Differentiation of Pleurotus eryngii is laborious and time-consuming tasks especially in mycelial status. For development of a method for differentiation of P. eryngii cultivars, simple sequence repeats (SSR) from whole genomic DNA sequence analysis was used for genotyping and two multiplex-SSR primer sets were developed. These SSR primer sets were employed to distinguish 12 cultivars and strains. Five polymorphic markers were selected based on the genotypes. PCR with the each primer produced one to four distinct bands ranging in size from 200 to 300 bp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the five markers were in range of 0.6627 to 0.6848 with an average of 0.6775. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean clustering analysis based on genetic distances using five SSR markers classified 12 cultivars into 2 clusters. Cluster I and II comprised of 4 and 8 cultivars, respectively. Two multiplex sets, Multi-1 (SSR312 and SSR366) and Multi-2 (SSR178 and SSR277) completely discriminated 12 cultivar and strains with 21 allele with a PIC value of 0.9090. These results might be useful to provide an efficient method for the identification of P. eryngii cultivars with separate PCR reactions. (This work was supported by a grant from the Gold Seed Project [Supported by a grant from the IPET (213003-04-3-WTI11), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

This study has investigated the effect of isometric contractile force and muscle activity applying sperficial heat according to the time from the biceps brachii muscle. In this study, 20 university students participants without musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. By applying a hot pack 5min, 10min, 20min and 30min respectively. After that measurement are skin temperature, contractile force and muscle activity. Skin temperature of the hot 5 min applied that rapidly changing. Increasing the time it takes to apply a variance has been reduced(p<.001). Isometric contractile force was not statistically significant but highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes and lowest when applying the hot pack 30 minutes(p<.001). Muscle activity and median frequency was highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes. To analyze the above results, it was found that isometric contractile force and muscle activity changed according to the applying time. These result lead us to the conclusion that this study will be more evidence for changes in muscle contraction to apply hot pack on clinic.

The fragile X mental retardation (FMR) syndrome is the largest source of inherited mental retardation. The syndrome is usually caused by the transcriptional silencing of fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR-1). An 18 years old male wascompla띠ing of multiple toαh missing and abnormal facial profùe, of which signs were matemally dominant in his family. In the C)π。gene디c analysis the pa디ent and his parents did not show any discontinuity in the long arm end of X chromosome, but in the PCR produαs targeω19 the CGG repeat sequence in the 5' untranslated region of FMR gene both the patient'’ s and his mother' s gDNAs produced a normal and an extra bands, sized about 400 and 800 bps, respectively, while the his father' s gDNA produced only one normal band, sized about 400 bps. 까1US ， we suppose that the pa디.ent has heterozygotic alleles of FMR gene inherited matemally, and that the patient s FMR gene was in a premutated state relevant to the dentofacial abnormalities.

Background: Atractylodes japonica Koidz. and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. belong to the family (Asteraceae). Their rhizomes, called white Atractylodes rhizomes, are used in traditional medicine. To address some issues with their cultivation, we recently developed eight hybrid cultivars by interspecific hybridization of A. japonica and A. macrocephala. This study was conducted to screen the hybrid cultivars that have high amounts of active ingredients and yield ability. Methods and Results: Experiments were conducted using the eight hybrid cultivars and A. macrocephala (control cultivar) in the experimental field of the department of Herbal Crop Research located in Eumseong, South Korea. We investigated the growth characteristics of the aerial and underground parts. Among the cultivars, ‘Sanwon’ had the highest rhizome dry weight (53.8 g/plant), followed by ‘Dachul’ (50.0 g/plant). In addition, the content of atractylenolide I, II, III and total active ingredients were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared with A. macrocephala, most of the inter-specific hybrid cultivars had a higher content of active ingredients and yield ability. Conclusions: Through study, we established the superior quality of Atractylodes inter-specific hybrid cultivars. In particularly, it was found that ‘Dachul’ may be grown as a superior cultivar, with high amount of active ingredients as well as yield ability.

Background : Atractylodes japonica koidz (AJ) is a perennial herb that belongs to Atractylodes genus. The dried rhizome of AJ is known as ‘Baek-chul’. The ‘Baek-chul’ is used as important traditional medicine in north-east Asia. It is considered to be effective for the treatment of stomach disorder, virus, diuresis, inflammation, arthritis. AJ is heavily depend on import from china and only few studies have been carried out. In this study, we develop SSR marker to build a foundation of breeding, to analyze genetic diversity and to construct core collection. Methods and Results : AJ resources was collected from each different place. To find simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, we sequenced genomic DNA of AJ resources using Illumina HiSeq 2000 System. As a result of next generation sequencing (NGS), we obtained putative SSR loci. From these SSR primers, 553 SSR primer sets were designed successfully and confirmed polymorphism by in silico analysis. Nucleotide motifs ranged from tri- to penta-. Among these, 48 primer were tested in 4 individuals by capillary electrophoresis. Finally, selected 28 SSR marker were showed clear band and polymorphism by Electrophoresis. Conclusion : In this study, we developed 28 polymorphic SSR marker using NGS, and it could be used for analyzing genetic diversity of A. japonica. These marker would be useful for breeding of new cultivar in the future.

Background : Atractylodes japonica koidz. (AJ) and Atractylodes macrocephala koidz. (AM) belong to Atractylodes genus (Asteraceae) and their rhizomes are used as traditional medicine ‘Baek-chul’. The ‘Baek-chul’ is considered to be effective for the treatment of stomach disorder, virus, diuresis, inflammation, arthritis and Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II and Atractylenolide III are the major active ingredients of these. Previously, we developed 8 hybrid cultivars with disease resistance, high yielding ability and high active ingredients by interspecific hybridization between AJ and AM. In this study, growth characteristics of 8 hybrid cultivars were investigated in RDA experimental field. Methods and Results : Growth characteristics of 8 hybrid cultivars were investigated in RDA experimental field. Among these cultivars, ‘Sanwon’ had the highest fresh weight of rhizome (149.5 g/plant), followed by ‘Dachul’ (145.8 g/plant). Most of hybrid cultivars showed higher fresh weight than and AM (108.7 g/plant). In addition, active ingredients (Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide Ⅱ and Atractylenolide Ⅲ) were investigated using HPLC. As a result, The sum of active ingredients were the highest in ‘Dachul’ (0.40 ㎎/g) that was 2 times higher than AM (0.22 ㎎/g). Conclusion : In this study, hybrid cultivars showed higher agronomic performance than AM. Particularly, ‘Dachul’ could be the superior cultivar with high atractylenolides as well as high yield ability.

We used flowcytometry to ploidy verification after that investigate difference between diploid and spontaneous triploid through the truss dimension and classical dimension at crucian carp, Carassius auratus, crucian carp C. cuvieri and common carp, Cyprinus carpio collected from Hangang river, Hantangang river, Imjingang river, Geumgang river, Yeongsangang river and Nakdonggang river, Korea. There were significant differences among the three species for the truss dimensions anterior origin of dorsal fin (2)× anterior origin of anal fin (5), 2× anterior origin of pelvic fin (6), 2× origin of pectoral fin (7), posterior origin of dorsal fin (3)×5, 3×6, and 3×7 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among the three species in the truss dimensions dorsal fin length (2×9) and eye diameter (ED)(P>0.05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the several classical dimensions of each species (P>0.05). Three classical dimensions, most anterior extension of the head (1)×2, 1×6 and 2× most posterior scale in lateral line (4) did not differ between the C. auratus diploid and spontaneous triploid (P>0.05). Two classical dimensions, 1×6 and longest length between most anterior extension of the head and gill cover (1×8) did not differ between the C. cuvieri diploid and spontaneous triploid (P>0.05). One classical dimensions, 1×2 did not differ between the common carp diploid and spontaneous triploid (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the each diploid and triploid species (P<0.05). These results suggest that the classification of each species and classification between diploid and spontaneous triploid morphometrical parameters used in this study are useful indices of morphometrical status in the each species from major river of Korea.