In the event of a radioactive release, it is essential to quickly detect and locate the source of the release, as well as track the movement of the plume to assess the potential impact on public health and safety. Fixed monitoring posts are limited in their ability to provide a complete picture of the radiation distribution, and the information they provide may not be available in real-time. This is why other types of monitoring systems, such as mobile monitoring, aerial monitoring, and personal dosimeters, are also used in emergency situations to complement the information provided by fixed monitoring posts. Also, the monitoring system can be improved by using the Kriging technique, which is one of the interpolation methods, to predict the radiation dose in the relevant districts. This can be achieved by utilizing both the GPS information and the radiation dose measured at a particular point. The Kriging method involves estimating the value between different measurement points by considering the distance between them. The model used GPS and radiation data that were measured around the Hanbit NPP. The data were collected using a radiation measuring detector on a bus that traveled around the NPP area at 2-second intervals for one day. From the collected data, 200 data points were randomly selected for analysis, excluding the data measured at the bus garage out of a total of 16,550 data points. The average dose of the daily measurement data was 117.94 nSv/h, and the average dose of the 200 randomly extracted data was 119.17 nSv/h. The GPS and radiation dose data were utilized to predict the radiation dose around the Yeonggwang area where the Hanbit NPP is located. In the event of an abnormal release of radioactive material, it can be difficult to accurately determine the dose unless a monitoring measurement point is present. This can delay the rapid evacuation of residents during an emergency situation. By utilizing the Kriging model to make predictions, it is anticipated that more accurate dose predictions can be generated, particularly during accident scenarios. This can aid in the development of appropriate resident protection measures.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of drip irrigation volume on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a greenhouse using perlite medium. Plants were treated by three different irrigation treatment I0, I25, and I50 (where irrigation volume of I25 and I50 was 25% and 50% higher than I0, having limited or no leaching). Growth characteristics of plants, yield and water use efficiency were measured. The result showed that plant height, leaf length and leaf width were lowest in the I0 treated plants. However, these parameters were not statistically significant differences between the plants that were grown in the I25 and I50 treatment. Soluble solids content, acidity and dry matter of 111th, 132nd, and 143rd days harvested tomato were higher in the plants irrigated with lowest volume (I0) than the higher volume (I25 or I50). In addition, water content was lower in the 111th and 132nd days of harvested tomatoes from the I0 treatment. The number of big-size tomatoes (>180 g) was significantly higher in the I25 irrigated plants. There was no significant difference in the total number of harvested fruits among the treatments. The average fruit weight and total yield of harvested tomatoes were lowest in the I0 treated plants. The water consumption of tomato was not significantly different amongst the treatments but water use efficiency was lowest in the I0 treatment. Principal component analysis revealed that total soluble solid and acidity of tomato showed a positive correlation between each other. These results suggest that I25 was the optimum irrigation treatment for tomato based on its measured growth characteristics, yield and water use efficiency.

연구는 갈치 Trichiurus lepturus의 성 성숙과 생식생물학적 기초 정보를 제공하기 위해 수행하 였다. 난자형성과정 동안 난모세포와 핵의 크기는 증가하였으나 핵에 대한 인의 비율은 감소 하였다. H-E 염색 결과, 세포질의 염색성은 호염기성에서 호산성으로 변하였다. 난황형성개시 기 난모세포의 난경은 약 63.2 (±12.7) μm였다. 세포질에서는 호산성의 난황핵이 관찰되었다. 성숙기 난모세포의 난경은 216.6 (±24.7) μm였으며, GVBD (germinal vesicle breakdown)가 관 찰되었다. 완숙기 난모세포의 난경은 317.9 (±80.9) μm였으며, 방사대의 두께는 4.2 (±1.7) μm 였다. 난모세포의 발달형태는 난군동기발달형에 속하며, 난황 축적은 대부분의 경골어류와 마 찬가지로 외재적 방법과 내재적 방법에 의한 것으로 판단되었다.

연구는 기름가자미의 성비, 군성숙도 및 주 산란기에 관한 정보를 얻기 위해 수행하였다. 성비 (암:수)는 1:0.54 (n=189:103, 암컷 64.7%)였으며, 전장이 증가함에 따라 암컷의 비율이 높아지 는 경향을 보였다. 난모세포 발달패턴은 동일 난소 내에서 여러 단계의 난모세포군이 확인되 는 난군동기발달형이었다. 로지스틱 회귀모델에 의해 분석된 50% 성숙 전장은 암, 수 각각 28.51 cm과 30.49 cm였다. GSI는 암, 수 각각 4월과 3월에 가장 높았으며, 주 산란기는 4-5월 로 분석되었다.

The poor durability issue of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is a major concern in terms of their commercialization. To understand the degradation mechanism of the catalysts, an accelerated durability test (ADT) was conducted according to the protocol established by internationally accredited organizations. However, reversible and irreversible factors contributing to the loss of activity have not yet been practically segregated because of the limitations of a batch-type three-electrode system, leading to the misunderstanding of the deactivation mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effect of a fresh electrolyte on the ADT and recovery process. When the fresh electrolyte was used at every range of the cycle, the chances of incorrect detection of dissolved CO and Pt ions in the electrolyte were very low. When the same electrolyte was used throughout the test, the accumulated Pt ions were deposited on the surface of the Pt nanoparticles or carbon support, affording an increased electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of Pt. Therefore, we believe that periodic replacement by a fresh electrolyte or a continuous-flow electrolyte is essential for the precise determination of the structural and electrochemical changes in Pt/C catalysts.

본 연구는 여수 인근 13개 무인도 주변 해역의 굴 Crassostrea gigas (n=410, SH 43.3±11.4 mm) 에서 확인된 인터섹스 현상을 보고하고자 하였다. 전체 성비(암:수)는 1:1.1이었으나 채집 정점 별로 성비의 차이를 보였다. 가장도, 소경도, 중삼도에서는 암컷이 65% 이상의 높은 비율을 보 였으며, 송도, 초도, 부서도에서는 수컷이 65% 이상의 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 전체 intersexuality 는 약 12.8%로 암컷에서 약 34.7%, 수컷에서 약 64.3%로 수컷에서 높았다. Intersexuality는 가막만의 초도에서 약 43.8%로 가장 높았다. 조직학적으로 인터섹스는 intrafollicular type, interfollicular type, mixed type의 세 가지 형태로 나눌 수 있었다. 이들 세 가지 형태 가운데 intrafollicular type이 약 81.6%로 가장 우세하였다. 본 연구에서 보고된 굴의 인터섹스 원인에 관해서는 추후 세부적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 논문에서는 고리 1호기 해체 비용 추정을 위해 외국 원자력발전소 해체 비용 데이터를 현가화한 후 원자력발전소 해체 비용 추정 회귀 분석모델을 개발하였다. 이 모델 개발에 사용된 데이터는 해체 또는 진행 중인 BWR 13기, PWR 16기의 해체 비용 데이터이다. 회귀 분석모델 도출을 위해, 해체 비용을 종속변수로 정하고, 해체 원전의 운전 특성을 반영할 수 있게 고 안된 Contamination factor와 해체 기간을 독립변수로 선정하였다. 빅데이터 분석 도구인 R language의 통계패키지를 이용 하여 회귀 분석모델을 도출하였다. 이 회귀 분석 모델을 적용하여 고리 1호기 해체 비용을 예측한 결과, 미화 663.40~928.32 백만 달러, 한화 약 7,828.12억~1조 954.18억 원이 소요될 것으로 예측되었다.

This study analyzed what premium features significantly affect customer satisfaction and their recommendation, and what factors significantly affect product attributes. In the process, first, the loyalty program and the customer compensation program were studied to determine the impact of the customer satisfaction and recommendation. The study analyzed that quality and design of product properties had significant effects on all factors, but the brand was not significantly affected. Second, while superiority, differentiation and scarcity of luxury items are significant to customer satisfaction but superiority is only significant in relation to recommendation intention. Third, the preceding study shows that the customer compensation program has a significant impact on sales growth, but the study found that it was not for imported luxury car customers. Fourth, if the royalties program is low in awareness, it has been analyzed that the scarcity and customer satisfaction relationships among luxury goods have been adjusted. On the contrary, if there is a high level of awareness, it is analyzed that there is a control effect customer satisfaction and differentiation among luxury brands. In the conclusion, in order to satisfy customers at the import luxury car market, the differentiation of luxury goods by standard index must be strengthened and the brand must be strengthened among the attributes of the product. In addition, by raising awareness of the royalties program, the relationship between differentiation and customer satisfaction can be enhanced.

Composite pavements are constructed by placing a high functional asphalt surface layer on a high performance concrete rigid base layer and provide a more durable, high functional surface to road users. Service life of composite pavements is dependent on the bonding performance of the lower rigid base and the flexible surface layer. Accordingly, it is necessary to place an impermeability layer between the functional surface layer and the rigid base to enhance bonding performance and to prevent moisture penetration into the rigid base and deterioration of pavement. In order to use optimal composite pavement sections, two types were applied to impermeability layer: highly impermeable water-tight SMA and mastic asphalt currently in use. APT (Accelerated Pavement Testing) and experimental construction were carried out to evaluate bond strengths between the rigid base and the impermeability layer depending on the type of impermeability layers. Composite pavement sections for the APT had a 22 cm concrete rigid base layer and a 5cm functional surface, as well as either 5cm of SMA impermeability layer and 5cm of mastic layer. After applying around 8,574,000 ESALs, pull-off test was conducted, which showed that the mastic section outperformed the SMA section. In the experimental construction, three types of rigid base layers, JCP (Jointed Concrete Pavement), CRCP (Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement), and RCCP (Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement), were used for composite pavement sections, and as in the APT, two types of impermeability layers, SMA and mastic, were used per rigid base layer of new and deteriorated concrete pavement. Therefore, seven composite pavement sections in total were constructed. We measured the bond strength over one year or so following the construction of these composite pavement sections and found that regardless of the type of rigid base layer and whether it was new or not, those sections with a mastic impermeability layer had high bond strengths.

감귤그린병(Citrus Huanglongbing Disease)은 전 세계적으로 감귤산업에 가장 큰 피해를 주는 병해로 국내 미분포종인 귤나무이(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)가 매개충으로 알려져 있다. 바이러스에 감염된 나무는 5~12년내에 대부분 고사하며 열매는 크지 못하고 색이 들지 않는 증상을 보여 상품성을 저해시킨다. 현재 접목, 묘목, 매개충등의 유입으로 전 세계적으로 확산되고 있는 실정이다. 귤나무이의 국내 분포가능성이 꾸준히 제시되면서 유입 대비를 위한 예찰방법 및 동정법 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 제주도에는 총 33종이 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있으며(권, 1983; Cho & burckhardt, 2017) 2016년부터 지금까지의 조사로 11종의 나무이와 10종의 기주식물을 확인되었다. 귤나무가 속해있는 운향과를 기주로 하는 나무이는 발견되지 않았다.

Bombolitin is a venom peptide originally isolated from bumblebees and possesses various biological activities, including hemolytic activity. Bombolitins exhibit amphipathic α-helical structure in lipid-membrane-mimicking environments. To investigate their pharmacological and toxicological properties, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and cytotoxic activities of bombolitins from Bombus ardens and Bombus ussurensis were evaluated. Bombolitins of the two species exhibited extremely high anti-tumor activity against ovarian tumor cells SK-OV-3 and NIH; OVCAR-3 at 25-50 μM, which is 2-fold more potent than other wasp venom peptides studied to date (Yoon et al., 2015; Yoon et al., 2016). The two bombolitins showed significantly high antimicrobial activity. However, bombolotin of B. ussurensis showed no antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. In addition to their high levels of anti-tumor activity, bombolitins showed considerable levels of hemolytic activity. Thus, to utilize bombolitins as a potential candidate for anti-tumor peptide drugs, further studies for reducing cytotoxic properties of bombolitns is essential.

The lesser paper wasp, Parapolybia varia, belongs to large subfamily Polistinae and is distributed in Middle East, the Indo-Papuan region and East Asia. P. varia is known to become aggressive when disturbed for defending their colonies, resulting in fatal envenomation. Vespid chemotactic peptide (VCP) and vespakinin have recently been determined to be the top two genes most abundantly transcribed in venom glands of P. varia. To investigate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of VCP and vespakinin, their antitumor, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. VCP exhibited a significantly high antitumor activity against ovarian tumor cell SK-OV-3 at 100 M. VCP also showed higher hemolytic activity than vespakinin. Antimicrobial activity was only observed with VCP against yeast Candida albicans at 1 mM. Since VCP showed a relatively low hemolytic activity but a considerable level of antitumor activity, it has further merits to be exploited as a potential antitumor agent with reduced side effects on normal cells.

Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune response of insects. We cloned full-length cDNA encoding putative apoLp-III from larvae of the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor (TmapoLp-III), by identification of clones corresponding to the partial sequence of TmapoLp-III, subsequently followed with full length sequencing by a clone-by-clone primer walking method. The complete cDNA consists of 890 nucleotides, including an ORF encoding 196 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 20 amino acid residues, the 176-residue mature apoLp-III has a calculated molecular mass of 19,146 Da. Genomic sequence analysis with respect to its cDNA showed that TmapoLp-III was organized into four exons interrupted by three introns. Several immune-related transcription factor binding sites were discovered in the putative 5’-flanking region. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis reveals that TmapoLp-III has high sequence identity (88%) with Tribolium castaneum apoLp-III but shares little sequence homologies (<26%) with other apoLp-IIIs. Homology modeling of Tm apoLp-III shows a bundle of five amphipathic helices, including a short helix 3’. The ‘helix-short helix-helix’ motif was predicted to be implicated in lipid binding interactions, through reversible conformational changes and accommodating the hydrophobic residues to the exterior for stability. Highest level of TmapoLp-III mRNA was detected at late pupal stages, albeit it is expressed in the larval and adult stages at lower levels. The tissue specific expression of the transcripts showed significantly higher numbers in larval fat body and adult integument. In addition, TmapoLp-III mRNA was found to be highly up-regulated in late stages of L. monocytogenes or E. coli challenge. These results indicate that TmapoLp-III may play an important role in innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens in T. molitor.

14-3-3 proteins are known to play a pivotal role in a diverse array of cellular events such as cell survival, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Numerous 14-3-3 ζ have been cloned and characterized from a host of eukaryotic organisms including human, plants, yeast, fruit fly and silkworm. However, no study on Spodoptera exigua 14-3-3ζ in conjunction with virus infection has so far been reported in insects. It appears that expression of Se14-3-3ζ was decreased starting 24 h post-SeNPV infection as SeNPV titers seemed to increase as evidenced by intense bands of SeNPV IAP3. Interestingly, confocal microscopic analysis revealed that Se14-3-3ζ is expressed at the apical side of the NPV-uninfected gut cells, whereas it was detected mainly in the nucleus of the NPV-infected cells. Thus, despite the biological significance of Se14-3-3ζ in S. exigua in conjunction with molecular interactions between SeNPV and S. exigua is unclear now, our data suggest that Se14-3-3 ζ protein plays a role to protect S. exigua from the infection or inhibit replication of SeNPV.

Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway is known to play a pivotal role in various cellular events and antiviral responses in both vertebrates and insects. In an attempt to elucidate the potential involvement of STAT on S. exigua-SeNPV interactions, the full length cDNA of SeSTAT was cloned from S. exigua. Analysis of temporal expression patterns shows that SeSTAT is expressed in all stages of life cycle such as larvae, pupae, and adult. Spatial expression analysis shows that it is highly expressed in fat body and Malpighian tubule. Interestingly, SeSTAT is induced at 24 h in response to either laminarin or LTA injection in larvae. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) shows that the binding of nuclear extracts from fat body cells immune-challenged with LTA to STAT5 probe was observed. In addition, SeSTAT was nuclear-translocalized in both fat body and gut cells that were challenged with LTA and laminarin, respectively. Finally, gene silencing of SeSTAT shows that SeNPV number appears to be increased. It suggests that SeSTAT may act as a negative regulator against SeNPV in midgut.

The objective of this study was to prepare bioactive ginseng yogurts containing compound K, which is transformed from ginsenosides, and to investigate the compound’s cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Milk containng ginseng was fermented by Bifidobacteria KK-l and KK-2, and their activities for transforming ginsenosides to compound K were measured. Among the tested concentrations of ginseng in the milk, compound K was effectively produced in the 3% and 6% ginseng yogurts fermented for 48 hrs. These fermented ginseng yogurts were extracted with BuOH, and their cytotoxicities against tumor cells were examined. The BuOH extract of the yogurt made from the 3% ginseng milk showed cytotooxic activity against P388 and HeLa tumor cells. However, the nonfermented ginseng milk did not exhibit cytotoxicity against these cells. Therefore, we deem that the ginseng yogurt, which contained compound K, could be developed as a potential fermented drink product.

Background : This study is designed to select the best shading materials for the 4-year old ginseng K-1 variety by examining the light volume, photosynthesis and growth characteristics of ginseng. Methods and Results : The ginseng seedling was transplanted in the 7 lines x 9 rows (63 plants)/ 1.65 ㎡. The shading materials were installed in the form of rear line with 170 ㎝ high for front pole and 100 ㎝ high for rear pole. The installation of shading materials were installed in combination of polyethylene, blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene, polyethylene + polyethylene, polyethylene + aluminium screen 70%, polyethylene + aluminium screen 100%, aluminium shade plate to inspect the photosynthesis and ginseng's growth characteristics. The photosynthetic rate was measured on the middle of small leaf using the photosynthetic tester (L1-6400, Li-COR) a t 10 : 00 – 14 : 00 on a clear day with the light volume of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,400, 1,800 μmol s-1m-2.For the ginseng K-1, which is 4-years old, the aerial parts growth (such as survival rate, height of plant, length of stem, diameter of steam and length of leaf) and underground part (length, diameter and weight of root) were examined in 2016. As for the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), the aluminum shade plate showed the best performance while the polyethylene + polyethylene showed the least. As for the photosynthetic rate, the following order was shown in the decreasing order: blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene > polyethylene > aluminium shade plate ≒ polyethylene + aluminium screen 100%, > polyethylene + polyethylene > polyethylene + aluminium screen 70%. As for the survival rate for 4-year old ginseng, the polyethylene + aluminium screen 70% showed the highest survival rate with 91.0%. As for the growth of aerial part of ginseng, the polyethylene and polyethylene + polyethylene showed the best growth. As for the underground part of ginseng, the polyethylene, blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene, and polyethylene + polyethylene showed the best growth in the length of roots and length of main root while polyethylene and blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene showed the best growth in the weight of roots. Conclusion : In conclusion, considering the characteristics of photosynthesis and the underground parts of ginseng, it was found that the best shading materials for K-1 4-year old ginseng is blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene.