Grapevine leaf rust (GLR) caused by Phakopsora euvitis results in the reduction of fruit quality and yield loss in grape production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of genes related with defense responses in the grapevines infected with rust pathogens. In two genotypes of Ampelopsis species inoculated with P. euvitis, the real-time PCR with RNAs was performed to investigate transcripts levels of nine defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), β-1,3glutannase (Glu), chitinase (Chi), superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), stilbene synthase 1 (STS1), and resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT). All tested genes were upregulated in YG11030 as well as YG10075, while mostly the expression of genes was higher in YG10075 than that in YG11030. Glu and STS showed significantly high expression in YG10075 than in YG11030. Expression of ROMT was upregulated in YG11030 and downregulated in YG10075 at 24 hours after inoculation. The differential expression pattern of the tested genes seems to be related with the defense responses, considered to be involved in plant-resistant responses against the infection by P. euvitis, and further studies on resistant responses based on the expression of genes would provide valuable information in breeding grapes resistant to diseases.

충청북도농업기술원에서는 연한 분홍색의 향기가 있고, 꽃수가 많으며, 개화기간을 오래 지속할 수 있는 속간 교배종 난 ‘핑키뷰티’를 육성하였다. 신품종 ‘핑키뷰티’는 2007년 Phal. pulcherrima × Phal. parishii 교배종을 모본으로, Neof. falcata ‘Hwacheon’을 부본으로, 속간교배하였다. 종자 발아, 재배, 선발, 특성검정은 2008년부터 2014년까지 진행되었다. 생육이 좋고 꽃의 색, 모양이 우수한 계통을 선발 한후, 2015년부터 2017년까지 3년에 걸쳐 국립종자원 신품종 심사기준으로 특성검정 결과, 우수성이 인정되어 2018년 최종 선발하여 “핑키뷰티”로 명명하였다. 주요 특성은 다음과 같다. 화색은 연분홍색으로 Red-purple Group 68D(RHS칼라차트)이며, 향기가 있고 화경색은 암록색이다. 식물체 크기는 12.7cm로 대조품종과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 잎의 폭은 1.6cm로 대조품종인 P. pulcherrima에 비해 좁은 편이다. 화경장은 25.8 cm이며, 소화수는 16.3개로, 전반적으로 화분의 볼륨감이 우수한 편이다. 꽃의 크기는 2.5cm 정도이며, 꽃의 순판 뒤쪽에 풍란과 같은 짧은 거가 있는 것이 특징이다. 개화기는 5월 하순이며, 개화기간은 34일 정도이다.

하늘매발톱꽃(Aguilegia flabellata var. pumila K.) 육묘시 적정 용토종류 및 시비 수준을 구명코자, 용토종류는 원예용 상토, 피트모스, 밭흙, 원예용상토 + 피트모스(1:1, v/v), 원예용상토 + 밭흙(1:1, v/v), 밭흙 + 피트모스(1:1, v/v), 밭흙 + 퇴비(1:1, v/v), 원예용상토 + 피트모스 + 밭흙(1:1:1, v/v/v) 혼합용토를 사용하였으며, 시비 시험은 기준시비량을 질소 – 인산 – 칼리 = 12 – 9 – 12kg/10a(초화류 표준시비량)을 기준으로 하여 기준시비량 대비 0%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% 및 150%를 처리하여 시험한 결과, 용토종류는 용토별 화학적 특성은 피트모스가 pH 및 양분함량이 가장 낮았고, 원예용 상토 및 퇴비가 혼합된 용토에서 EC를 비롯한 양분함량이 높은 경향이었다. 발아율은 피트모스 단용 처리에서 파종 30일 및 45일에 각각 48% 및 54%로 가장 낮았고, 밭흙 + 퇴비 혼합용토에서는 86%였고, 그 외 용토에서는 92~98%였다. 파종 후 120일과 150일의 묘생육은 원예용상토에서 가장 좋았다. 시비량별 생육은 무처리에 비하여 시비 처리구에서 생육이 좋았으며, 식재 100일 후 생육에서는 기준 시비량 75%, 100% 및 125%에서 양호한 경향을 보였다. 기준 시비량 150% 처리에서는 오히려 생육이 감소하는 경향이었다. 결과적으로 하늘매발톱꽃 육묘시 육묘용토에서는 원예상토를 이용하고 시비기준은 기준시비량 대비 75%로 관리하는 것이 전반적인 생육이 양호하였다.

Bee venom contains a variety of toxic components, including vitellogenin, which display various biological, toxicological,and pharmacological activities. However, the biological actions of vitellogenin, a venom protein in bee venom, remainlargely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Asiatic honeybee (Apis cerana) venom vitellogenin (AcV-Vg) exhibits anti-oxidantand anti-microbial activities. AcV-Vg is expressed in the venom gland and is then secreted into venom. The recombinantAcV-Vg protein was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells. We found that AcV-Vg reduced cytotoxicity and oxidativedamage against oxidative stress. Furthermore, AcV-Vg bound to microbial surfaces and induced structural damage in themicrobial cell walls, which, in turn, exhibited anti-microbial activity against bacteria and fungi. Together, our data demonstratedthat the bee venom protein AcV-Vg has multifunctional roles as an anti-oxidant and anti-microbial agent.

A Ni-Ti-B alloy powder prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) of individual Ni, Ti, and B components is examined with the aim of elucidating the phase transitions and crystallization during heat treatment. Ti and B atoms penetrating into the Ni lattice result in a Ni (Ti, B) solid solution and an amorphous phase. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) reveals peaks related to the decomposition of the metastable Ni (Ti, B) solid solution and the separation of equilibrium Ni3Ti, TiB2, and τ-Ni20Ti3B6 phases. The exothermal effects in the DTA curves move to lower temperatures with increasing milling time. The formation of a TiB2 phase by annealing indicates that the mechanochemical reaction of the Ni-Ti-B alloy does not comply with the alloy composition in the ternary phase diagram, and Ti-B bonds are found to be more preferable than Ni-B bonds.

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) produced using municipal solid waste was pyrolyzed to produce RDF char. For the first time, the RDF char was used to remove aqueous copper, a representative heavy metal water pollutant. Activation of the RDF char using steam and KOH treatments was performed to change the specific surface area, pore volume, and the metal cation quantity of the char. N2 sorption, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the char. The optimum pH for copper removal was shown to be 5.5, and the steam-treated char displayed the best copper removal capability. Ion exchange between copper ions and alkali/alkaline metal cations was the most important mechanism of copper removal by RDF char, followed by adsorption on functional groups existing on the char surface. The copper adsorption behavior was represented well by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum copper removal capacity was determined to be 38.17 mg/g, which is larger than those of other low-cost char adsorbents reported previously.

Temperature as a major environmental factor affects on organisms on various levels including molecular, physiological, behavioral and ecological levels. Transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) are a cation channel family. Among them, thermo-TRPs are known as a thermosensor. The potential role of thermo-TRPs have been identified in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, in thermotaxis and in thermal acclimation. With RNA interference (RNAi) technique, the role of thermo-TRPs in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, was identified by measuring thermal avoidance behavior in a behavioral assay. RNAi of trpA1 reduced high temperature avoidance, 39 and 42 °C. Moreover, the effects of RNAi of thermo-TRPs on the heat-induced knockout and the death after short exposure to high temperature was measured after one minute exposure at 52 °C, either with or without a 42 °C 10-minute thermal acclimation period. Even though it was relatively short time exposure to high temperature, it was enough to induce high temperature thermal acclimation. RNAi of trpA1 made faster knockout at 52 °C. With RNAi of painless, the recovery rates from heat-induced knockout after thermal acclimation. RNAi of pyrexia reduced long-term total survivorship without thermal acclimation.

Distribution and abundance of species are influenced by their environmental condition. Among various environmental factors, a vegetation is one of the most influential factors, because it is used as habitats as well as food resources. Arthropods including insects play a important role in forest ecosystems as grazers, scavenger, predators, etc. Deciduous and coniferous forests have different plant community composition, resulting in different environmental condition. In this study, we collected arthropod communities at two different deciduous and coniferous forest stands in the Mountain Gariwang. At each stand, three different sampling methods were used: soil core for soil macroinvertebrate, pitfall trap for wandering insects, and sweeping net for insects in the shrups. Therefore, sampling was conducted at vertical habitats in the forest. The results showed that there were no difference in the number of orders from soil at both coniferous and deciduous stands. However, the abundance was higher at coniferous stand than at deciduous stand. Collembola was the dominant taxa in soil. Meanwhile, there were no statistically significant differences of community composition between coniferous stand and deciduous stands. Multivariate analyses was conducted to characterize differences of communities at different stands as well as vertical distribution in forest.

This study investigated the effects of drying methods and drying time on the changes in anthocyanin content in colored barley. Colored barley cultivar Boanchalbori was harvested at a time when the anthocyanin content was the most and dried in afield. The harvested barley was then treated by two methods, sun drying and shade drying, for 4, 8, 24, and 32 h. The moisture content of the sun-dried barley decreased slightly faster than shade-dried samples, but the difference was not statistically significant. Chemical analysis indicated that the samples dried under shaded conditions had slightly higher crude fiber and lower nitrogen free extract, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no difference in the total digestible nutrients between the two methods. In the case of sun-dried barley, the anthocyanin content decreased compared to the control and shade-dried samples after drying for 4 h (p < 0.05), was maintained at a constant level at 24 h, and then decreased at 32 h. In case of shade-dried barley, the anthocyanin content decreased gradually with the drying time, and a significant decrease was found at 24 h of drying (p<0.05) as compared to the control. The shade-dried method was more successful in reducing anthocyanin loss than the sun-dried method (p<0.05). There was a slight decrease in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging with drying time in the shade-dried method, and a significant decrease after 4 h with the sun-dried method. These results showed that covering with a two-layer awning was advantageous to dry colored barley in the field conditions.

This study was conducted to develop gibberellin treatment technique to enhance flower initiation in Aquilegia japonica Nakai & H. Hara. Seedlings were planted in 12㎝-diameter pots on October 2016 and grown in green house. Ambient temperature in the green house was set at minimum 15℃ during day and night to suppress flower initiation at cold temperature condition. Two different types of gibberellin, GA3 and GA4+7, at 4 different concentration levels 100, 200, 400 and 600 ㎎/L, were tested in this study. Gibberellin was sprayed first at planting and secondly at 1-week after planting. Ten to fifteen ㎖ of gibberellin was sprayed for each pot. Plant height and petiole length were elongated by both gibberellin types, flowering was more enhanced by GA3 (91.7∼100%) compared to of GA4+7. However, abnormal flower was less observed in GA3 treatment (0∼16.7%) than GA4+7. Number of flower stalks per plant ranged from 1.9 to 2.5. Number of flowers per plant ranged from 6.8 to 10.3. Differences in flowering characteristics between treatments were statistically significant. Optimal gibberellin treatment to enhance flower initiation in A. japonica Nakai & H. Hara substituting cold treatment was GA3 at the concentration between 400 ㎎/L to 600 ㎎/L.

Current consumers have interest in nutrition and health. So, the interest in barley for other food and industrial applications is increasing. Noodles, which have been consumed largely in korea, are usually made from wheat flour, salt and appropriate amount of water. A New Six-rowed Naked Barley Cultivar “Dahan” was developed in 2012, have high winter hardness, lodging tolerance and good noodle property. It was crossed in 2001, and an elit line was selected in 2010 and designated as ‘Iksan 106’. It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials (RYT) from 2010 to 2012. The average heading and maturing dates of “Dahan” were April 29 and June 3 in paddy field, which were two day earlier than those of the check cultivar ‘Saessalbori’ respectively. The new cultivar, “Dahan”, had 92cm of culm length and 3.9cm of spike length. It showed 625 spikes per m2, 54 grains per spike, 31.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 815 g of test weight. “Dahan” showed better resistance to BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) than those of the check cultivar. Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 4.32 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 16% higher than those of the check cultivar. It showed higher breakdown and setback than those of the check cultivar. Texture properties of noodle was better in hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness. This cultivar would be suitable for the industrial application as noodle and bread.

Anthocyanins are the primary pigments in black, blue, and purple cereal grains. Recently, anthocyanins have been recognized as health-enhancing substances due to their antioxidant activity. Anthocyanin-pigmented barley grains can be a stable source of anthocyanins as well as β-glucan. Cloered barley as purple, blue and black barley consumptions are rapidlly growing presently due to their healthy functional food ingredients in Korea. Color barley cultivars accumulate purple pigments in the stem, awn, lemma, palea, and pericarp during seed maturation. The large consumption of barley in human foods is almost pearled products. Here we investigated composition of pearled barley and pearling by-products of korean colored barley varieties by degree of pearling. Barley grains from four hull-less colored barley varieties, Zasoojeongchal, Boseokchal Ganghochung and Huknarae were pearled to various degrees(5-50%). The composition (β -glucan, total phenol, proanthocyanidin and total anthocyanin) of pearled barley fractions flour and pearled barley grain was determined. β-glucan content was not changed seriously in pearled barley grain according to increasing pearling degree. Total phenol and proanthocyanidin content was decreased. β-glucan content was increased in pearling by-products according to increasing pearling degree and total phenol and proanthocyanidin content was decreased. Total anthocyanin content also was decreased in pearled barley fractions flour by the degree of pearling.