The winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. The total production have steadily increased approximately 40,161 M/T in 2005 to 61,057 M/T in 2009. Several bacteria have been known as the causal agents of certain diseases of cultivated button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus) and winter mushroom(Flammulina velutipes). It is well known as bacterial diseases of the cultivated mushroom such as brown blotch, mummy disease, bacterial pit, bacterial rot, weeping disease, ginger blotch, and drippy gill. Black rot has been recognized as a major problem within the mushroom industry. Pseudomonas tolaasii has been shown to be associated with a black disorder of the caps and stipe of the mushroom. Recently, P. tolaasii was isolated from disease cultivated winter mushrooms grown in Korea. Its symptom appeared as dark brown and sunken lesions on the caps and stipes of affected mushrooms. Inoculation of bacterial isolates into mushroom caps and stipes showed characteristic black rot symptoms and sunken lesions. Results of Gram stain, staining of flagella and biochemical tests identified these isolates as P. tolaasii. This was confirmed by pathogenicity, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and results of an analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas of the Korea. The total production have steadily increased approximately 151,913 M/T in 2000 to 186,400 M/T in 2007. This study was carried out to investigate applicability of mushroom production using various organic media resources within the country. Eight organic resources were collected from various areas. Pleurotus ostreatus and Fulammulina velutipes showed the highest growth at the media of 10% red ginseng marc, 20% lacquer tree, 20% Juglans mandshurica, 10% Cudrania tricuspidata, 10~20% Acer pensylvanicum, 10% Lindera glauca. Mushroom mycelial growth at red ginseng marc media was slower than that of the control. But the sponin of the red ginseng was not detected at the fruiting body grown from red ginseng marc media, And three organic resources(barly powder, sweet potato powder, potato powder) was used to substitute rice bran used in mushroom cultivation. Pleurotus ostreatus and Fulammulina velutipes showed the highest growth at 10~30% sweet potato powder, 20% barly powder and 10% potato powder.

Agaricus bisporus grows on a substrate known as compost, which is a product of aerobic fermentation by various microorganisms. These organisms convert and degrade the straw and form lignin humus complex which is utilized later on by the population of organisms. Theses microflora play a key role in the process of composting and can be regarded as the active agents in the preparation of nutrient medium as many of them may ultimately contribute themselves to the nutrition of A. bisporus. The diversity of microflora according to growing farmhouse and fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus were investigated. The aerobic bacteria and Bacillus as longer of turning stage of compost pile were increased. And, thermophilic actinomycetes and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. showed high density after the pasteurization stage. But Tricoderma sp. was decreased toward the end of turning stage of compost pile. Ten mushroom farms was selected to research of microflora of fruiting body of button mushroom. The microflora showed significant difference according to mushroom farms. The bacteria density was 0.4~41.6×105 cfu/ml and the fungus was 1.3~3.9×103 cfu/ml. But The microorganism density was not significant change for the storage periods. These isolates were classified into Chryseobacterium indologenes(6 strains), Pseudomonas agarici(5 strains), Sphingobacterium multivorum(2 strains), Flavobacterium anhuiense(2 strains), Microbacterium sp.(10 strains), Pseudomonas sp.(13 strains) on the basis of 16 rDNA analysis. The most dominants of these species were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Pseudomonas agarici.

Several bacteria have been known as the causal agents of certain diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). It is well known as bacterial diseases of the cultivated mushroom such as brown blotch, mummy disease, bacterial pit, bacterial rot and weeping disease, ginger blotch, and drippy gill. Brown blotch is the most critical cause of crop loss in the commercial mushroom industry. The classical bacterial blotch disease of mushrooms is caused by a fluorescent pseudomonad, Pseudomonas tolaasii. Affected mushrooms show lesions which become dark chocolate-brown, are wet, and deeply pit the caps and stalks. Although Pseudomonas tolaasii has been known as the casual agent of bacterial blotch, much controversy exists regarding the identification of this bacterium and whether blotch may be caused by more than one organism. This study was carried out to investigate characterization and biological control of Pseudomonas tolaasi and other possible browning pathogens isolated from cultivated mushrooms. One hundred seventy four bacteria were isolated from the cultivated mushroom and collected from main producing districts throughout the country. The isolates were classified into Pseudomonas tolaasii(20 strains), Pseudomonas gingeri(1 strains), Pseudomonas agarici(4 strains), Pseudomonas putida(11 strains), Pseudomonas sp.(46 strains), Ewingella americana(14 strains), Stenotrophomonas sp.(4 strains), and others(74 strains) on the basis of 16 rDNA analysis. The most dominants of these species were Pseudomonas tolaasii and Ewingella americana. Pseudomonad isolates were mainly divided into two groups in white line test and a sharply defined white line of precipitate forms in Pseudomonas agar F(Difco) between the opaque white colonies of P. tolaasii and translucent colonies of certain unidentified pseudomonads. The white line test was positive when 20 isolates of P. tolaasi from different countries were examined, whereas 62 isolates of pseudomonads did not give the white line reaction with a reacting translucent colony Pseudomonas. All the isolates tested for white line forming bacteria including P. tolaasi were highly pathogenic to mushroom tissue. Although browning of mushrooms in host tests does not perfectly help in the identification of P. tolaasi, a conspicuous pitting produced at the cut surface of mushroom tissue is as specific as the white line test in detecting P. tolaasii in suspension in distilled water. URP2F primers of 20-mer were used to assess the genetic diversity of white line forming bacteria. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbor-joining method. In the analysis of RAPD pattern, all isolates of white line precipitate have some of the different genetic traits as collected districts. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that twenty isolates including white line forming bacteria were closely related to P. tolaasii and showed high similarity. To biological control on bacterial browning disease of cultivated mushrooms, six hundreds plant extracts (332 EtOH extracts, 268 water extracts) was used for control of mushroom disease. Thirty plant extracts in bacterial disease(Pseudomonas tolaasii, P. agarici, B. gladioli, E. americana) and thirty three in fungus disease(T. harzianum, C. mycophilum, V. fungicola) showed strong anti-microbes activity. They showed stronger anti-microbes activity at ethanol extracts than water extracts. MIC of extract BCW128 on Pseudomonas tolaasii was 700ppm and HDE17 was 330ppm. MIC of extract YCE107 on P. agarici was 330ppm, JGE96 was 330ppm and BCW128 was 700ppm. The bacteria inhibit tolaasin secreted by Pseudomonas tolaasii was selected three genus(Bacillus sp. etc). Now we are carrying out more research on these bacteria.

The price of mushrooms harvested by bottle cultivation is rapidly dropping and the income of farm households is also rapidly decreasing due to the increase of production cost. Although some of these mushroom farms have employed the systems of mass production, they are in financial difficulty because of the investment they need to do for facilities such as cultivation room and automated systems. In the other hands, some retailers want to buy a small volume of mushrooms of many different mushrooms produced by the small farms and these small farms was required to investigate the common cultural condition for mushroom production of many different mushrooms. In this study, we investigated the common cultural conditions for production of many different mushrooms (e.g., Pleurotus eryngii and Agrocybe cylindracea) at the bottle cultivation farms. The cultural period of Pleurotus eryngii and Agrocybe cylindracea was 30~35 days. The optimum temperature of the mycelial growth was 25~28℃ with the growth room being maintained about 20~23℃ with the consideration of the respiration heat of the mycelium. The temperature of mushroom growth room was 16~18℃ for all growth periods. In our results, Pleurotus eryngii and Agrocybe cylindracea produced the highest yields at the substrate formulation of sawdust 75%, rice brain 20%, soybean cake wastes 5%, water contents 70% and 850 ml P.P. In the long run, our results will result in the development of new automatic cultivation model and increase the income of small production farms.

양송이 단위면적당 생산량이 1990년부터 지속적으로 감소하여 1980년대의 절반에 가까운 수량을 보이고 있다. 따라서 수량감소 요인을 분석하고 그에 따른 대책을 마련하기위하여 본 시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 농가에서 사용하는 배지의 품질이 기계화되는 과정에서 하락하였고, 병해충발생으로 인한 피해 문제가 크게 대두되었다. 양송이 재배농가의 퇴비배지 입상시 배지의 질소함량은 권장량보다 낮고, 입상량은 120~150kg/3.3㎡로 기존 입상량 보다 적으며, 현장에서 질소 수준별 시험에서 질소함량별 퇴비제조에서 질소원 수준이 1.5%가 수확량이 가장 높았으며, 배지량이 증가하면 수량이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 병해충의 발생으로 후주기 수확을 하지 못해 다수확하지 못하였다. 병해충은 주변의 청결성에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타났는데 주변의 미생물상 및 병해충발생정도는 시기별로 조사한 결과 양송이 농가의 재배사 내외의 미생물상은 일관된 결과는 아니지만 대조지역에 비하여 높은 미생물 밀도를 보이고 있다. 이를 해결하기위한 방법으로 청결하고 위생적 관리를 위해서는 병해충 발생의 오염원이 되고 있는 재배사 주변에 방치되어 있는 폐상배지를 처리하는 것과 재배사 주변의 살균 소독방법의 개발이 매우 시급한 실정이다. 대조지역인 대천해수욕장 주변과 대비하여 버섯재배지역은 수십배 이상의 미생물 밀도를 보이고 있었다. 특히 폐광을 이용한 냉·이용 터널에서 재배사의 냉풍 유도터널 내의 바닥 및 환풍기에 곰팡이균사가 생장하고 있었으며, 재배사 바닥에 곰팡이가 발생되어있는 등의 문제가 발생하고 있었다. 간이시험에서 재배소독약으로는 벤잘코늄액에 대한 살균을 효과를 검정하기 위하여 재배사 공기중 분리세균을 대상으로 0.005% 처리에서도 저지원이 나타났으며, 살균효과가 높은 것으로 조사되었다.

팽이버섯의 재배적 특성이 재배환경 요인 중 습도에 따른 변화가 어떻게 변화하는지를 확인하기 위하여 버섯과에서 보존하고 있는 백색계통 5, 갈색계통 4 균주를 가지고 재배적 특성, 병당수량, 개체중 및 수분함량 등을 조사 하였다. 초발이소요일수는 65% 처리구에서 가장 길었으며, 75% 이상에서는 동일하거나 약간 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 백색계통의 균주와 갈색계통 비교에서는 백색계통보다 갈색계통이 짧으며, 균주에서는 가장 빨리 버섯이 발이하는 것은 ASI 4103 균주 이었다. 생육일수는 모든 공시균주가 전반적으로 65%보다 75%처리에서 생육일수가 증가되었다가 그 이상의 습도에서 점진적으로 감소하였고, 백색계통은 동일습도 내의 균주 간에 차이를 크지 않았으나 갈색계통은 균주별 차이가 크게 나타났다. 생장일수가 가장 짧은 균주는 ASI 4103 균주로 95%의 습도에서 생장일수가 가장 짧게 나타냈다. 수확일수는 모든 공시균주가 65%보다 75%처리에서 생육일수가 증가되었다가 그 이상의 습도에서 점진적으로 감소하였다. 백색계통보다 갈색계통이 수확일수가 짧으며, 공시균주 중 가장 빠른 것은 ASI 4103, 가장 늦은 것은 ASI 4166과 ASI 4153균주 이었다 수량성에서는 백색계통 ASI 4166과 갈색계통에서는 ASI 4149 균주가 습도에 관계없이 가장 높은 수량을 보였다. 습도에 따른 차이는 모든 공시균주에서 일정한 경향은 보이지 않으나, 백색은 75%, 갈색은 95% 처리습도에서 수량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 습도는 수확량 및 개체수 변화에 영향을 주기는 하지만 그 보다 더 균주 특성에 의해 결정되는 것으로 추정된다. 대부분의 공시균주는 습도가 증가함에 따라 개체중은 감소하는 경향이었고, 자실체의 수분함량은 습도에 비례하여 증가하였다.

팽이버섯의 자실체 특성이 재배사 환경인자중 습도변화에 따라 어떤 변화를 보이는지를 조사하기위해 농촌진흥청 버섯과에 보존된 8개 균주에 대해 형태적 특징, 경도, 색깔 등을 조사하였다. 형태적 특징에서 백색계통 버섯의 대길이는 습도 낮아지면서 증가하는 경향을 보이나 갈색계통은 균주에 따라 각기 다른 상관관계를 보이고 있어 습도가 절대적인 지배요인은 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 갓직경은 습도와 상관관계가 없으며, 대굵기 및 갓두께는 품종에 따라 약간의 차이를 보이고 있다. 품종에 있어서는 대길이가 가장 긴 품종은 ASI 4051, ASI 4031 이고, 짧은 품종은 ASI 4103 이며, 갓직경은 ASI 4103 가장 크고, 갓두께는 ASI 4103이 가장 두꺼우며, 가장 얇은 것은 ASI 4065이고, 대굵기는 ASI 4103이 가장 굵으며, ASI 4153이 가장 가늘었다 백색계통은 습도가 낮아지면 ASI 4021를 제외한 균주는 L값이 증가하는 경향이나 ASI 4021은 정도의 차이는 있으나 갓과 대가 명도(L)값은 감소된다. 그러나 채도(a, b) 값은 습도처리에 따른 차이가 작아 어떤 평가를 내리기가 곤란하였다. 갈색계통은 습이 낮아지면 명도 L 이 증가하는 경향이며, 채도(a, b) 값은 습도에 따른 차이가 크기 않아 명확한 결론을 내리기는 곤란하지만, 갓의 a 값은 습도 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보이고, 갓의 b값은 a 값과는 다르게 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 품종별 특성을 보면 대부분 대보다 갓 색이 밝은 색을 보인다. 습도 조건에 따른 경도의 차이는 어떤 일정한 상관관계를 보이지 않았으나, 갓보다 대의 경도가 높으며, 품종에 따라 각기 다른 정도를 나타낸다. 가장 높은 경도를 보이는 것은 ASI 4021 이며, 가장 약하게 나타난 것은 ASI 4166 품종이었다. 계통 간에는 갈색 보다 백색이 높을 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과 습도조건 보다는 품종 및 계통에 따른 차이가 확실히 보이고 있다.

This study was carried out to investigate characteristic pattern of fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum and their antioxidant activity. Mycelia of all strains were firstly inoculated into potato dextrose agar(PDA) and then transfered to a media of saw dust which contained 20% rice bran. These mycelia of saw dust were then inoculated into oak tree in polyethylene bags which has been sterilized for 8h at 120℃. The polyethylene bags were sent to a growth room for growth of fruit bodies. Antioxidant activities of each fruiting body were examined by using DPPH(α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl).