Background: Flexible flatfoot impairs gait and posture by weakening arch support, potentially leading to musculoskeletal dysfunction. Strengthening exercises, such as the short foot exercise (SFE), have shown promise in correcting this condition. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of SFE with visual feedback on medial arch height and foot function in adults with flexible flatfoot. Design: Experimental research. Methods: Adults diagnosed with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed SFE with visual feedback, whereas the control group performed the same exercises without feedback. Both groups trained three times per week for five weeks. Outcome measures included the Navicular Drop Test (NDT), YBalance Test (YBT), and Tetrax postural analysis. Results: In the NDT, both groups showed significant improvements (P<.05), while in the YBT, only the experimental group showed a significant improvement (P<.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes in the Weight Distribution Index (WDI) and Stability Test (ST) areas of the Tetrax system in either group (P>.05). Conclusion: SFE effectively improved arch height regardless of visual feedback, though only the visual feedback group showed significant improvements in dynamic balance. However, between-group differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that visual feedback provides subtle rather than substantial additional benefits. Further research with larger samples is needed to establish the clinical value of adding visual feedback to SFE protocols.

Cool-season grasses are currently widely used in South Korea, but their productivity and quality may decline due to global warming associated with climate change. Warm-season grasses have shown greater adaptability to heat stress and drought conditions, making them potential alternatives for summer pasture establishment in central and southern Korea. This study aimed to compare the growth characteristics, productivity, and forage value of warm-season grasses bermudagrass and crabgrass for pasture establishment in the central region of South Korea. The experiment was conducted from May 2023 to October 2024 at the National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, South Korea. Crabgrass exhibited superior initial establishment and faster growth rates, whereas bermudagrass had poor initial growth, placing it at a competitive disadvantage against weeds. However, after the first cutting, bermudagrass successfully established itself and maintained a stable botanical composition. The annual dry matter productivity of crabgrass (8,586 kg/ha in 2023 and 12,013 kg/ha in 2024) was 32.62% and 40.18% higher, respectively, than that of bermudagrass (5,785 kg/ha in 2023 and 8,570 kg/ha in 2024). In forage value, crabgrass tended to show higher feed value at the initial harvest, while bermudagrass showed higher quality at the later harvests. In conclusion, these results suggest that both crabgrass and bermudagrass have potential for pasture establishment, with carbgrass being more suitable for short-term due to its rapid growth and high productivity, and bermudagrass being more appropriate for long-term due to its stable productivity in regions where overwintering in possible.

기생은 신분적으로는 천민이었으나 그녀들이 향유했던 문화는 늘 대 중의 중심에 있었다. 조선시대 궁중여악을 담당했으며 양반사대부들과 문학과 음악을 교류하며 유행을 선도했던 계층이었다. 일제강점기에 들 어서는 권번에 소속되어 극장을 통해 다양한 전통예술을 선보였다. 조 선시대 기생들은 양반출신 부녀자들보다 생각과 가치관에 있어서 오히 려 더 자유로울 수 있었고 사회적 역할에 있어서도 적극적으로 참여했 던 ‘신여성’이었다. 이러한 그녀들의 자유로운 활동은 오늘날 국악의 한 페이지를 차지하고 있으며 시와 문학으로 남겨졌다. 본 연구는 기생 의 예술적 활동을 살펴보고 낮은 신분의 한계를 극복하고 전통예술을 전승하고 선도했던 다양한 활동과 사회적 성격을 고찰하는데 그 목적 이 있다. 오늘날, 기생을 편협된 시각으로 바라보게 된 과정에는 전통 예인 기생과 삼패기생과의 구분을 하지 않았던 점과 그녀들의 예술적 활동에 대한 부족한 연구에 있음을 주목하였다. 전통예인 기생은 시대 의 흐름에 따라 다양한 예술적 활동을 전개하였고 사회적 역할을 감당 하였으며 또한 부응했음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 한국 전통예술 을 전승하고 계승했던 기생들의 예술적 활동과 사회적, 여성사적 역할 을 분석하고 그 함의를 고찰한다.

In this conceptual paper, we use the multiple agency theory to explain the governance issues in cross-sector partnerships. In doing so, we identify five typologies of cross-sector partnerships, each distinct from one another in terms of the governance structure. We also discuss three problems that occur in these relationships, mainly differences in institutional logic, temporal differences, and free-riding and opportunistic behavior, as well as how these problems affect each type of cross-sector partnership. These findings make several significant contributions to the literature and theories. First, this is one of the few studies to use agency theory to examine the governance structures and problems in cross-sector partnerships. Second, our study further contributes to solidifying our understanding of the agency problems arising in cross-sector collaborations. Lastly, our study confirms their presence in other types of cross-sector partnerships as well and we maintain that these problems do not affect each type of cross-sector partnership in the same way, leading us to offer more nuanced implications for researchers and practitioners.

Voice assistant devices (VADs), driven and improved by artificial intelligence, have been adapted for consumers (e.g., Hey Google and Alexa) and are widely used for their daily lives (Guha et al., 2022; Rabassa, Sabri, & Spaletta, 2022). Consumers benefit from the use of a VAD as it makes their daily lives more convenient, more comfortable, and simpler (Zierau et al., 2022). At the same time, companies can also benefit from interactions with VADs by collecting consumer-related data and storing it in large databases for marketing purposes (Guha et al., 2022; Rabassa et al., 2022).

This study examined the MZ Generation Consumers’ perception and needs of HMR (Home Meal Replacement) using local food. The paper provides basic data for deriving a plan to promote local food consumption and reports the implications for various development and distribution strategies regarding HMR using local food. In this study, a quantitative survey was conducted targeting 600 consumers to examine the general consumption status of HMR using local food by MZ consumers. In addition, a qualitative survey was conducted targeting 21 people to derive the specific perceptions and unmet needs of MZ consumers. These results showed that MZ consumers require healthy and fresh HMR but have low awareness of HMR using local food. Therefore, it is necessary to deliver sufficient information and promote it. In particular, MZ consumers have high expectations for ‘healthy and safe’ food when purchasing HMR using local food, which plays an important role in purchasing decisions. They also valued ‘convenience’, which means ‘simple cooking’, ‘subdivision packaging’, and ‘accessibility of purchasing channels’, as important when purchasing HMR using local food. Lastly, MZ consumers positively evaluated the values of ‘healthy eating’ and ‘revitalization of the local economy’ through local food.

The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency conducts a targeted sampling plan and analysis for veterinary drugs within the country every year. Target compounds included tetrachlorvinphos as an organophosphate, diminazene as an anti-infective medication, ketoprofen as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, triclabendazole and clorsulon as flukicides in 2022. These compounds were not included in National Residues Program (NRP), despite their high sales ranking. A total of 94 bovine muscle samples and 20 equine muscle samples were collected from various locations across the country. The analysis of target compounds in muscle was performed using LC-MS/MS coupled with Food code 8.3.1 revised in 2022. A 2 g sample of muscle tissue was extracted using a water: acetonitrile (1:4, v/v) solution, then cleaned up with C18 and hexane saturated with acetonitrile. Compounds were separated with C18 column and mobile phases consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). All analytes exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.992. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of these compounds ranged from 0.21 to 2.79 μg/kg except for diminazene (3.85~6.86 μg/kg). The average recoveries of these analytes were 89.45~129.13% in muscle at spiked level of 10 or 20 μg/kg. Relative standard deviations (%) (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 20% for all target compounds, except for diminazene and triclabendazole, whose intra-day RSD % was slightly higher than 20% in equine muscle. Testing confirmed that all 94 bovine and 20 equine muscle samples from 9 provinces were free from residues of veterinary drugs. Monitoring of compounds not included in the NRP should continue to ensure consumer health and food safety.

Background: A weight-bearing jacket during treadmill gait training is being used for rehabilitation in stroke patients. However, the effect on various gait parameters has not been confirmed. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of exercise intensity through speed increase and weight-bearing jacket during treadmill gait training to restore gait ability in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: This study recruited 24 stroke patients. The subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group (wearing a weight-bearing jacket during treadmill gait training, n=12) and the control group (speed increase during treadmill gait training, n=12). Gait measurement device (G-walk) was used to measure the gait parameters of the subjects. Results: Both the experimental group and control group showed a significant increase in cadence, gait speed, stride length, and gait symmetry index post intervention (P<.05). In comparison between the two groups, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the gait symmetry index post the intervention than the control group (P<.05). Conclusion: Through this study, it was found that wearing a weight-bearing jacket was a more effective method for improving the gait symmetry index than increasing speed during treadmill gait training in stroke patients.

Background: For the rehabilitation of stroke patients, it is necessary to confirm the differences in the mechanical properties of the paretic- and non-pareticside masseter muscles. Objectives: To investigate the muscle tone and stiffness of masseter muscles in patients with chronic stroke. Design: A case study. Methods: This study included 20 stroke patients. Muscle tone and stiffness of the paretic and non-paretic masseter muscles in stroke patients were measured using MyotonPRO. Measurements were performed under relaxation and masseter muscle contraction conditions. Results: There was no significant difference in the muscle tone and stiffness of the paretic and non-paretic side masseter muscles in the relaxation conditions (P>.05). In male, left hemiplegia, right hemiplegia and infatction, the nonparetic side masseter muscles showed significantly increased than musle tone and stiffness of the paretic side masseter muscles in the contraction (P<.05). In female and hemorrhage, the non-paretic side masseter muscles showed significantly increased than musle tone the paretic side masseter muscles in the contraction (P<.05). Conclusion: The muscle tone and stiffness were lower on the paretic side than on the non-paretic side during masseter muscle contraction in stroke patients; thus, muscle strengthening training was required.

2018년 환경부에서 발표된 수도정비기본계획에 따라 다양한 수자원 활용의 중요성이 증가하고 있으며, 여러 수원 을 혼합하여 원수 또는 생산수로 활용하는 워터 블렌딩 방식은 미국, 호주를 비롯한 여러 나라에서 시도되고 있다. 본 연구에 서는 공업용수 공급 목적으로 100,000 m3/일 규모 해수담수화 사업이 추진되고 있는 충남 대산 지역을 대상으로, 해수와 호 소수, 침전수, 폐수 방류수 등 타 수원을 블렌딩할 때 수종 및 혼합비율에 따른 영향을 분석하였다. 타 수원 혼합비율 10~50% 조건에서 혼합수 염분농도는 약 50%까지 감소하였지만, 탁질 및 유기물 농도는 1.6~2.0배 수준으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였 다. 실험실 규모 역삼투 공정 성능평가 결과, 해수의 단독활용 대비 원수 혼합 시 막오염 경향이 증가하였으며 혼합비율 10~50%에서 평균 4.1배의 플럭스 저감률을 나타내었다. 성능모사를 통한 역삼투 공정 성능분석에 따르면 혼합비율 50% 조 건에서 역삼투 공정 에너지 사용량이 평균 39% 절감될 수 있을 것으로 기대되나, 운영비용 등 혼합수 활용에 대한 전반적인 영향분석을 위해서는 모형플랜트 규모에서 장기간 성능평가가 필요하다.

기후변화로 인해 가속화되고 있는 충남 지역 가뭄현상에 대응하고 대산 임해산업단지의 증가하는 용수 수요를 만족하기 위해서, K-water에서는 100,000 m3/일 규모 역삼투 해수담수플랜트 건설 사업을 추진하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 해수담수플랜트 운영비용의 70% 이상을 담당하는 역삼투 공정 성능에 영향을 미치는 주요 인자에 대한 성능 분석을 수행하였다. 대산 지역 해수 염분농도 및 수온 변화 조건에서 RO 공정의 전력소모는 2.39 ± 0.13 kWh/m3로 나타났으며, 막여과유속과 회수율이 낮을수록 전력소모가 절감되어 연간 운영비용이 감소하였다. 주요 막 제조사별 고유량 막의 성능 비교 결과, 전량 2단 여과공정(full two pass) 기준 생산수 TDS는 평균 3.84 mg/L로 양호하였고, 전력소모는 2.22 ± 0.13 kWh/m3 수준으로 확인되었다. 역삼투 공정 구성을 전량 2단 여과방식에서 partial 또는 split partial 방식으로 변경함에 따라 전력소모는 최대 0.29 kWh/m3, 막모듈 설치비용은 최대 15.6% 절감 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

미켈란젤로의 <론다니니 피에타>는 성모가 죽은 그리스도를 무릎에 안고 있는 전형적인 피에타와는 다른 구도를 지니고 있다. <론다니니 피에타>에서 성모와 그리스도는 수직으로 서 있으며, 서로가 서로를 부축하고 기대어있는 듯한 모습을 보인다. 또한 이 전 과정에서 남은 것으로 보이는 팔 형태와 사람의 얼굴, 그리고 세마포와 도유석으로 추측되는 파편적인 형태들이 남아있다. 이와 같은 <론다니니 피에타>의 독특한 구도와 파편적인 흔적들은 이 조각을 피에타 외에 십자가 책형이나, 매장 등의 다른 도상으로 해석할 여지를 준다. 그리고 그러한 여러 도상들에 기반하여 그리스도 뒤편의 인물이 성모가 아닌 다른 인물이었을 가능성을 논의해볼 수 있다. 이 인물의 신체적인 비율과 맨 다리를 드러낸 표현은 그가 여성이 아닌 남성이었을 것임을 시사한다. 그리고 바사리와 콘디비는 그가 니고데모이자 미켈란젤로의 자화상이었을 가능성을 제안한다. 당시 종교개혁의 영향을 받은 미켈란젤로가 가톨릭 교회와 개신교 사이에서 갈등하였음을 고려할 때 그와 같은 해석은 가능해 보인다. 즉, 미켈란젤로는 밤에 비밀스럽게 그리스도를 찾아간 유대인 니고데모와도 같은 처지에 있었을 것이기 때문이다. 그리고 이와 같은 미켈란젤로의 의도는 <론다니니 피에타>를 여러 차례 수정하면서 결국에는 모호하게 남아있게 되어버렸다. 그러나 미켈란젤로는 <론다니니 피에타>를 통해 자신의 종교적 신념과 조각에 이상을 끊임 없이 추구했으며, 이러한 그의 노력은 여러 흔적을 지닌 미완의 대리석 그대로 남아있다. <론다니니 피에타>는 조각가로서의 미켈란젤로와 대리석 사이의 치열한 조각적 과정 그 자체로 이해해야 할 것이다.

During reading instruction, sustaining learners’ reading motivation (RM) may be a challenge but a requisite when the goal is to keep learners reading. In the context of the present study, it was examined as to how RM may be sustained in a reading course. For this purpose, information on learners’ RM was collected in a semester-long university reading course with 118 Korean learners of English at the pre- and post-instructional stages of reading. RM was assessed with Motivations for Reading Questionnaire before and after reading instruction. Results indicated that reading involvement had decreased for all learners whereas the less skilled learners demonstrated an increase of reading efficacy and a drop in reading for grades. A linear multiple regression further indicated that reading efficacy was a significant predictor of reading proficiency only for the skilled learners. Implications are presented on how reading needs to be conducted by allowing learners to choose their own materials, which in turn may have an effect on developing more robust forms of RM.

해수담수화는 지구 수자원의 97%에 해당하는 해수를 활용하기 때문에 물부족 문제를 해결할 지속가능한 대안으로 평가받고 있다. 최근에는 증발식 해수담수화 대비 에너지 소모가 낮은 분리막 방식이 널리 적용되고 있으며, 에너지 소모는 3-4 kWh/m3 정도이다. 해수담수화 플랜트 소요비용 중 운영비용이 약 35~65%를 차지하므로 해수담수화 기술의 확대 적용을 위해서는 비용 절감형 운영 기술 개발이 필수적이다. 이에 K-water에서는 ‘중동지역 맞춤형 저에너지 해수담수화플랜트 기술개발’ 과제 참여를 통해 저에너지⋅고효율 해수담수화 운영 기술을 개발하고 있으며, UAE에 구축될 1,000m3/d 규모 플랜트에 적용할 계획이다. 본 기술 적용을 통해 해수담수플랜트 연간 운영비용 증가율을 5% 이내로 유지하는 것을 목표로 한다.

Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is one of the promising candidates to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by harnessing energy from the salinity gradient between high-saline and low-saline water. Based on recent advances in the membrane technologies, PRO has re-emerged as a potentially viable energy option. However, several challenges still remain before PRO can reach the commercial stage. Within this context, the objective of this research was to assess the techno-economic feasibility of PRO and PRO-hybrid processes. In particular, model-based performance analysis were conducted for the PRO-hybrid systems. In addition, the influence of colloidal fouling on the performance of PRO process was further investigated. It is expected that this research would help comprehensively understand the PRO-hybrid processes thereby activate further development.