For safe management of spent nuclear fuels, they should be delivered to repository or waste disposal site. As the amount of spent nuclear fuel transportation is expected to increase in the future due to the provision of an intermediate storage facility, the necessity to secure transportation cask is emerging. In order to secure the spent nuclear fuel transportation cask, it is necessary to analyze the regulatory processes for domestic and foreign spent nuclear fuel transportation cask. In this study, the regulatory processes for domestic and foreign spent nuclear fuel transportation cask was analyzed. In this study, the IAEA, US, and Korea spent nuclear fuel transportation cask regulatory processes were analyzed. The domestic and foreign spent nuclear fuel transportation cask regulatory processes consist of design phase, manufacturing phase, and operation phase. In the design stage, the transport requirements are designed in accordance with the safety requirements of international organizations and countries. The application to be submitted when applying for approval should include a safety analysis report, evidence proving compliance with safety requirements et al. In the manufacturing stage, it is a stage to check whether the safety requirements are satisfied before the first use after manufacturing the transportation cask. Inspections include welding inspection, leakage inspection, shielding inspection, and thermal inspection. In the operation stage, it is a stage of periodically performing inspections for continuous maintenance of the package when the transportation cask is used. The inspection items to be performed are similar to the manufacturing stage and typically include performance inspection of components and leakage inspection. In this study, domestic and foreign spent nuclear fuel transportation cask regulatory processes were analyzed. It was found that the domestic and foreign spent nuclear fuel transportation cask regulatory processes consist of the design phase, the manufacturing phase, and the operation phase. The results of this study can be used as basic data for policy decision-making for the spent nuclear fuel cask.

목적: 이 연구는 안경과 선글라스에서 테와 렌즈의 형태와 색상에 대한 한국인과 중국인 소비자 집단의 선호도 차이를 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 방법: 한국에 유학 중인 중국인 학생 150명과 한국인 대학생 150명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 그 결과를 분석하였다. 안경광학 관련 전공자는 설문 대상에서 배제되었다. 중국인 학생들에게는 중국어 간체자로 번역된 설문지를 제공하였으며, 제공된 설문지는 한국 대학 석사과정에 유학 중인 중국인 원어민 학생이 한국어 설문지를 바탕으로 번역한 것이다. 결과: 중국인 소비자 집단은 안경보다 선글라스에서 글로벌 유명 브랜드를 더 선호하였으며, 한국산 안경 제품을 상대적으로 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 무테 또는 반무테, 금색테, 투톤컬러 렌즈 항목에서 한국인 소비자 집단보다 높은 선호도를 나타냈다. 결론: 이 연구의 결과는 한국 안경 제조․유통 업체의 중국 시장 진출이나 중국인 고객 비율이 높은 안경원 의 판매 전략 수립에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The legume family (Fabaceae) is the third largest family of flowering plants worldwide and often damaged by stink bugs, particularly Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Heteroptera: Alydidae). This insect selectively feeds and oviposits on these plants, resulting in >50% of damage to soybeans harvested in autumn. The most common control methods for this insect are periodic application of chemical pesticides, pheromone traps, and bait crops, but still they encounters residual problem, insect resistance or low control efficacy. The current management system needs alternative control methods, which possibly combined with the present methods. Some entomopathogenic fungi have high virulence against the nymphs and adults of R. clavatus in a favorable conditions, reaching ∼80% mortality with mycosis in 3∼5 days. The genera of Beauveria and Metarhizium are possible control agents for effective and safe management of the serious pest. Fungal infection in R. clavatus was observed using an egfp-expressing fungal transformant. Thermotolerant entomopathogenic fungal conidia can be produced in cereal substrates, which enables conidia to be stable for long times. Our considerations need to be given to the combinations with other control methods, such as chemical pesticides or pheromone trap.

We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the yellow-spotted long horned beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an endangered insect species in Korea. The 15,856-bp long P. hilaris mitogenome harbors gene content typical of the animal mitogenome and a gene arrangement identical to the most common type found in insect mitogenomes. As with all other sequenced coleopteran species, the 5-bp long TAGTA motif was also detected in the intergenic space sequence located between tRNASer (UCN) and ND1 of P. hilaris. The 1,190-bp long non-coding A+T-rich region harbors an unusual series of seven identical repeat sequences of 57-bp in length and several stretches of sequences with the potential to form stem-and-loop structures. Furthermore, it contains one tRNAArg-like sequence and one tRNALys-likes equence. Phylogenetic analysis among available coleopteran mitogenomes using the concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs appear to support the sister group relationship of the suborder Polyphaga to all remaining suborders, including Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Archostemata. Among the two available infraorders in Polyphaga, a monophyletic Cucujiformia was confirmed, with the placement of Cleroidea as the basal lineage for Cucujiformia. On the other hand, the infraorder Elateriformia was not identified as monophyletic, thereby indicating that Scirtoidea and Buprestoidea are the basal lineages for Cucujiformia and the remaining Elateriformia.

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo. Human ES cells have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Human ES cells are indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative disorders including neuronal disorders. Directed differentiation of human ES cells is a prerequisite for their clinical application. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells. Neural precursor cells were derived from human ES cells in a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells in the form of neural rosette structures developed into neurospheres when cultured in suspension. Suspension culture of neurospheres has been maintained over 4 months. Expressions of nestin, soxl, sox2, pax3 and pax6 transcripts were upregulated during differentiation into neural precursor cells by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expression of oct4 was dramatically downregulated in neural precursor cells. Immunocytochemical analyses of neural precursor cells demonstrated expression of nestin and SOX1. When induced to differentiate on an adhesive substrate, neuro-spheres were able to differentiate into three lineages of neural systems, including neurons, astrocytes and oligo-dendrocytes. Transcripts of sox1 and pax6 were downregulated during differentiation of neural precursor cells into neurons. In contrast, expression of map2ab was elevated in the differentiated cells, relative to those in neural precursor cells. Neurons derived from neural precursor cells expressed NCAM, Tuj1, MAP2ab, NeuN and NF200 in immunocytochemical analyses. Presence of astrocytes was confirmed by expression of GFAP immuno-cytochemically. Oligodendrocytes were also observed by positive immuno-reactivities against oligodendrocyte marker O1. Results of this study demonstrate that a stepwise culture condition is developed for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells.

Korea is located in either low of moderate seismicity continental region. It is realized that the design codes and underlying design concept of high seismicity region may not be a, pp.opriate to low and moderate seismicity regions. The aim of this paper is to search seismic design concept that is deemed to be a, pp.opriate to low and moderate seismicity regions. To this end, the seismicity of Korea will be introduce first and important aspects of seismic design in moderate seismicity region will be discussed. The two-level code system that is going to be adopted in the future seismic regulations of Korea will be introduced.

최근 기후변화와 도시화로 인한 수재해 문제가 증가하고 있으며, 이에 대응방안인 저영향개발(Low-Impact Development, LID) 기법에 관한 연구가 확대되고 있다. LID 기법은 도시 내의 우수유출수를 저감시켜 다양한 수재해 문제를 친환경적으로 제어하고, 도시 개발 이전의 물순환 체계로 회복시키는 기술이다. 하지만 LID 기법에 관한 정량적 데이터가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저류형 LID 기술인 식생화분(Planter Box)의 Curve Number (CN)값을 산정하여, 물순환(침투, 유출, 월류수) 분석을 실시하였다. Planter Box의 물순환 분석에 관한 강우강도 시나리오(60.4 mm/hr, 83.1 mm/hr, 97.4 mm/hr, 108.2 mm/hr)는 부산시 확률강우강도표(2010)를 이용하여 선정하였다. 실험 결과는 건물화분3 (BPB-3)과 거리화분3(SPB-3)에서 우수저류율이 각각 43.5%∼52.9%, 33.4%∼39.0%로 나타났다. 또한 BPB-3에서 CN값은 평균 83이 산출되었고, Horton 침투능 곡선식 적용에 따른 우수유출효과는 17%∼96%로 나타났다.

Background : This study was investigated the effect of organic fertilizer application and stem training methods on the growth and yield of Cynanchum willfordii. Methods and Results : Traditional species, C. willfordii conducted the test to the field in Chungbuk ARES, Korea. Two methods, non-supporting (custom) and I-shape supporting was used for stem training method. Planting spacing was adjusted to 30 (interrow spacing) x 20 cm (intrarow spacing) and other key management is the followed the cultivation manual for standard medicinal crops. Organic fertilizer application is conducted in mid-March before planting of C. willfordii. Registered organic agricultural materials such as fungal cultures (CC), mixed organic materials (MO), fermented and mixed expeller cake (EC), and fermented fowl dropping (FD) was used. Application rate is based on the nitrogen application rate after soil testing. Plant height was both good in all at I-shape supporting (266.7 ㎝) and all in non-supporting (160.8 ㎝); however, stem diameter was more thicker in custom (4.6 ㎜) of I-shape supporting and EC (4.8 mm) of non-supporting. Number of branched stem were good at EC from I-shape supporting and non-supporting, as well as leaf growth. SPAD value was evaluated in MO (52.7) of I-shape supporting and EC (52.3) of non-supporting. Number of branched root per organic fertilizer were showed 7.0 at MO from I-shape supporting, but 7.3 at FD from non-supporting. While length of main root were 27.0 cm in MO of I-shape supporting and 31.3 ㎝ in FD of non-supporting. Root weight also more heavier in EC (66.3 g) of I-shape supporting and FD (53.0 g) of non-supporting. When applied organic fertilizer, total density of soil microorganisms were changed into 38.4 ppm in custom; however, it more plentiful of 90.7 ppm in MO, it showed good effect on the replication of soil microbiota. Conclusion : From the investigated results, MO of I-shape supporting was good at overall growth, including good tendency of roots growth.

Background : The effect of ridge-up bed cultivation and stem training method on the plant growth and yield of Cynanachum willfordii was investigated. Methods and Results : Domestic variety of Cynanachum willfordii was tested at Chungbuk ARES under the following conditions. Nonsupporting (custom) and I-form supporting was used for stem training method, and ridge height was set as 30 (custom) and 60 cm (high ridge). Planting spacing was adjusted to 30 (interrow spacing) × 20 cm (intrarow spacing), and other major management was followed the method of standard cultivation for medicinal crop. Investigated result from leaf characteristics, leaf length was longer in high ridge cultivation (HRC) as 11.1 cm than custom cultivation (CC) as 10.6 cm. Leaf width is proved to be 12.8 (HRC) > 11.2 cm (CC). Leaf number is proved to be 294 (HRC) > 254/plant (CC), with higher number of 44/plant at HRC and weight/10 leaves were more heavy at HRC (4.9 g) than that of CC (2.6 g). It was more fruit setting at HRC over 15/plant. According to the stem training method and ridge height from nonsupporting cultivation, main root was 4.0 (CC), higher than that of HRC over 0.5/plant. However, root length was more longer in HRC (28.6) than that of CC (25.0 cm). Main root diameter was also showed more thicker pattern in HRC. From staking cultivation, root number of HRC was 7/plant, it was recorded more 3/plant than that of CC, and it was also same pattern in main root length and root diameter. By the standard of commercial root, yield of living roots in nonsupporting cultivation were 59.0g/plant (HRC), it was more heavy over 10.4g/plant than that of CC. In staking cultivation, HRC were recorded as 74.2g/plant, more heavy 6.9g/plant than that of CC. Yield from I-form support stem training and ridge-up bed cultivation of HRC was higher approxmiately 52.7% than that of CC. Conclusion : Overall growth by high ridge cultivation of I-form support was good and yield of HRC was also increased over 52.7% than that of CC.

Genome sequencing researches for considerable numbers of crops and wild plants are being developed. Cytogenetic researches according to chromosome number and size are essential to confirm and comprehend ploidy level and genome size before genome sequencing project is actually conducted. Cytogenetic researches on six food crop plants were carried out by DAPI staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench showed 2n=2x=16, each chromosome length of 1.42㎛ to 1.77㎛, total chromosome length of 13.31㎛, and karyotypic formula of 2n=8m; Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight, 2n=2x=22, 2.01㎛ to 3.84㎛, total 28.03㎛, 2n=9m+2sm, Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara, 2n=2x=40, 1.73㎛ to 2.76㎛, total 44.36㎛, 2n=5m+13sm+2st. Chromosome sizes of the other three species such as, Panicum miliaceum L., 2n=2x=36, total chromosome length of 30.83㎛, Sesamum indicum L., 2n=2x=26, 27.39㎛, lpomoea batatas L., 2n=2x=30, total 33.51㎛ were too small for each chromosome type to be identified and analyzed. The result of FISH analysis using 5S and 45S rDNA probe showed species-specific chromosome locations in the genome. These preliminary analyses were carried out to decide which food crop to prioritize for genome sequencing. This work was supported by the “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (No.PJ009837), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Molecular genetic markers have wide applicability for a various genetic analyses, and genetic mapping with PCR-based markers has identified many loci in the rice genome. This study was conducted to develop a genetic map of rice based on SSR and MITE-AFLP

New balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) variety, ‘Jangbaek’, had been developed by pureline selection from some native cultivars collected in Milyang by the medicinal crops research team of the National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station at 200