토마토 온실에서 담배가루이 (Bemisia tabaci) 유인을 위한 작물에 따른 선호도를 조사하였다. 피망, 토마토, 오이, 가지의 4 종류의 작물을 아크릴케이지에 같이 넣어두고 담배가루이 성충 30쌍을 방사하여 선호도 및 산란수를 조사하였다. 담배가루이 성충은 오이(약 40%)와 가지(약 40%)에서 가장 선호하였으며, 토마토(10%)와 피망(10%)의 선호도는 낮았다. 기주에 따른 담배가루이의 성충 30쌍의 산란수는 오이에서 485개로 가장 높았으며 가지(250), 토마토(131), 피망(126)의 순으로 조사되었다. 토마토 온실에 가지묘를 정식하였을 경우에는 토마토에서는 주당 약 20마리의 담배가루이가 조사되었으나 가지에서는 주당 400∼500마리의 담배가루이가 조사되어 토마토 온실에서 가지를 이용한 담배가루이 유인이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

Autophagy is an important self-eating process to eliminate damaged or unused organelles. We identified nine autophagy-related genes (Atg) including AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -4d, -5, -6, -8, -12 and -13 from the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Developmental expression patterns indicate that mRNA levels of AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -4d, -5, -6, -12 and -13 were highly expressed in egg, whereas expression of AaAtg8 was high in 1stand3rdinstarlarvalstages. TissuespecificexpressionofthesegenesindicatesthatAaAtg1 was highly expressed in thorax and midgut in blood-fed adult female mosquitoes (BF), and head and thorax in sugar fed adult female mosquitoes (SF). Transcript level of AaAtg3 was high in thorax in BF, but head, thorax and Malpighian tubules in SF. AaAtg4b, -4d mRNA levels were significantly high in Malpighian tubules in BF, and head in SF, respectively. AaAtg-5 and -6 transcripts were highly expressed in head in BF, and expression of AaAtg-8 was high in Malpighian tubules in BF. Levels of AaAtg-12 and -13 mRNAs were significantly high in head and midgut in BF. Induction patterns of AaAtg genes against pathogens showed that AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -8, -12 and -13 were strongly induced at 6 h-post injection of S. aureus, and mRNA levels of AaAtg-1, -3 and -13 were significantly induced by E. coli challenge after 3 h-post injection in SF abdominal carcass. In SF midgut, AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -4d, -5, -6, -12 and -13 transcripts were drastically induced at 9 h-injection of E. coli and S. aureus, while expression of AaAtg-8 was highly induced by S. aureus and C. albicans at 9 h-post injection. Each AaAtg gene was slightly induced by E. coli, S. aureus or C. albicans at different time points in abdominal carcass in BF. Interestingly, AaAtg-8 was not induced by microbial challenge. While eight other Atg genes except AaAtg-8 were highly influenced by S. aureus at 6 and 9 h-post injection, E. coli at 3 h-post-treatment, and 3, 6, and 9 h-post inoculation. In the future, we will characterize the functional roles of autophagy during mosquito-microbes interaction.

약제 처리에 따른 담배거세미나방(Spodoptera litura) 유충의 섭식 행동 및 반응을 조사하기 위해 1분 간격으로 잎면적을 자동 측정하였다. 담배거세미나방 유충의 섭식 행동은 섭식기와 비섭식기가 뚜렷하게 구분되었으며, 섭식기가 끝나면 비섭식기를 거쳐 탈피를 하고 다시 섭식기에 들어갔다. 1회 섭식 지속 시간은 약 15분으로 조사되었고, 영기 내 평균 섭식 회수는 약 27.5회로 섭식 지속 시간과 마찬가지로 영기에 따른 차이는 없었다. 약제 처리는 피망 잎을 Buprofezin methoxyfenozyd과 BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) 500ppm 약액에 10초간 침지 처리하였다. Buprofezin methoxyfenozyd를 처리 하였을 경우 섭식 시간은 평균 8~9분으로 감소하였고, 치사 전까지 섭식량은 각각 176mg으로 조사되었다. 하지만 BT제를 처리 시에는 담배거세미나방 유충은 치사하지 않았다.

To elucidate the effect of cellular phone electromagnetic wave (EMW) exposure on the developing cerebellar cortex of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats, animals were exposed to cellular phone electromagnetic waves for 1 hr per day for 3 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed by cardiac perfusion, after which histological samples were prepared and observed microscopically. In the EMW exposure group, external granule cells were remained partially in the external granular layer without migrating into the internal granular layer. In addition, dark stained shrunken Purkinje cells with pyknotic nuclei increased and the outline of cells became irregular and showed degenerative signs, such as mitochondrial swelling and disrupted cristae. Moreover, the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticula and Golgi complex were severely swollen. Bergmann glial cells adjacent to the dark stained Purkinje cells were swollen and cytoplasmic organelles were scant. Dark stained shrunken granule cells were also observed and the outline of cells was irregular. The results of the present study suggest that cellular phone EMW exposure to neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats leads to a partial delay of early migration of cerebellar cortical cells and degenerative changes in Purkinje cells, Bergmann glial cells and granule cells.

미꾸라지에서의 Nitrofuran계 대사물질인3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ), 5-morpholinomethyl-3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 1-ammino-hydantoin (AHD)와 semicarbazide (SEM)의 잔류량을 검사하기 위해HPLC-MS/MS를 이용한 신속한 정량법이 개발되었다. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA)를 이용해 50℃에서 1시간 동안 산 가수분해와 유도체화 과정을 거친 뒤에, 액-액 분배로 정제와 추출을 하였다. 회수율은 음성시료에 3가지 농도 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μg/kg의 표준액을 첨가하여 평가하였고 평균 회수율은 75.1-108.1% 이었다. 정밀성(%RSD)은 일내 8.7% 이하, 일간 8.5% 이하였다. 직선성은 NBAOZ는 0.2-20 μg/Kg, NBAMOZ는 0.8-20 μg/Kg, NBAHD는 0.2-20 μg/Kg, NBSEM 는 0.1-20 μg/Kg 범위에서 모두 상관계수 0.99이상이었다. 검출한계(LOD)는 NBAOZ 0.06 μg/Kg, NBAMOZ 0.24 μg/Kg, NBAHD 0.06 μg/Kg, NBSEM 0.03 μg/Kg이었고, 정량한계(LOQ)는 NBAOZ 0.2 μg/Kg, NBAMOZ 0.8 μg/Kg, NBAHD 0.2 μg/Kg, NBSEM 0.1 μg/Kg 이었다. 가수분해 및 유도체화 소요시간을 1시간으로 줄여 만든 신속 간편한 이 시험법이미꾸라지 중 nitrofuran metabolites잔류량 분석에 적합함을 확인할 수 있었다.

Frederick Denny in Islam and the Muslim Community points out that one of the most noteworthy aspects of contemporary Islam is its growing prosperity in Europe, especially in countries of Christian dominance. Most recently, in the wake of rise of ISIS in Syria and influx of Muslim refugees to Europe, a newspaper reports, “There will eventually be more Muslims than Christians in Europe.” The growth of Islam is taking place not just in Europe. It is a worldwide trend, and the Muslim population is rapidly increasing in Korea as well. To better understand how best to meet the challenge of rising Muslim populations, specifically in England and in Korea, this article attempts to develop a Christian Christological response. To that end, the article first explores contemporaryMuslim trends in England and Korea with an eye toward understanding how to communicate the gospel to them effectively. This includes an examination of the Islamic Jesus portrayed in the Qur’an in comparison to Jesus, the Son of God in Christianity. As is known, pivotal to attaining a meaningful Christian-Muslim dialogue, as well as a credible Christian witness to Muslims, is the problem of Christology. Islam has a fairly well-developed Christology. However, the Christian message that “Jesus is the Son of God” is an abomination to the Muslims. Thus, Christians face crucial Christological questions whether they must avoid the term “Son of God” and instead defer to the name “Isa” for Jesus by which Muslims know him. Facing the obstacles in traditional Christian-Muslim dialogue, the article explores how best to stand on common ground with Muslims while satisfactorily and carefully articulating points of distinction, especially regarding the work of Christ. The article concludes by formulating an effective strategy for relating to and reaching Muslims theologically and culturally, while concretely manifesting Christian love in order to be the love of Christ to them and not just talk about it abstractly.

Hanon Crater is the largest crater with a diameter of more than 1km and the only maar type crater in the Korean Peninsula. It is like a ‘time capsule of the Earth’s environment’, preserving the invaluable scientific information that reveals the process of the Earth’s climatic and ecological environmental changes over the past 5 million years. However, the value of the crater has been unattended and the crater itself has been damaged and neglected. About 550 years ago, as people tore down the wall of the crater to use the crater as farmland, the crater lake disappeared. In recent years, damage has been done to the crater under the threat of development without thought for the environment. This study verifies the climate and environmental value of Hanon Crater and the value of the maar lake sedimentary layers of the crater as a key national asset and the necessity of its reatoration as presented in the recommendations of the 2012 WCC and provides supportable reasons for making the restoration project as a national one in conjunction with IUCN and the international community. In particular, this study, in which the Commission on Ecosystem Management of IUCN also participated, suggests the objectives, strategies and alternatives in restoring the crater wall, lake, and vegetation based on Ecological Restoration for Protected Areas: Principles, Guidelines and Best Practices (Keenleyside et al., 2012) and ways to utilize the cater as a national resource after the restoration such as establishing a center for studying ancient organisms and climate and setting up a maar museum.”

Electronic commerce has provided another access for consumers to purchase products, but some researches have pointed out that there are difficulties for companies to do business on web. For lack of trust, many people not prefer purchasing through virtual channels. Based on the literature review, this study aims at empirically testing the impact of website design on individual trust in internet firms. From statistic analysis, we will conclude that security, interaction, and navigation functionality will affect on-line trust.

Potassium cyanate는 무기화합물로 단백질의 번역 후 과정에서 카바밀화(carbamylation)을 유도할 수 있고 이러한 카바밀화 반응은 다양한 질병 및 조건에서 세포의 사멸과 관련이 있다. 이전 연구결과에서 KCN은 사람 대장암 세포주인 HCT 116세포의 방사선 감수성을 향상시키는 것을 확인하였지만 그 기전을 명확히 규명하기에는 많이 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 방사선에 다소 저항성을 가지는 대장암 세포에서 KCN이 방사선 감수성을 향상시키고 세포사멸 시키는 기전을 확인하기 위해 2 mM의 KCN 처리 후 저 선량의 광자선을 조사하여 세포주기, 세포 생존율, 세포 사멸 관련 단백질(caspase-1, PARP) 발현량, TNF-α 분비 및 TNF-α 관련 전사인자(NF-κB)의 연관성을 확인하였다. 그 결과 KCN 처리 후 광자선을 조사한 세포에서 cas pase-3 및 PARP의 활성이 증가하고 이는 세포주기의 정지와 세포사멸을 유도하였다. 또한 이 과정에서 DN A 전사인자인 NF-κB에 의해 세포 외로 TNF-α를 지속적으로 분비하여 세포사멸에 관여함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들을 토대로 KCN이 radiosensitizer로서 작용할 수 있는 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

봄수확 수삼의 항공 및 선박의 모의수출 유통 중 손실유형을 조사하기 위해 수삼을 기능성 LDPE 필름에 5 kg 대포장 또는 500 g 소포장으로 포장하고 각기 다른 모의수출 유통 온도 및 모의수출 기간 즉 항공 모의수출 유통은 15℃와 25℃로 설정된 저장고에 4일 동안 저장하고, 선박모의수출 유통은 1℃와 5℃로 설정된 저장고에 14일 동안 저장한 뒤 유통실험을 위해 최종 10℃로 설정된 저장고에 수삼을 옮기고 수삼의 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 수삼의 품질 조사는 포장단계부터 10℃유통기간까지 총 기간 수행하였다. 조사결과 수삼의 유통 중 손실률에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 것은 물러짐과 곰팡이 발생에 의한 부패로 나타났다. 물러짐과 곰팡이에 의한 부패를 합한 종합 손실률에서 손실률 20%를 유통한계 기간으로 정했을 때 항공 모의수출유통 조건인 25℃에서 5 kg 대포장은 10일, 500 g 소포장은 6-7일에 20%에 도달했으며, 15℃는 5 kg 대포장은 17일, 500 g 소포장은 12-13일에 20%에 도달했다. 선박 모의유통 조건인 5℃는 5 kg 대포장은 21일, 500 g 소포장은 28일경에 20%에 도달했고, 1℃는 5 kg 대포장은 24일, 500 g 소포장은 29일 경에 20%에 도달하는 것으로 나타나 수삼의 유통은 모의수출 유통 방법뿐 아니라 포장용량도 손실률에 상당한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 수삼의 부패에 관여하는 병원균 중 곰팡이 균은 대부분Fusarium sp., Botrytis sp., Penicillium sp. 균들로 동정되었고, 25℃에서는 Fusarium sp. 균이 우세종이고, 그 이하의 온도에서는 Botrytis sp. 균이 우세종으로 나타났다.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a precious herb plant belonging to Araliaceae family especially in Asia and it has been cultivated more than a thousand years as a traditional medicine. Due to their pharmacological efficacy, old ginseng plants are traded high price, however, there are no crucial criteria to determine the ginseng age. To prevent illegal transactions, we assessed the telomere of ginseng roots based on modifications of the assays reported previously. Methods and Results : It is known that telomere length of ginseng root is shorter upon organismal aging. In this study, to support the determination of ginseng age, we modified and investigated methods through telomere analysis. Firstly, we examined the southern blot analysis whether telomere length depends on ginseng age. Based on previous study, we measured telomerase activity that is correlate with age. Furthermore, telomeric DNA was quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to corroborate telomere shortening. The older ginseng root was shown short telomere length to compare with younger ginseng roots. Also enzyme activity of telomerase and amount of telomeric DNA represented decrease patterns upon age. Conclusion : Taken together, it is help to determine the age of ginseng through various methods using telomere because the results shown to positive correlation between telomeric characteristics and age for ginseng.

Background : The P. ginseng breeding line G07006, was selected for salt tolerance through salinity screening of mature leaves at the NIHHS of the RDA in 2014-2016. However, it is difficult to maintain a genetically stable breeding line of cross-pollinating crop in the field. Therefore molecular marker required to identify and maintain breeding line G07006. Methods and Results : DNA was extracted following the CTAB DNA extraction protocol (Doyle and Doyle, 1987) with modifications. A pair-end (PE) library was constructed and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform by Lab Genomics, Inc. (Seongnam, Korea). Approximately 4.0 Gb of sequencing data were obtained, and de novo assembled by a CLC genome assembler(v. beta 4.6, CLC Inc., Rarhus, Denmark). The complete chloroplast(CP) genome size is 156,356 bp, including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 52,060 bp, separated by the large single-copy (LSC 86,174 bp) and small single-copy (SSC 18,122 bp) regions. This CP genome encodes 114 unigenes (80 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes), in which 18 are duplicated in the IR regions. Conclusion : This complete chloroplast DNA sequence will provide conducive to discriminate line G070006 (salt-tolerant) and further enhancing genetic improvement program of this important medical plant.

This study investigated the physical, textural, and sensory properties of strawberry jam with different amounts (0%, 14%, and 21%) of added rice mash. The soluble solids, pH, and total acidity values of the samples were found to be in the range of 53.00~65.33°Brix, 4.11~4.20 and 0.66~0.80%, respectively. Soluble solids and total acidity decreased significantly as the amount of rice mash was increased. The L-value, a-value, and b-value increased on increasing the amount of rice mash (p<0.05). The glucose contents of the samples ranged from 3.86 g to 4.13 g. The fructose, sucrose, and maltose contents significantly decreased (p<0.05). The organic acid content was measured and it was found that, oxalic acid was not in the control sample (0% rice mash). As the rice mash content was increased, the succinic acid content also increased (p<0.05), but the citric acid content decreased significantly (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, strawberry jam with rice mash showed superior spreading property than that of the control sample. Strawberry jam with 0% rice mash had the highest color and taste score. For the overall acceptability, strawberry jams with 0% and, 14% of rice mash were preferable to that with 21%.

This study was conducted to investigate several indicators of fruit maturity, and expert sensory evaluation was done to determine the most appropriate maturity time for the new Korea grape cultivar ‘doonuri’ for high quality winemaking. The grape component changed dramatically during ripening, after veraison. Considerable drops in berry firmness (<0.60 kgf/cm2) and titratable acidity (<0.66%) were found at the ripening stage while the soluble solid content significantly increased in the ripening process. Most of the organic acids contained were tartaric and malic acid. The malic acid content was about twice the tartaric acid content in the fruit-growing period but was less than the tartaric acid content in the maturity period. The total anthocyanin and polyphenol contents increased sharply after veraison. In particular, the total anthocyanin and polyphenol contents reached their maximum levels when the acidity was 0.55%, and after that, there was almost no change. Correlations between anthocyanin accumulation and several factors were found in sugar 0.7811 (p<0.05), pH 0.9315 (p<0.05), and Brix/acid ratio 0.9409 (p<0.05). Brix×pH2 and brix/acid ratio were used as indicators of the proper maturation of the grapes when the acidity was 0.53 to 0.55%, and at sugar 17 Brix. When surveyed, the quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of the wine made using the latest harvested grapes showed the most reliable sourness. The color, aroma, and overall harmony of the wine, however, were evaluated to be the best when the wine acidity was about 0.60% or when the grape acidity was below 0.55%.

옥수수에서 자식계통들에 대한 유전적 다양성 및 계통유연관계 정보는 1대잡종 품종개발을 위한 교배조합 선발에 유용한 전략을 제공한다. 본 연구는 86개의 튀김 옥수수 자식계통들에 대한 유전적 다양성 및 계통유연관계를 밝히기 위하여 옥수수 전체 게놈을 대표할 수 있도록 50개의 SSR primer를 선발하여 분석에 이용하였다. 그 결과 50개의 SSR primer들은 86개의 튀김 옥수수 자식계통들에서 총 256개의 대립단편을 나타내었으며, SSR loci