 시험 장비인 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT)와 FHWA Hot Mix Asphalt Performance-Related Specification Based on Viscoelastoplastic Continuum Damage Models를 통 해 개발된 모델들과 3D FEM 구조해석 프로그램을 이용하였다. 개발된 모델과 구조해석 프로그램은 미 국, 캐나다, 브라질, 중국, 한국 등의 시험도로를 통해 검증되었다. 공용성 시방서를 현장에 적용하기 위하여 아스팔트 혼합물의 주요 부피 특성들 (Design VMA, Design Air Void, Density)과 공용성과의 관계를 배합 설계 단계에서 파악하였다. 이 관계를 파악하는 것을 공용 성에 근거한 배합 설계라고 하며, 현장에서 역학적 시험 없이 기존의 품질 보증 시방서에서 수행하던 부 피 특성을 측정하는 것으로 공용성을 예측할 수 있다. 골재의 입도가 공용성에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 Bailey Method를 사용하였다. Bailey Method는 골재의 Packing Principle을 이용하여 골재 입 도에 따른 VMA를 예측함으로써 배합설계의 시행착오를 줄일 수 있다. 12.5mm Superpave 고온 아스팔트 혼합물의 공용성에 근거한 배합 설계 결과, 아스팔트 혼합물의 골재 입도를 간접적으로 표현하는 Design VMA가 부피 특성들 (Volumetrics) 중 피로균열과 소성변형 공용성에 미치는 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. Design VMA가 1% 증가할 때, 피로 균열이 73% 감소하고 소성변 형이 32% 증가하였다. 반면, Design Air Void가 1% 증가할 때, 피로균열이 40% 증가하고 소성변형이 22% 감소하였다. 마지막으로 In-Place Air Void (다짐도)가 1% 증가할 때 피로균열이 19% 증가하고 소성변형 또한 10% 증가 하였다. 공용성에 근거한 배합 설계는 Pay Factor와 Incentive/Dis-Incentive 산출에 사용 될 수 있으며 현장에서 아스팔트 혼합물의 부피 특성들을 어떻게 조정해야 하는 가이드라인을 제시 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 공용성에 근거한 배합 설계를 두 개의 아스팔트 층에 적용하여 피로균열과 소성변형의 공 용성이 최적화 될 수 있는 각층의 배합 설계 기준들을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 소개된 공용성에 근거한 배 합설계 방법은 아스팔트 혼합물의 부피 특성을 공용성에 근거하여 어떻게 조정해야 하는지를 다양한 아스팔 트 포장의 구조에 맞게 제시한다. 추후 아스팔트 덧씌우기 (혹은 복합 포장) 공법과 포장의 두께를 산정할 때 근거자료로 활용할 수 있다.

After spermatogenesis, spermatozoa come in contact with fluids in the epididymis where they mature. During ejaculation, spermatozoa are mixed with secretions from prostate gland, vesicular glands, and bulbourethral glands. During natural mating, seminal plasma is deposited in the female reproductive tract eliciting various physiological and immunological responses. With the advances in proteomics, the components of seminal plasma have been identified and the information may be valuable in identifying markers for fertility. Components of seminal plasma that affect fertility have been discovered and the mechanism of action of these factors has been determined. The objective of this study was to determine the specific seminal plasma proteins from Korean native cattle, Hanwoo, and Korean native brindle cattle (KNBC) with the long term goal of improving fertilization rate. After SDS-PAGE and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins were identified by Q -ToF analysis. They include plasma serine protease inhibitor precursor and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase after SDS-PAGE. Number and density of the spots in 2-dimensional gels were higher in KNBC than Hanwoo. Proteins identified from the paired spots of both breeds include chain A, bull seminal plasma PDC-109 Fibronectin Type II module, BSP-30 kDa precursor, and Spermadhesin Z13 or its precursor. Interestingly, some proteins were identified from multiple spots. The functional differences of these diverse forms of the proteins may require further studies. With their previously reported roles in sperm capacitation by these proteins, the studies on the mechanism of action, ligand interaction and the variation in the genome may help improving fertility in cattle.

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite (smectite) against calf diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, 20 calves (aged 2~3 months) with diarrhea were used for evaluation of the efficacy of smectite on calf diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Calves received 10 ml smectite suspension three times per day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth day after administration. On the fifth day after treatment with smectite suspension, the diarrhea index showed a significant decrease in the treated group, compared to the control group (P<0.001). The number of pathogenic E. coli in feces of the treated group was significantly decreased, compared to each control group from the second day after treatment (P<0.001), and that of Salmonella typhimurium was significantly decreased from the first day after treatment (P<0.05). According to the results of the current study, 20% smectite suspension had a therapeutic effect on diarrhea caused by E. coli and/or Salmonella in calves.

To find an alternative for synthetic pesticides, methanol extract from plant samples were tested for their insecticidal activity against insect. The extract of Asiasarum sieboldii had strongly insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella. Roots of A. sieboldii were extracted with methanol, and the concentrated extract was partitioned with n-hexane, ethylacetate, n-buthanol and H2O. The highest activity was shown in the hexane fraction. Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of two amides from hexane fration through the repeated silica gel column chromatographic separations. From the interpretation of spectropic data including NMR, MS, IR, the chemical structures of compounds were determined as dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z, 10E-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide. These compounds showed insecticidal activity on P. xylostella by 96.7% at 100ppm. The liquid formulation controlled on cabbage effectively. The extract and compounds from A. sieboldii showed insecticidal activity against Nilaparvata lugens. As a naturally occurring pesticide, A. sieboldii could be useful as a new botanic insecticide.

Cryptic mealybug (CMB), Pseudococcus cryptus, is a serious scale pest on citrus, especially grown in plastic greenhouse on Jeju island, Korea. Binomial sampling plan was developed using the relationship between infested proportion of twig with less than T scales (pT) and mean density per twig (m) according to the empirical model ln(m)=α+βln(-ln(1-pT)). T was defined as tally threshold and set to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 scales per twig in this study. T=3 was the best tally threshold for estimating densities of CMB based on the precision of the model. Binomial model with T=3 provided reliable predictions of mean densities of CMB observed on commercial citrus orchards. The obtaining model was evaluated by resampling validation of Wald's sequential binomial plan and by fit at 95% confidence intervals for independent collected data sets. Binomial sampling program for decision-making of CMB population level was obtained at the action threshold 0.10, proportion of twig infested with more than 3 scales.

Temperature-dependent development and oviposition component models were developed for Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Egg development times decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 2.4d at 16℃ to 1.0d at 28℃. Total development times of nymphs reared on citrus leaves decreased from 54.9d at 16℃ to 17.4d at 28℃ and 19.3d at 32℃. As P. cryptus showed an ovoviviparous reproductive behavior, the periods of egg and the 1st nymph were combined. By fitting linear models to the data the lower developmental threshold temperatures for egg-1st nymphs, the 2nd nymphs, the 3rd nymphs, and all nymphs combined were calculated as 8.7, 12.8, 13.1, and 12.1℃, respectively. The thermal constants were 198.6, 84.7, 69.8, and 296.3 degree-days for each of the above stages. The non-linear model based on a Gaussian equation, which fits the relationship between development rate and temperature was well for all stages. Adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 80.4d at 16 to 31.3d at 32.0℃. Also, preoviposition and oviposition periods showed a similar pattern with the longevity. P. cryptus had a maximum fecundity of 111 eggs per female at 28℃, which declined to 102.7 eggs per female at 32℃.

Receptor activator of nuclear factor xB ligand (RANKL) induces osteoclast formation from hematopoietic cells via up-regulation of positive regulators, including NF-xB, c-Fos, microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf), PU.1, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1. In addition to the positive regulation by these transcription factors, RANKL appears to regulate negative regulators such as MafB and inhibitors of differentiation (Ids). Ids and MafB are abundantly expressed in osteoclast precursors, bone marrowderived monocyte/macrophage lineage cells (BMMs). Expression levels of these genes are significantly reduced by RANKL during osteoclastogenesis. Overexpression of these genes in BMMs inhibits the formation of tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear osteoclasts by down-regulation of NFATc1 and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), which are important for osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, reduced expression of these genes enhances osteoclastogenesis and increases expression of NFATc1 and OSCAR. Taken together, RANKL induces osteoclastogenesis via up-regulation of positive regulators as well as down-regulation of negative regulators.

In this study we established the high throughput screening system of high functional soybean cultivars using PLS modeling from FT-IR spectral data of soybean(Glycine max L) seeds. Crude extract of 20% methanol from soybean seed powders (153 lines) were used for FT-IR spectroscopy. Total fatty acid, carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds contents from soybean seed powders were analyzed using UV-spectrum and GC analysis respectively. PCA analysis showed that 153 soybean lines formed a single clusters with a few outlier. PC score 1 and 2 represented 39.5, 16.4% of total variation, respectively. And than showed change patten from the middle to outside for PCA plot. We conducted PLS regression analysis between FT-IR spectral data and fatty acids data. Palmitic acid showed the highest regression coefficient (R=0.78). This result implied that the content of palmitic acid could be predicted from FT-IR spectral data from soybean seed powders with relatively high fidelity. PLS modeling of total carotenoids also showed regression coefficient of 0.69. Regression coefficient of total flavnoids and phenolic compounds were 0.44, 0.39, respectively. At present, we are trying to confirm the accuracy of PLS prediction modeling using targeted metabolite analysis (GC-MS, LC-MS) from predicted soybean lines. To increase the accuracy of PLS modeling, we also trying to standardization of spectroscopy and spectral data processing. Furthermore we are going to develop PLS modeling from GC-MS, LC-MS data. The PLS prediction modeling established in this study could be applied for high throughput screening of other leguminous plant.

Houttuynia cordata is used as a raw material of oriental medicine to acquire antioxidant and anti cancer effect and to cure a heart disease. Mechanochemical technology not only reduces the size of the object but also changes the chemical properties of the object. Extraction of functional materials from the Houttuynia cordata after grinding as a pretreatment using the mechanochemical technology was conducted in this study to investigate the effect of grinding on the yields and antioxidant activities of the extract. Houttuynia cordata was ground by the planetary ball mill and the morphology was analyzed by SEM. Yields of functional materials were increased from 6.2 g in the sample without grinding to 7.0, 7.8, 8.8 g after grinding of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. Nitrite scavenging abilities were increased from 57-77% to 69-86% as a result of mechanochemical pretreatment. Also, DPPH scavenging abilities for the methanol extraction were increased from 10.01-40.29% to 11.01-49.29% as a result of mechanochemical grinding.

A new hybrid “Beauty Princess” was released by National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI) in 203.A cross was made in 1995, Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 203. A cross was made in 1995 between “Miake Pieta”with dark-red purple petals and “

The effects of drying agents and ethyl alcohol treatment on the flower color of Gentiana uchiyamai. The flower color was not much changed in flower sheet, in the case of absorbtion papers only. The color was least changed in Korean and China hwasunjis, in the case of absorbtion papers and silica gel treatment. The color was less changed in flower sheets, window papers, and China hwasunjis, and was most changed in newspapers, in the case of absorbtion papers and Na2SO4 treatment. The color was least changed in China hwasunjis, and most changed in dampened papers, in the case of absorbtion papers and CaO treatment. The color tended to change far from the original one, as treatment time got longer, in the case of 0.01M and 0.lM of tartaric acid. The longer the treatment time and the bigger the concentration of ethyl alcohol, the bigger flower color.