Despite extensive research attention that has been paid to second language (SL) or foreign language (FL) learners’ argumentative writing, most research has focused on the structural features characteristic of such writers. There have not been many systematic attempts to identify the quality of argument features SL or FL writers rely on, and how they contribute to the overall writing qualities. This study was designed to examine the relationship between the Toulmin elements, widely used measures of content qualities in arguments which include claims, data, warrants, rebuttals, qualifiers, and backings, and the overall qualities of advanced Korean high school EFL learners’ argumentative writing. Each of the thirty three participants’ argumentative writing was analyzed, applying the Toulmin model, and the results demonstrate that their overall argument qualities were closely related to the uses of the fundamental Toulmin elements, especially data and predicted best by the degree to which each claim was supported with relevant and sufficient data. These findings shed light on the need for instruction on the use of Toulmin elements in enhancing the overall quality of Korean EFL learners’ argumentative writing.

To determine the medicinal properties of Pleurotus cornucopiae and Safflower Oil (PS), the osteoblast effect was investigated. PS can prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. It was taken the measurements of biochemical factors such as serum osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, IGF-1, and bone status. Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups for 12 weeks of treatment: (1) sham operation (SHAM) + vehicle; (2) ovariectomy (OVX) + vehicle; (3) OVX + 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg); (4) OVX + PS (300 mg/kg/d, PO). At the end of the experiment, bone turnover, and trabecular microarchitecture were assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histopathology, respectively. Ovariectomized rats experienced remarkable increases in global volumetric bone density, and trabecular microarchitecture deterioration. These OVX-induced pathological changes are reversible in that most of them could be mostly corrected upon 17β-estradiol treatment. PNS treatment significantly prevented bone mass loss and microarchitecture deterioration. Moreover, PS enhanced osteoblast activity but suppressed osteoclast turnover, as evidenced by decreased levels of serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. PS mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture.

Free radicals originate due to the radiolysis of cytoplasmic water with low “Linear Energy Transfer” (LET) radiations. Naringenin (Ng) is a natural antioxidative compound found in citrus fruits. This study revealed that Naringenin (Ng) reduced the radiation damage of critical organs by scavenging oxidative free radicals. In the study, Ng was orally administrated to rats daily for 7 consecutive days, prior to whole body exposure to gamma-rays. The scavenging efficacy was evaluated biochemically by measuring the concentration of cytotoxic byproducts and the activity of enzymes relevant to oxidative free radicals, after extracting the organs from the exposed rat. We observed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the exposed control group. However, pretreatment with Ng significantly reduced the MDA concentration, and increased the activities of SOD and CAT, as compared to the control group, due to the free radical scavenging by Ng. The results indicate that Ng administration prior to irradiation could protect critical organs from radiation damage.

경주 방사성폐기물 처분시설은 향후 80만 포장물을 처분할 계획이며 다양한 처분방식 및 관리형태를 가진 복합계가 될 것 이다. 본 논문에서는 전체부지 처분용량(80만 포장물) 처분시설의 단계별 개발에 따른 영향을 평가하기 위하여 처분시설 종 합개발계획(안)에 따른 예비안전성평가를 수행하였다. 각 시나리오에 대한 안전성평가결과 처분시설의 성능목표치를 만족 하였다. 다만, 전체처분시설의 안전성 평가결과에 중준위 방사성폐기물로 인하여 1단계 동굴 처분시설이 가장 크게 영향을 미치므로 처분시설의 안전성 향상을 위하여 처분방사능량제한 설정 등 관리방안이 필요하다. Safety Case 단계별 구축을 통 하여 중·저준위 방사성폐기물 처분시설 종합개발 과정에서 인지된 불확실성을 저감하여 안전성을 증진 시킬 수 있을 것으 로 판단된다.

This report describes the different responses to dapsone treatment in two cases of sterile nodular panniculitis (SNP). Two dogs were presented with ulcerative skin lesions, painful and erythematous papules, and nodules. History and physical examination revealed systemic signs such as pyrexia, lethargy, depression, and anorexia, in addition to ulcerated and ruptured nodules on the skin. The dermatological diagnostics included clear taping, trichogram, skin scraping, impression smears, fungal and bacterial cultures, and histopathology and special stainings of multiple punch biopsies obtained from the skin lesions. Based on the clinical and histopathologic findings, the absence of microbiological infection, and the positive response to immunosuppressive therapy, both the dogs were diagnosed with SNP. Although both dogs had been treated with various immunosuppressive drugs including prednisolone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and triamcinolone, therapy was switched to dapsone due to recurrent dermatological signs and presumed steroidinduced hepatotoxicity. The clinical responses to dapsone were opposite in the two cases. In the first case, combination therapy with prednisolone and cyclosporine was effective in attenuating ulcerative lesions, while dapsone alone did not control the clinical signs. In contrast, in the second case, the therapeutic response to the common immunomodulatory drugs such as prednisolone, triamcinolone, and azathioprine was inadequate. Interestingly, dapsone alone was effective in controlling the clinical signs without causing undue side effects. Although the usefulness of dapsone for the treatment of canine SNP is unknown, it may be considered in mild to moderate cases of SNP when the use of steroids is not recommended due to its low efficacy or side effects.

프리지아 구경을 기내에서 급속대량증식시킬 목적으로 액 체진탕배양을 이용한 신초 생육 및 구경 비대에 적합한 몇 가지 조건을 구명하기 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 기내에서 획득 한 프리지아 부정아를 MS 배지 농도와 sucrose 농도를 달리한 액체배지에서 배양했을 때, 1/2 MS배지와 3% sucrose 농도에 서 생체중과 건물중이 가장 높게 나타나는 등 생육이 가장 빠 르고 좋았던 것으로 나타났다. 액체진탕배양에서 프리지아의 구경을 비대시킬 목적으로 배양 온도, sucrose 농도, 광의 유 무가 구경비대에 미치는 영향에 대해 실험을 수행하였다. 구 경의 비대는 1/2 MS 배지에 9% sucrose를 첨가하여 17℃ 암 조건에서 배양했을 때 가장 우수하였다. 이런 조건에서 6주간 배양하였을 때, 구경 생체중과 구고는 각각 2.5g, 23mm로 농 가에 정식 가능한 크기로 생장되었음을 확인하였으며, 이는 대조구(고체배지)에 비해 5배 이상 증가한 크기였다. 광조건 하에서도 구경 비대는 양호하였으나, 구경의 측아로부터 자구 가 발생하는 문제가 확인되었다.

Medical mushroom, Phellinus linteus and Phellinus baumii called as “Sanghwang” have cultivated in Korea. PL has been studied extensively for its extraordinary capacity of suppressing cancer or enhancing body immunity. The mycelial materials of PL have mainly been used as research samples worldwide because fruiting bodies was difficult to be artificially cultivated. Alternatively, P. baumii (variety, ‘Jangsu’) have been cultivated in Korea. However, fruiting body morphology of P. baumii is clearly different to that of PL. Generally, Phellinus spp. including P. linteus slowly grow on artificial medium such as Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). In contrast, P. baumii strains were rapidly grown on the artificial media when compared to other Phellinus spp. and thus it was considerable that its mycelial growing ability can be acted as a factor for producing fruiting bodies. This study aimed to find Phellinus isolates having high mycelial growth rate. Five Phellinus isolates that show rapid growth rate on YGM medium were selected from 36 Phellinus isolates collected in Korea. They were identified on nucleotide sequences of rDNA-ITS region. Phellinus linteus strain and Phellinus spp. showing mycelial growth rate comparing to P. baumii were characterized on cultural and bioactive characteristics (antioxidant activity and immune activation).

국내 육성 프리지아(Freesia)가 농가에 보급되고 시간이 지나면서 바이러스에 감염되거나 품질이 저하되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 고품질을 유지하기 위해서는 생장점 배양을 통해 무병종구를 만들고 기내에서 급속 대량증식하여 농가에 보급하는 일이 시급하다. 본 연구에서는국내에서 육성된 프리지아 ‘Shiny Gold’와 ‘Gold Rich’의자구를 이용하여 효과적인 급속 대량증식 기술을 찾고자실험을 수행하였다. 배지는 MS기본배지에 호르몬을 첨가하지 않은 배지와 5.0mg•L−1 NAA+5.0mg•L−1 Kinetin를 넣은 호르몬배지 2종류를 이용하였다. 치상방법은 자구를 횡으로 절단한 절편체를 정상으로 치상(정상치상)한경우와 위아래를 거꾸로 치상(역위치상)하는 2가지 방법을 이용하였다. 치상한 절편체는 23oC의 암배양실에서 5주간 배양한 후, 광도 60µmol•m−2s−1 (16/8, 주/야)의 광환경으로 옮겨 주었다. 치상 10주째에 두 품종 모두 역위치상하였을 때, 정상치상에 비해 부정아 발생이 2~6배 정도 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 호르몬 유무에 상관없이 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 역위치상하고 19주 후 ‘ShinyGold’의 신초수는 기본배지에서 절편체당 42.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 2.5배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 17.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 7.1배 증가되었다. ‘GoldRich’를 역위치상 하였을 때, 기본배지에서는 신초수가 절편체당 55.4개로 대조구에 비해 약 1.7배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 61.0개로 대조구에 비해 약 2.4배증가되었다. 결론적으로 프리지아 자구를 기내에서 급속대량증식 하고자 할 때, 호르몬 유무와 상관없이 자구를횡으로 절단하여 역위치상 하는 방법이 효율적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Twenty Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 30 SSR primers were used to assess genetic diversity of 64 Agaricus strains including 45 A. bisporus strains and other 19 Agaricus spp. Of them, four ISSR primers, (GA)₈T, (AG)₈YC, (GA)₈C and (CTC)₆and seven SSR markers produced PCR polymorphic bands between the Agaricus species or within A. bisporus strains. PCR polymorphic bands were inputted for UPGMA cluster analysis. Forty five strains of A. bisporus are genetically clustered into 6 groups, showing coefficient similarity from 0.75 to 0.9 among them. The varieties, Saea, saedo, Saejeong and Saeyeon that have recently been developed in Korea were involved in the same group with closely genetic relationship of coefficient similarity over 0.96, whereas, other strains were genetically related to A. bisporus strains that were introduced from USA, Eroupe and Chinese.

Renal dysplasia is a developmental disorder of the renal parenchyma involving anomalous differentiation. It is characterized by persistent metanephric ducts surrounded by primitive mesenchyme, fetal or immature glomeruli, fetal or immature tubules, interstitial fibrosis, and dysontogenic metaplasia involving tissues such as cartilage. Renal dysplasia has been rarely reported in rats. Here, we observed a small left kidney in a rat used in a short-term repeat toxicity study. The rat showed no clinical signs throughout the study. All parameters, including those reflecting kidney functions, were normal upon hematological examination and urinalysis. Grossly, the kidney was small (5 × 8 mm) and its surface appeared normal. Histological examination revealed that the cortex and medulla were poorly demarcated and contained immature/atrophic glomeruli, immature renal tubules, and mesenchymal cells. The cortex contained immature glomeruli, atrophic glomeruli with cystic dilatation of Bowman’s capsular space, and some atypical tubules. Primitive metanephric tubules in the medulla were larger in diameter than normal collecting ducts, lined by a tall columnar epithelium with pale cytoplasm and basal nucleus, and surrounded by loose mesenchymal cells. Occasional tubules contained pale eosinophilic homogenous material in the lumen. Thus, this was diagnosed as a case of renal dysplasia on the basis of histologic features and is the first reported case of renal dysplasia in Sprague Dawley rats.

7 new sericinjams are in breeding by the hybridization of silkworm genetic resource, that is, ND strain and the parent silkworm, and the feature of new sericinjam was classified by a cocoon color. According to cocoon color, sericinjam showed two kind of color including the light green and yellow. D601, D704 and D707 with the light green silk were a difference to density of color. Also D703, D705, D751 and D752 with the yellow silk showed a difference to density of color. As investigating the pupation rate which means the healthiness of the silkworm, D601 was highest with 93%, and D703 was lowest with 65.6%. The ratio of the sericin silk showed some difference every breed, and D601 among them was highest with 91%. There is close correlation between sericin cocoon quantity and the dried silkgrand weight. The weight of the dried silkgrand for sericinjams which were compared with baeokjam was low about 2.5 ~ 7.9 times. Among sericinjams, D601 was lowest, and D707 was highest. The pure sericin content of sericinjams was an above 96%, and sericin content of per one cocoon was low 1.4 ~ 2.5 times than baeokjam. Blood of silkworm which makes the light green silk exhibited anti bacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.