We fabricated dual-phase free-standing polymeric membrane for high performance CO2/N2 separation, introducing amphiphilic, CO2-philic copolymer via one-step free radical polymerization, or (2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PBE). PBE filler partially interacts with Pebax polymer matrix to generate the interconnected CO2 philic network, exhibiting a microphase-separated, or dual-phase behavior in Pebax matrix. The performance of CO2/N2 separation was increased according to the PBE content, with the maximum selectivity at 5 wt%. The enhancement of Pebax/PBE CO2-philic membrane was attributed to the formation of CO2-philic channel consisting of ether oxygens and triazole groups. The best performance was CO2 permeability of 175.3 Barrer and CO2/N2 selectivity of 48.2.

급진적인 산업발전에 따른 무분별한 이산화탄소 배출로 인하여 지구온난화, 이상 기후 등의 문제가 불거지고 있으며 이는 한 나라에만 국한되지 않은 국제적인 문제가 되었다. 위와 같은 문제를 해결하고자 본 연구에서는 이산화탄소에 대해 높은 친화도를 가지고 있는 PEGBEM-g-POEM 가지형 공중합체를 합성하였으며 CaCO3염을 첨가하여 염의 중량에 따 른 혼합매질분리막의 이산화탄소/질소 투과 성능을 관찰하였다. CaCO3염이 고분자 중량 대비 50% 첨가되었을 때 최적의 이 산화탄소/질소 분리 투과성능을 보였으며, 선택도는 염을 추가하기 전 44.7에서 45.42로 크게 변하지 않은 반면 이산화탄소 투과도는 염을 첨가하기 전 22.5 GPU에서 28.16 GPU로 약 25% 향상되었다. 이는 첨가한 염과 이산화탄소간의 상호작용으 로 인하여 향상된 고분자 복합막의 이산화탄소에 대한 용해도에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 염을 과량으로 첨가한 경우 에는 고분자가 복합막의 표면을 충분히 메우지 못하여 계면결함이 생성되었으며 이로 인해 이산화탄소 기체 분리성능이 감소하였다. 기체분리성능 향상을 위해서는 적정량의 염 첨가가 필수적인 것으로 분석되었다.

In this study, mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) containing MgO nanosheets (MgO-NSs) and AgBF4 in a comb copolymer matrix were successfully prepared for olefin/paraffin separation. The MgO-NSs, which were synthesized via a non-hydrothermal method, showed a large surface area with multi-mesopores. Two kinds of comb copolymers, POEM-g-PEGBEM and PHMEP-g-PEGBEM, were used as a matrix for dispersion of the MgO-NSs and AgBF4. The separation efficiency was enhanced by addition of MgO-NSs due to the dual-functionality. MgO-NSs resulted in the enhancement of the activity of silver through specific interaction and also led to increased diffusivity due to its mesoporous structure. The interactions among the MgO-NSs, silver ions, and polymer matrix were systematically characterized by using FT-IR, XPS, SAXS, and XRD analysis.

고분자 분리막은 가격이 저렴하고, 쉽게 제조가 가능하며, 투과도와 선택도가 우수하여 수처리 분야뿐만 아니라 기체분리에서도 중요한 역할을 한다. 하지만, 고분자 분리막은 일반적으로 투과도와 선택도의 역상관 관계를 나타내는 단점 이 있다; 즉, 투과도가 높으면 선택도가 낮고, 선택도가 높으면 투과도가 높다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위한 방안 중의 하나 가 촉진수송이다. 지난 수십 년간 촉진수송 이론은 촉진수송 분리막 제조에 있어 매우 중요하고 다양한 모델을 제시하는 데 에 핵심적인 역할을 하였다. 한편, 촉진수송에서 주된 역할을 하는 운반체의 특성, 매질의 유동성 및 고분자 복합체의 물리화 학적 성질 등을 이해하는 것은 중요하다. 운반체의 유동성에 따라 촉진수송 분리막의 종류를 3가지로 나눌 수 있다; 즉, 이동 상 운반체 분리막, 준이동상 운반체 분리막, 고정상 운반체 분리막. 또한 촉진 운반체가 특정물질과 상호작용하는 데에는 4가 지 종류의 가역반응으로 나눌 수 있다; 즉, 수소원자 전달 반응, 친핵성 첨가반응, 파이-착체 반응, 그리고 전기화학 반응. 이 러한 촉진수송 분리막은 이산화탄소, 산소, 올레핀(프로필렌, 에틸렌)의 투과도를 선택적으로 향상시키는 역할을 한다. 이와 같이 본 총설에서는 다양한 촉진수송 분리막에 관련된 주요 연구내용과 이러한 연구를 수행하는 대표적인 전략들을 소개하 고자 한다.

In this study, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS) was introduced into polymer gas separation membrane. The composite membrane consisted of poly(2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol –2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl] ethyl methacrylate)-poly(oxyethylene methacryalate) (PBEMPOEM) comb copolymer matrix and PEDOT-PSS filler. PEDOT-PSS has strong ionic bonding interaction between PEDOT and PSS, and sulfonic acid groups in PSS interact with water molecules with hydrogen-bond. Because of these specific properties, the incorporation of PEDOT-PSS could form CO2 pathway for gas transport through the membrane. PEDOT-PSS chains were homogeneously dispersed in the PBEM-POEM matrix as a network. The best performance of prepared PEDOT-PSS/PBEM-POEM composite membranes was CO2 permeability of 59.6 Barrer with a CO2/N2 selectivity of 77.4, being close to the 2008 Robeson upper boundlines.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different pregnancy stages on the eating and ruminating behavior of Hanwoo heifers (Bos taurus coreanae). A total of twelve Hanwoo heifers were divided into four groups depending on pregnancy stage: C: before pregnancy, 9 months old, T1: 3 months pregnant, 16 months old, T2: 6 months pregnant, 19 months old, T3: 9 months pregnant, 22 months old (3 replicates per group). Concentrate of 1% of the body weight was fed to them. Roughage was provided at ad libitum to all treatments. Our results revealed that the intake of roughage was the highest in the T3 group (at 3.68 kg) and the lowest in the C group (at 1.02 kg, p<0.05). Total intake in the order from high to low was: T3 > T2 > T1 > C (p<0.05). The rate of dry matter intake compared to body weight (DMI/BW, %) from high to low order was: T3 > T2 > T1 > C (p<0.05). Eating time, ruminating time, and chewing time were the highest in T3 group (p<0.05). Resting time was the highest in C group (p<0.05). The number of bolus and the number of total chews were significantly higher in T3 compared to those in other groups. However, ruminating time per bolus was not significantly difference among groups. The number of chews per bolus from high to low order was: C > T1 > T3 > T2 (p<0.05). The number of bolus per minute was not significantly different among groups. The number of drinking and the number of defecating were significantly higher in C and T1, respectively (p<0.05). However, the number of urinating had no effect according to pregnancy stage. Eating rate and chewing efficiency were significantly higher (p<0.05) in accordance with pregnancy stage (T3 > T2 > T1 > C). Ruminating efficiency was significantly (p<0.05) higher T1 than that in other groups.

Amphiphilic comb copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) behenyl ether methacrylate (PEGBEM) and poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (POEM) were synthesized via facile free radical polymerization. The structure of PEGBEM-g-POEM comb copolymer was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Due to great solubility in ethanol, the PEGBEM-g-POEM comb copolymer could be directly coated onto the polysulfone supporting layer to prepare composite membranes. The maximum CO2/N2 selectivity of the PEGBEM-g-POEM membrane reached 84.7 together with a high CO2 permeance of 21.9 GPU (1 GPU = 10-6cm³(STP) / (s×cm²×cmHg).

지난 수십 년 동안, 고분자막은 기체 분리 분야에서 큰 역할을 해왔다. 온실가스의 주범인 이산화탄소를 분리하기 위해서는 더 높은 투과선택도와 장수명 및 대면적 등을 요구한다. 하지만 기존 고분자 분리막들은 투과도와 선택도의 역상관 관계 특징을 지니고 있으며, 무기물질은 투과성능이 우수하지만 가격이 비싸다는 단점이 있다. 최근 많은 연구가 진행되어온 혼합 매질 분리막은 고분자와 무기물질의 이점들을 혼합하여 기체 분리막의 차세대로서 큰 이목을 이끌고 있다. 혼합 매질 분리막은 대칭적인 구조 또는 비대칭적인 구조를 가지고 있으며, 투과량을 증가시키기 위해서는 비대칭적인 구조가 바람직하 다. 혼합 매질 분리막에서 가장 중요한 변수로는 무기입자의 균일한 분산과 무기물과 고분자 사이의 좋은 계면을 형성하는 것이다. 최근에 새로운 분류의 다공성 결정성 물질인 금속 유기 구조체(MOF)는 이산화탄소 분리용 소재로써 많은 관심을 끌 고 있다. MOF의 한 종류 중, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF)는 가장 흔하게 사용되는 무기입자이며 이는 입자의 크기 를 작게 만들 수 있으며, CO2를 분리하기에 적절한 기공의 크기를 가지고 있기 때문이다. 이 밖에 혼합 매질 분리막에 사용 되는 특정 물질들을 적용하기 위해서는 선택도와 크기, 호환성, 안정성 등을 동시에 최적화시켜야 한다. 이와 같이 본 총설에 서는, 혼합 매질 분리막에 관련된 주요 연구내용과 이러한 연구를 수행하는 대표적인 전략들을 소개하였다.

The newly combined zeolite imidazole frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) and poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethlyene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) graft copolymer mixed matrix membrane (MMM) is developed for gas separation. PVC-g-POEM graft copolymer, synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) process, plays a pivotal role as a soft matrix to provide good permeation, uniform distribution of ZIF-8, and better interfacial interaction with inorganic filler. Moreover, addition of ZIF-8 in MMM enhances gas diffusion through pore in framework as well as gas solubility in organic linker. These synergetic functionalities dramatically improve gas separation performance, which MMMs loading ZIF-8 exhibited enhanced permeability and selectivity compared to neat graft copolymer membrane as measured via the time-lag method.

Muscle satellite cell (SC) is responsible for postnatal muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. Satellite cell is an im-portant source of multi-potent stem cell process and differentiation into adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblastogenic. The objective of this study was to identify alter of transcriptome during differentiation in porcine satellite cell and to elevated transcriptome at different stages of postnatal development to gain insight into the differences in differ-entiated PSC. We used RNA-seq technique to investigate the transcriptomes during differentiation in pig muscle. Sequence reads were obtained from Illumina HiSeq2000. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were detected by EdgeR. Gene ontology (GO) terms are powerful tool for unification among representation genes or products. In study of GO biological terms, functional annotation clustering involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, phosphoryla- tion, proteolysis, and cell signaling in differences stage. Taken together, these results would be contributed to a better understanding of muscle biology and processes underlying differentiation. Our results suggest that the source of DEGs could be better understanding of the mechanism of muscle differentiation and transdifferentiation.

Satellite cells were derived from muscular tissue in postnatal pig. Satellite cell is an important to growth and development in animal tissues or organs. However, the progress underlying induced differentiation is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphologic and the transcriptome changes in porcine satellite cell (PSC) treated with insulin, rosiglitazone, or dexamethasone respectively. PSC was obtained from postnatal muscle tissue. In study 1, for study the effect of insulin and FBS on the differentiated satellite cells, cells were cultured at absence or presence of insulin treated with FBS. Total RNA was extracted for determining the expression levels of myo-genic PAX3, PAX7, Myf5, MyoD, and myogenin genes by real-time PCR. Myogenic genes decreased expression levels of mRNA in treated with insulin. In study 2, in order to clarify the relationship between rosiglitazone and lipid in differentiated satellite cells, we further examined the effect of FBS on lipid accumulation in the presence or absence of the rosiglitazone and lipid. Significant differences were observed between rosiglitazone and lipid by FBS. The mRNA of FABP4 and PPARγ increased in rosiglitazone treatment. In study 3, we examined the effect of dexame-thasone on osteogenic differentiation in PSC. The mRNA was increased osteoblasotgenic ALP and ON genes treated with dexamethasone in 2% FBS. Dexamethasone induces osteoblastogenesis in differentiated PSC. Taken together, in differentiated PSCs, FABP4 and PPARγ increased to rosiglitazone. Whereas, no differences to FBS and lipid. These results were not comparable with previous reports. Our results suggest that adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblasto-genic could be isolated from porcine skeletal muscle, and identify culture conditions which optimize proliferation and differentiation formation of PSC.

Muscular satellite cell (SC), which is stem cell of postnatal pig, is an important for study of differentiation into adipogenesis, myogenesis, and osteoblastogenesis. In this study, we isolated and examined from pig muscle tissue to determine capacity in proliferate, differentiate, and expression of various genes. Porcine satellite cells (PSC) were isolated from semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 90∼100 days old pigs according to standard conditions. The cell proliferation increased in multi-potent cell by Masson’s, oil red O, and Alizarin red staining respectively. We per-formed the expression levels of differentiation related genes using real-time PCR. We found that the differentiation into adipocyte increased expression levels of both fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and peroxisome proliferator- acti-vated receptor gamma (PPARγ) genes (p<0.01). Myocyte increased the expression levels of the myosin heavy chain (MHC), myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), and Myogenic factor 4 (myogenin) (p<0.01). Osteo-blast increased the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.01). Finally, porcine satellite cells were indu-ced to differentiate towards adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblastogenic lineages. Our results suggest that muscle satellite cell in porcine may influence cell fate. Understanding the progression of PSC may lead to improved strat-egies for augmenting meat quality.

본 연구는 벼 대체 사료작물인 사일리지용 옥수수를 논토양에 파종하여 조사료를 생산하는데 있어서 생육특성, 화학적 특성, 무기물함량 및 영양수량을 검토하여 논토양에 적합한사일리지용 옥수수 품종을 선발하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험설계는 11품종을 3반복으로 하여 5월 1일 파종하고 8월 24일 수확하였다. 그결과를 보면 초장과 엽수에 있어서는 KPO가다른 품종에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났지만(P<0.01) 암이삭 길이와 둘레는 P32W86이높게 나타났다. 경경도와 암이삭 수는 P32P75가, 착수고 및 녹색도에 있어서는 NC 7117이높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 근계수와 당도에 있어서는 P3394가 높게, 엽장과 엽폭은 각각P31P41과 P32T83이 높게 나타났다. 건물수량에 있어서는 P3156 (19,782 kg) > NC 7117(18,708 kg) > P31N27 (18,093 kg) > KPO (17,772kg) > P32K61 (17,649 kg/ha) 순으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 영양성분 중 조단백질과 조지방은 각각 P32W86과 P31P41에서 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). NDF와 ADF 함량은 각각 KPO와KIO에서 높은 경향치를 보였지만 다른 품종과비교 시 유의적인 차이는 나타내지 않았다. 조섬유 함량은 KIO > KPO > P31P41 > P32W86> P3156 순으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 총광물질 함량은 KPO가 9,775 mg/kg으로서 다른품종에 비하여 가장 높게 P3394는 6,651 mg/kg으로서 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01). 총 구성아미노산 함량 및 지방산 함량은 각각 P32K61및 KIO가 각각 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 영양수량 중 ha 당 조단백질, 지방산, 구성아미노산 및 TDN 생산량은 각각 P3156이 유의적으로높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 그러나 조지방 및 광물질 수량은 각각 P31P41 및 KPO가 각각 높게나타났다(P<0.01). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 사일리지용 옥수수를 논토양에서 재배 시 생육특성, 사초생산량 및 영양수량을 고려하면 P3156, NC 7117 및 P31N27 품종이 우수한 것으로 생각된다.

Hepatocytes and hepatic progenitors derived from human ES cells may be a useful source for clinical application. Therefore, identification and purification of these cell types would be following important issues. There are very few candidate surface markers that can be used to identify and purify hepatic progenitor cells. In addition, indocyanine-green can be uptaken by mature hepatocytes, but cannot be applied for fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) due to its long emission wavelength. In the present study, we tested EpCAM as a potential marker for magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) of hepatic progenitors and also modified indocyanine-green into fluorescent indomonocarbocyanine for FACS-mediated sorting of mature hepatocytes after differentiation of human ES cells. Hepatic progenitor cells were sorted by MACS after incubation with anti-human EpCAM antibodies. After the final differentiation, the differentiated cells and mouse primary hepatocytes (control group) were incubated with indomonocarbocyanine and were sorted by FACS. MACS and immunocytochemistry data showed that approximately 45% of differentiated cells were EpCAM-positive cells. EpCAM-positive cells expressed α-fetoprotein, FOXa2, HnF4a, and CK18. Differentiation efficiency into albumin-positive cells was significantly higher in EpCAM-positive cells, compared to EpCAM-negative cells. Importantly, indomonocarbocyanine successfully stained cells that expressed ALB. Furthermore, FACS analysis data showed that the purity of hepatocytes that expressed albumin was significantly increased after purification of indomonocarbocyanine-positive cells. Our data demonstrated that human ES cell-derived hepatic progenitors can be efficiently isolated by MACS using EpCAM antibody. In addition, we also showed that indomonocarbocyanine can be successfully used to identify and purify mature hepatocytes using FACS.