There has been increasing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) in various fields. This phenomenon calls for human resources to be equipped with the knowledge and skills of AI and data. The Korean Ministry of Education has opened up introductory courses in AI to high school students since the second half of 2021. It will also include AI education in the 2022 revised curriculum for elementary, middle, and high school students. Despite these efforts to enhance students’ digital literacy through the innovation of the national curriculum, opportunities for taking advantage of AI and data education should be reached for more diverse learners. At the same time, the courses need to be designed with not only theoretical but practical contents and activities based on learner needs. Under these circumstances, the Science Data Education Center at the Korean Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) has been providing AI and data education programs either online or face-to-face for university members, such as undergraduates, graduates, researchers, and professors. In this study, we aim to present cases of educational programs on AI and data operated by the Science Data Education Center, especially regarding those for the university components. Pertinent implications derived from the results of operating the programs will be discussed.

Metarhizium은 대표적인 곤충병원성 진균 중 하나로, 종에 따라 매우 다양한 곤충에게 병원성을 일으키는 폭 넓은 기주범위를 형성한다. 이들이 주로 생성하는 것으로 알려진 destruxins (DTXs)이라는 2차 대사산물은 살충 활성 뿐만 아니라 항바이러스, 항증식, 항암 등 다양한 분야에서 효능이 연구되고 있어, 해당 물질에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. 살충 물질로서의 DTXs는 여러 곤충에 있어 병원성을 나타내는 것이 확인되었으나, 해충 으로서 전 세계적으로 심각한 경제적 피해를 일으킴과 동시에, 화학 살충제 저항성 문제가 야기되고 있는 목화진 딧물에 대해서는 아직 DTXs의 역할이 연구되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 목화진딧물에 대해 곤충병원 성 진균 Metarhizium spp.의 병원성 발현에 DTXs가 미치는 역할을 간접적으로 확인하기 위해, qPCR을 활용하여 진균 처리 후 목화진딧물 사망 시간과 관련하여 충체 내 DTX 합성효소의 발현을 비교 분석하였다.

본 연구에서는 자기공명영상검사실 방사선사의 환자안전 문화 인식을 분석하고자 하였다. 수도권 자기공명영상검사 실에서 근무하는 방사선사 109명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성, 실태조사, 환자안전 문화 인식에 대해 설문 조사하였 다. 의료종사자들을 대상으로 개발된 한국형 환자안전문화 측정 도구에서 최상위 리더십을 경영진으로, 부서장이라 는 단어를 파트장으로 수정하였고 전문가 5인에게 내용 타당도를 검증받았다. 결과적으로 자기공명영상검사실에서 근무하는 방사선사의 환자안전 문화 인식 점수는 평균 3.97로 높았지만, 안전사고경험 비율이 65.1%로 높게 나타났 다. 따라서 정기적으로 이루어지고 있는 자기공명영상검사 안전교육의 효율성 제고를 위한 연구가 필요하며 본 연구 가 기초자료를 제공할 것이라 사료된다.

According to the “Law on protection and response measures for nuclear facilities and radiation”, Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) licensees should conduct periodic exercises based on hypothetical cyberattack scenarios, and there is a need to select significant and probable ones in a systematic manner. Since cyber-attacks are carried out intentionally, it is difficult to statistically specify the sequences, and it is not easy to systematically establish exercise scenarios because existing engineering safety facilities can be forcibly disabled. To deal with the above situation, this paper suggests a procedure using the Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) model to develop a cybersecurity exercise scenario. The process for creating cyber security exercise scenarios consists of (i) selecting cyber-attack-causing initiating events, (ii) identifying digital systems, (iii) assigning cyber-attack vectors to a digital system, (iv) determining and adding type for operator’s response, (v) modifying a baseline PSA model, and (vi) extracting top-ranked minimal cut sets, and (vii) selecting a representative scenario. This procedure is described in detail through a case study, an expected cyber-attack scenario General Transient-Anticipated Transient Without Scram (GTRN-ATWS). It refers to an accident scenario for ATWS induced by GTRN. Since ATWS is targeted for cyber training in some NPPs, and GTRN is one of the most common accidents occurring in NPPs, GTRN-ATWS was chosen as an example. As for the cyber-attack vector, portable media and mobile devices were selected as examples based on expert judgment. In this paper, only brief examples of GTRN-ATWS events have been presented, but future studies will be conducted on an analysis of all initiating events in which cyber-attacks can occur.

In South Korea, the master plan for high-level radioactive waste management, announced in 2016, suggested the construction and operation of intermediate storage facilities on a permanent disposal site and specified the adoption of dry storage in consideration of the ease of operation and expansion. As of 2021, the government is again reviewing its overarching policy on the back-end fuel cycles, including intermediate storage and permanent disposal. In the case of dry storage facilities, safety evaluation is being conducted using a combination of deterministic and probabilistic approaches, similar to that of nuclear power plants. The two methods are complementary, of which Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) has the advantage of being able to identify key scenarios affecting safety, but its use in storage facilities has not been highlighted so far. However, depending on the spent fuel management phases such as loading, transportation, and storage, it may be not enough to capture effective and efficient safety evaluation only deterministically, and probabilistic methods may contribute to the evaluation of long-term operation or external events such as an earthquake. There have already been cases where PSA has been performed on a part of the nuclear fuel cycle through previous studies. This paper created the safety assessment model based on open sources such as the released EPRI reports, by targeting arbitrary intermediate storage facilities. The model considered the scenarios for loading, transportation, and storage, with human error respectively. It will be able to be modified and improved to fit domestic and specific intermediate storage facilities in the future.

Physicochemical properties of water quality were analyzed to understand the long-term variations in Lake Youngrang from 1998 to 2015. Nonparametric statistical methods were applied to deduct correlation among water quality parameters and water quality trend. In total observations (N=64), the Secchi depth (SD) transparency showed significant positive correlation with salinity (r=0.458) and highly significant negative correlation with chlorophyll-a (r= - 0.649) for p<0.0001 in two-tailed test of Spearman’s rank correlation. Significant negative correlations of SD were observed with chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). These correlation patterns were very similar in rainy (N=25) and non-rainy (N= 39) periods too. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) had significant correlation with COD. Sen’s slope test was performed along with Mann-Kendall trend test (significance α=0.05, two-tailed) to find water quality trend. Positive trends were observed for SD and salinity with Sen’s slopes 0.012 and 0.385, respectively (p<0.0001). Negative significant trends were observed for total nitrogen (TN) and Chl-a with Sen’s slopes - 0.02 (p<0.0001) and - 0.346 (p=0.0010), respectively. Temperature, COD and phosphorus components had no trends. Carlson’s trophic state index (TSI) for SD, TP and Chl-a were obtained in the ranges of 46~80, 37~82 and 39~82, respectively. Trophic index values suggest that Lake Youngrang was mesoeutrophic to eutrophic and there could be possibility of anoxia during the summer and dominance of blue-green algae. Excess nutrient inputs from external and internal sources were the causes of eutrophication in this lake. The findings of this study would be helpful to recognize water quality variables to manage the water body.

To investigate the in vivo cognitive effects of syringic acid(SA), Y-maze and passive avoidance tests were performed in amyloid-β(Aβ)-induced cytotoxicity. Learning and memory impairment by Aβ neurotoxicity was partially recovered in Institute of Cancer Research(ICR) mice orally administered SA(10mg/kg of body weight). The SA treated group showed an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase(AChE) that was extracted from mice brain tissue after in vivo tests. Aβ-induced oxidative stress was also examined by malondialdehyde(MDA) and 2',7,-dichlorofluorescein diacetate(DCF-DA) assays, and lipid peroxidation of brain homogenates and cellular oxidative stress were reduced by SA. In cell viability assays using 3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) leakage, and caspase 3/7 activity, the SA treated group showed relatively effective protection against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity compared to the others. Consequently, these results suggest that SA in black soybean seed coat extract might improve cognitive function because of its neuronal cell protective effects against oxidative stress and the inhibitory effect of AChE as a cholinergic enzyme.

At the time of the Confederation in 1867 when Canada became a country the government made English and French the official languages, ignoring the aboriginal languages altogether, both at the federal level and in the province of Quebec. Later, when it joined the Confederation, Manitoba gave French official language status as well. But in most parts of Canada French eventually began to lose ground; Manitoba rescinded its French language policy, Ontario abolished French schools in 1912, and other provinces put restrictions on the use of French. Most immigrants learned English, especially in the western parts of Canada. More recently Canadian bilingualism has not only adopted English and French as the nation's official languages, but also allowed ethnic minorities to maintain native-language and choose English or French as second languages. The purpose of this research is to analyze dual language French- English education in the multicultural society of Canada.

Anti-neurodegenerative activities of aqueous extract from propolis were investigated. The aqueous extracts showed strong antioxidant activities in malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and it effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. In addition, the aqueous extract presented protective effects against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Our study verified that the aqueous extract has strong antioxidant activity and neuronal cell protective effect which is correlated with its total phenolics (290.75 mg GAE/g) including p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid and gallic acid. These phenolics of propolis may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, and can be utilized as effective and safe resources of functional food.

Under the influence of globalization, countries that should seriously consider the complicated social integration of foreign immigrants and national residents are increasing more and more. In addition, radical and religious disputes and cultural conflicts within countries are very serious problems. The purpose of this paper is to consider multicultural education and policy in Korean society toward the aim of envisioning a multiculturalism that is more inclusive and cognizant of the needs of Korea’s new cultural diversity. As the number of immigrants increases, the needs for a multicultural policy has also expanded in Korea in recent times. But this 'multicultural situation' is very new to Korea. By examining the social and multicultural policies in Korea, we can identify some essential points. The balance between 'unification' and 'differentiation' is the main dilemma for multicultural policy. Therefore, establishing a solid agreement with the Korean people for a multicultural society is important. Multicultural education in Korea has recently become an important social and educational issue, reflecting recent changes in Korea's position in the national and global context. Multicultural education is not about paternalistic sympathy for minorities or simply learning about other cultures. It is an educational approach based on the principle of mutual equality. This paper first examines the background of multicultural education in Korean society. Secondly, we offer new goals for multicultural education. Finally, we study some problems with and the current status of multicultural policy in Korea. This study examines the current condition of multicultural education in Korea, and the social background of Korea’s multicultural society and its affects on multicultural education in Korea. From this information, we identify the processes and problems involved in the formation of a multicultural society in Korea. Through this, we look at the implications of multicultural education in Korea.

Antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of aqueous extract from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf tea (LLTE) were investigated. The 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging effect, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and malondialdehyde inhibition of LLTE were increased in a dose dependent manner. Intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation resulting from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment was significantly reduced when LLTE were present in the media compared to PC12 cells treated with H2O2 only. In neuronal cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl- tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), LLTE showed protective effect against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase release into medium was also inhibited by LLTE (7.13-43.89%). Total phenolics of LLTE were 33.16 mg/g and a quercetin was identified as major phenolics (105.93 mg/100g). Therefore, above these data suggest that LLTE including quercetin may be useful in the natural antioxidant substance, and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disease.

Dans l’enseignement scolaire sont apparues des méthodologies officielles définies par des texts ministériels. Notamment, nous devont prendre en compte les situations d’enseigment scolaire des langues vivantes étrangères. C’est-a-dire que les rythmes scolaires, le nombre d’années de cours, d’heures d’enseignement par semaine, d’élèves par class et l’homogénéité de leur niveau, leur âge, leurs besoins et leurs motivations, la formation des professeurs, etc., qui peuvent varier considérablement. La méthodologie d’enseignement des langues vivantes étrangères est constituée du discours des méthodologues directs, du discours des méthodologies actifs, du discours des methodologies audiovisualistes, chacun dans les limites de sa propre problématique. Dans l’enseignement scolaire des langues vivantes étrangères, le statut du dictionnaire dans ces différentes methodologies est remarquable.

본 연구는 고지방 식이로 유발된 내당능 장애 모델의 학습 및 기억력 장애에 대한 스피룰리나 섭취의 개선 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 당부하 검사(IPGTT)를 통하여 고지방식이를 통한 내당능 장애가 유발되었음을 확인하였고, SP는 HFD 대비 약 20%의 당 내성 개선효과를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 고지방 식이로 인지 기능 손상을 유발시킨 동물모델의 Y-maze 및 Morris water maze 시험을 진행한 결과는 SP에서 CND 대비 학습 및 장·단기기억력 장애가 유의한 수준으로 개선됨을 확인하였다. 실험동물의 혈청분석 결과는 스피룰리나 섭취가 일반식이로 전환한 것과 비교하였을 때, HFD 대비 LDLC 감소 및 HTR(HDLC의 비율) 증가를 통한 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 적출된 뇌와 간 조직을 대상으로 SOD 활성, oxidized GSH 함량 및 MDA 함량을 측정한 결과 스피룰리나 섭취가 뇌조직뿐만 아니라 간 조직에서 항산화 활성을 향상시켜 주는 것도 역시 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 고지방 식이를 통한 혈당 상승 및 이로 인한 기억능력 저하에서 스피룰리나 섭취는 CND 수준으로의 개선 효과를 유도할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 스피룰리나 섭취는 뇌 기능과 직접적으로 연관된 콜린성 시스템 손상에도 CND 대비 AChE 활성에 더 높은 저해효과를 나타냄을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 스피룰리나가 고지방 식이로 유도된 내당능 장애 모델에서 발생될 수 있는 뇌기능 저하에서 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선 효과, 항산화 효과 및 AChE 저해효과를 통하여, 비만으로 유도될 수 있는 대사성 인지 장애에 대한 개선 소재로의 잠재적인 가능성을 갖는 것으로 판단된다.

Heterotrimeric G proteins, consisting of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, play important roles in plant development and cell signaling. In Arabidopsis, in addition to one prototypical G protein a subunit gene, GPA1, there are three extra-large G proteins, XLG1, XLG2, and XLG3 of largely unknown function. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and in vitro protein pull-down assays revealed that XLG2 interacts with the nuclear protein RELATED TO VERNALIZATION1 (RTV1). A mutant XLG2 that lacks GTP binding does not interact with RTV1, suggesting the dependence of this protein interaction on the G-protein cycle. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that RTV1 binds to DNA in vitro in a non-sequence specific manner and that GTP-bound XLG2 promotes the DNA binding activity of RTV1. Overexpression of RTV1 results in early flowering. Combined overexpression of XLG2 and RTV1 enhances this early flowering phenotype, and elevates expression of the floral pathway integrator genes, FT and SOC1, but does not repress expression of the floral repressor, FLC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that XLG2 increases RTV1 binding to FT and SOC1 promoters. Thus, a Ca2+-dependent Gprotein, XLG2, promotes RTV1 DNA binding activity for a subset of floral integrator genes, and contributes to floral transition.

A neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been widely used to create animal model for Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study was undertaken to examine whether depletion of brain dopamine (DA) stores with 6-OHDA can make alteration in the activities of the testicular steroidogenesis in adult rats. Young adult male rats (3 months old) were received a single dose of 6-OHDA (200 in 10 /animal) by intracerebroventricular (icv) injection, and sacrificed after two weeks. The mRNA levels of steroidogenesis-related enzymes were measured by qRT-PCRs. Serum testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Single icv infusion of 6-OHDA significantly decreased the mRNA levels of CYP11A1 (control:6-OHDA group= AU, p<0.05), CYP17 (control:6-OHDA group= AU, p<0.05). There were no changes in the mRNA levels of -HSD (control:6-OHDA group= AU) and -HSD (control: 6-OHDA group= AU), though the levels tended to be decreased in the 6-OHDA treated group. Administration of 6-OHDA decreased significantly the mRNA level of StAR when compared to the level of saline-injected control animals (control:6-OHDA group= AU, p<0.05). Treatment with single dose of 6-OHDA remarkably lowered serum testosterone levels compared to the levels of control group (control:6-OHDA group=, p<0.05). Taken together with our previous study, the present study demonstrated that the activities of hypothalamus-pituitary-testis hormonal axis could be negatively affected by blockade of brain DA biosynthesis, and suggested the reduced reproductive potential might be resulted in the animals. More precise information on the testicular steroidogenic activities in PD patients and PD-like animals should be required prior to the generalization of the sex steroid hormone therapy to meet the highest standards for safety and efficacy.