The objectives of this study are to examine the genetic variation in oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to use it as a barcode for the origin elucidation, in preparation for the their incursions into Korea. About 1,600 specimens of B. dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta were collected from 10 countries, the Indochina peninsula, the Philippines, Taiwan and South China. A total of 182 cytochrome c oxidase (COI) sequences were obtained and aligned from these regional specimens. Three sequences from the Genebank reference were also included. Six hundreds base pair fragments were aligned and trimmed and used for a barcode. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. There were two distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree, Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta. Three specimen, intercepted in the hand-carried mango at the airport inspection and collected in the confiscated mango, smuggled from Vietnam were included for a test. The DNA from the airport were 100% identical to that of one of various Vietnam specimens, and that from the confiscated mango was mostly similar to those of Vietnam, suggesting the usefulness of the barcode for the origin elucidation tool of oriental fruit fly.

The lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula (White), was firstly introduced at least around ten years ago in the Korean Peninsula, and is now distributed throughout the mainland. We collected 37 L. delicatula isolates, totally 762 individuals from various locations in Korea, China, and Japan. Our results, based on molecular comparison showed multiple introductions of L. delicatula into Korea from China as followed; 1) The population which was spreaded and prevalent in a wide area after 2008 was identical to that of Shanghi, suggesting that main routes was the seedlings of Ailanthus altissima imported a few times from Shanghi into Incheon port in 2004~2005. 2) The populations in Changwon and Samcheok collected in 2011 were from Beijing and Tianjin, respectively. 3) The population in Cheonan collected in 2006 was different from other populations.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has potential of serious damage to various vegetables or fruits, especially genus of Citrus, such as mandarin orange and tangerine in Korea, where its larvae do damages. Animal and Plant Quarantin Agency of Korea and Animsl Systematics Laboratory of Kunans National University have collected the samples of oriental fruit fly in East Asian countries, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, China, Cambodia, India and Nepal. To confirm genetic differences and structure of B. dorsalis population samples collected from those countries, we analyzed 192 individuals from 28 locations over 7 countries using 15 microsatellite loci. In total samples, number of different alleles, number of effective alleles and Shannon's Information Index were 6.421±0.364 (standard error, SE), 3.664±0.137 (SE) and 0.902±0.030 (SE), respectively. Grand means (±SE) of observed and expected heterozygosity over all loci and populations were 0.534 (±0.018) and 0.597 (±0.017), respectively. Among all populations, Fst values ranged from 0.016 to 0.705 with averaging 0.194 (±0.026).

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), is a serious insect pest of blueberries and cranberries in North America. which was firstly found and identified on blueberris in Sanju-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. For epidemiological investigation of this pest, DNA barcoding and microsatellite markers were used. First, mitochondrial COⅠ(658 bp) was analyzed with 292 D. oxycoccana individuals, which were 163 individuals from 32 regions in 25 counties, Korea and 102 individuals from 10 regions in 4 states, USA and 26 individuals from USA, Canada and UK in GenBank. Genetic distance of seven individuals from Cheonan and two from Bonghwa was 10.5% and that of two individuals from Sunchang and New Jersey was 16.6%, which are considered to be different species within the genus Dasineura. Second, population genetics of 632 D. oxycoccana individuals 29 locations was analyzed using 12 microsatellites newly developed by next-generation sequencing. The results showed that some of the populations in Korea genetically close to those in USA. Fst of Hweongseong, Bonghwa, Jeju populations compared to remaining local pops. were ranged from 0.15 to 0.24, whereas average Fst between Georgia, Michigan, and New Jersey pops. were 0.14. The origins of Hweongseong, Bonghwa and Jeju populations were assessed as Michigan, Florida (southern part of Georgia), respectively.

With the fast pace of technological change, the role of innovation on a firm’s survival has received increased scholarly attention. This study investigates the relationship between a firm’s strategic orientations, exploration and exploitation, on innovation activity. Also, the synergy effects of four types of innovation: product, process, marketing, and organizational innovation are examined with the consideration of the level of innovativeness and the firm’s industrial category. The OECD Oslo Manual (2005) and the standard of OECD (2011) classification are used as a main source to define four different types of innovation and the industry category into high-tech and low-tech. This study uses data from 856 firms taken from the Korea Innovation Survey (KIS) 2014 which is the Korean version of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Since most of the measures are composed of multiple items, their reliability and the underlying dimensions of each measure are tested by principal component analysis (PCA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) is then used to carry out a simultaneous test the relationships among the constructs. The moderating effects of marketing and organizational innovation are examined through multi group analysis. Results indicate that exploration and exploitation have positive impacts on the product innovation and process innovation respectively. Also, a new process encourages firms to develop radical product innovation. In case of the moderating effect of marketing and organizatioanl innovation, there are some differences between high-tech and low-tech industry. For high-tech firms, the positive relationship between a new product and firm performance is increased with the introduction of marketing innovation. In case of low-tech firms, process innovation has direct and positive impacts on a firm’s performance with organizational innovation. The findings show that the synergy effect of innovation exists and its significance could be changed depending on an industrial category.

Our study aims to investigate the mechanisms leading to focal firm’s innovation performance through the coopetitive relationships. Specifically, we argue focal firm’s two capabilities, coopetition capability and NPD capability, play a crucial role as a mediator of interfirm coopetition and its innovation performance. In order to provide new evidence on this subject, we contribute to this stream by developing a conceptual model. We argue that coopetitive behaviors of partners will influence the focal firm’s coopetition capability, which will then influence the focal firm’s NPD capability, although we assume NPD capability will have an impact on coopetition capability as well. We also argue NPD capability will not only lead to new product advantages, NPD process advantages as well, as a result of them, financial performance at the end. This paper reports the development of this model.

Premium private label brands (PPLBs) are receiving increased attention in line with their significant growth. Private label brands (PLBs) have been evolving from offering low quality at a low price to high quality at a higher price. Among multiple tiers of PLB, PPLBs are assumed to be in an exclusive tier and compete with top-tier national brands. In consumers’ minds, PPLBs are perceived and evaluated in reference to alternatives represented by regular private label brands (RPLBs) and top-tier national brands (NBs). Thus, for PPLBs, being able to provide outstanding value that is perceived in relation with competitive alternatives is a critical issue. In addition, related marketing entities such as a store type are assumed to affect consumers’ perceptions and evaluations. Based on cue utilization theory and categorization theory, this research aims to identify key relationships influencing the perceived luxuriousness and eventual purchase intention of PPLB products. This research analyzes what strategies make consumers perceive a PPLB to be luxurious and in turn, increase purchase intention. The empirical study consists of a survey conducted among college students in their 20s in Korea. The data were analyzed to test the theoretical framework using a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations.

Interception data pertaining to Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera collected at the Korean quarantine border were cross-checked with incursion data from 1996–2014. Overall, 114,636 interception records of 1,075 species belonging to the six orders were detected, while 33 species were confirmed as incursion species in Korea. Among the 33 species, only 14 (42.42%) were recorded as being intercepted at the quarantine border. These results indicate recent incursion species in Korea are not subject to inspection at Korean border. Among the 33 incursion species, 30 (90.90%) are agricultural pests, and 10 species (30.30%) are Hemiptera. Two factors, green house cultivation and parthenogenesis of exotic species, are suggested as reasons for successfully mounting an incursion into Korea. Taken together, the results of this study revealed that border inspections do not provide useful information to protect against occurrences of exotic species incursion and the current quarantine system needs improvement. In addition, it is necessary to consider how interception data might be collected in the future to improve its predictive power with respect to predicting incursion risk.

To improve photocatalytic efficiency, graphene/Ag/TiO2 nanotube catalyst was synthesized, and its surface characteristics and photocatalytic activity investigated. For deposition of Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 nanotubes, a polymer compound containing CH3COOAg/poly(Llactide) was utilized, and the silver particles were precipitated by reducing the silver ions during the annealing process. Graphene deposition on the Ag/TiO2 nanotubes was achieved using an electrophoretic deposition process. Based on the dye degradation results, it was determined that the photocatalytic efficiency was significantly affected by deposition of silver particles and graphene on the TiO2 catalyst. Highly efficient destruction of the dye was obtained with the new graphene/Ag/TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst. This may be attributed to a synergistic effect of the graphene and Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 nanotubes.

본 연구에서는 스테인리스강을 사용하여 전형적인 3-전극 시스템의 순환전류전압법으로 트리에탄올아민(TEA) 용액 중에서 전류-전압 곡선을 측정하였다. 스테인리스강은 작업 전극으로, Ag/AgCl 전극은 기준 전극으로, 그리고 백금 선은 상대 전극으로 각각 사용하였고, 그 결과, 트리에탄올아민 용액에서의 스테인리스강의 C-V 특성은 순환전류전압법으로부터 산화전류에 기인한 비가역 공정으로 나타났다. 부식억제제의 확산계수의 효과는 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 그리고 부식억제 효과는 농도 0.5 N의 NaClO4, 2.5x10-3 M TEA용액에서 가장 컸으며, 1.5 N NaClO4, 1.0x10-3 M TEA용액에서 가장 낮았다.

Surface modified carbon felts were utilized as an electrode for the removal of inorganic ions from seawater. The surfaces of the carbon felts were chemically modified by alkaline and acidic solutions, respectively. The potassium hydroxide (KOH) modified carbon felt exhibited high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas and large pore volume, and oxygencontaining functional groups were increased during KOH chemical modification. However, the BET surface area significantly decreased by nitric acid (HNO3) chemical modification due to severe chemical dissolution of the pore structure. The capability of electrosorption by an electrical double-layer and the efficiency of capacitive deionization (CDI) thus showed the greatest enhancement by chemical KOH modification due to the appropriate increase of carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups and the enlargement of the specific surface area.

This study explores influencing factors for firms’ willingness to participate in open innovation. We identify commitment and trust, switching cost, and IT infrastructure as the key predecessors. The study further examines how these variables affect the firms’ participation in open innovation using datasets from the UK biotechnology industry.

The emergence of peer to peer systems such as online auction websites is a major element in e-commerce yet relatively little is known about what influences its adoption and use in different parts of the world. Using an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), user attitudes and behaviors from three national environmental contexts, Korea, Germany and New Zealand, are examined and compared to determine the factors influencing the adoption and usage of this system. The key questions this paper addresses are: Are there national differences affecting the ability for the TAM to predict OAWS acceptance, and if so, in what way? And are differences observed between heavy and light user motivations and perceptions of the medium and how these differ across national environments? Answers to these questions will increase the understanding for future marketers and developers of peer-to-peer systems. An extended TAM model was developed from which a number of hypothesized relationships are posited. We use the Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw (1989) core TAM model extended by our arguing for two key influencing factors on a user’s attitude to using a new technology, perceived risk and computer affinity. We contend the drivers of perceived risk are: perceived enjoyment, trust in intermediary, perceived reputation system effectiveness, and positive past experience. Additionally we address the limited understanding in the literature of the national environment effects on technology acceptance. National cultural effects such as uncertainty avoidance and individualism, along with technological heritage and country innovativeness may need to be understood to determine potential differences in consumer activity and the robustness of the theoretical model. We also considered usage behavior to be important. Research for example, identifies heavy users as influencers on other potential adopters; thus important targets for developers and marketers of new technologies. Results suggest that although the core TAM is somewhat robust for the three nations along with the extended model for the respondents from South Korea, there are some key differences in the extended model between New Zealand and Germany. Specifically the relationships: Positive Past Experience and Perceived Risk are not supported in NZ or Germany, and “computer affinity” and “attitude to using” unsupported in Germany. We similarly found differences in the attitudes of light and heavy users between the samples, especially the Korean sample with the others. Our findings highlight that national environmental variations, especially between the “eastern” and “western” samples are important, which could be attributed to both uncertainty avoidance and individualism. Key conclusions and recommendations will be given.

Surveillance for subtropical moths through the inanimate pathway in the Korean Peninsula was investigated during the past seven years using the light trap in Baengnyeong and Daecheong islands, located near the Northern Limit Line (NLL) in the West Sea. Each record typically includes the taxonomic identify, its country of origin, and information related to inanimate pathway. A total of 2,201 individuals were detected, comprising 25 families, 441 species of Lepidoptera. The most dominant species was Chionarctia nivea (Noctuidae) with 44 individuals, followed by a crambid moth, Ostrinia furnacalis with 37 individuals. Among them, two species of subtropical moths, including Ischyja manlia Cramer and Spirama sp. belonging to the family Noctuidae, and they are mostly distributed in the subtropical area from the southern part of China to Borneo or Java. Interestingly, the other three species, Acronicta pruinosa (Guenée), Marumba spectabilis (Butler), and Spodoptera pecten Guenée were distributed in the southern regions, however, due to the effects of global warming, biotic province is now considered that may be certified moving northwards. Thus, it is very important to our weather conditions and further study on the surveillance of subtropical or/and southern species is needed, considering its possible status as a pest insect.

The genus Panonychus has been reported only two species, P. ulmi and P. citri, in Korea. Two new species, P. mori Yokoyama, 1929 and P. caglei Mellot, 1968 were firstly identified from jujube orchards in Gyeongsan and kudzu vine in Byunsan peninsula in Korea. Morphological differences among four species have been described especially in aedeagus shape. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of both the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were compared between four species. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and COI sequences using neighbor-joining method showed that P. mori and P. caglei were most similar to each other and more closely related to P. ulmi than P. citri. In addition, species-specific primer sets of each species were designed based on ITS2 sequencesand can be used to diagnose species in this genus.

Lepidopteran hitchhikers were investigated in vessel at five major ports of Korea in 2013. These moths were collected by International Plant-Quarantine Accreditation Board (IPAB) during inspection on vessels for Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM). The results typically include the taxonomic identification, their origin localities, and information related to commodities and ship’s route. A total of 1,026 individuals were detected in vessels and identified with 236 species belonging to 21 families. Although most of the species are already known to the Korean fauna, the following three species are unknown: Lymantria xylina Swinhoe (Lymantriidae), Glyphodes actorionalis Walker (Crambidae), and Histia flabellicornis nigrinus Jordan (Zygaenidae). Interestingly, H. flabellicornis nigrinus Jordan was detected for two consecutive years. Although this species is not an important pest, it will be need to necessarily continual monitoring. L. xylina Swinhoe which is a great potential forest pest, was detected four times (16 specimens) at Busan port of entry. Therefore, it is necessary to provide comprehensive border surveillance monitoring and a valuable historical record of the array of lepidopteran hitchhikers transported to the Korea through inanimate pathway, in order to counter further potential importance of hitchhikers on international vessels at Korea.

Six unknown hitchhiking moths intercepted at the Korean port of entry were detected from an international vessel by the personnels of the International Plant-Quarantine Accreditation Board (IPAB) in 2012. Among them, there was a noctuid moth, Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus), which is a quarantine pest in Korea. Other five species are three erebids (Lophocampa maculata Harris, Lemyrarhodo philodes (Hampson), and Trigonodes cephise (Cramer)), one sphingid (Hippotion rosetta Swinhoe), and one zygaenid (Histia flabellicornis nigrinus Jordan). They are mostly distributed in the subtropical regions. In addition to these hitchhiking moths from the vessel, other interception records from inanimate pathways are provided here on the bases of Pest Information System, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA). Thus, it is necessary to monitor inanimate pathways and to adopt comprehensive border surveillance system, in order to protect further invasions of alien insect species.

보리 수매중단에 따른 맥종별 원료보리 수급현황과 문제점 및 앞으로의 대응방 안에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 보리 생산자 단체와 보리 가공업체를 방문하여 조사한 바를 살펴보면 1. 찰보리의 경우는 생산농가와 가공업체간에 계약재배가 잘 이루어지고 있으며 가격도 적당한 수준으로 유지되고 있었다. 2. 그러나 찰보리 품종의 보급종 종자가 부족하여 찰보리쌀제품의 찰성순도가 많이 떨어지고 있어 보급종 종자의 보급확대와 찰성 순도를 유지하기 위한 품질등급제의 도입이 필요하였다. 3. 쌀보리의 경우는 정부재고물량 감축을 위해 수매가격의 과도한 하향 조정이 있었다. 이로 인한 재배 위축으로 수요물량을 충당치 못하여 가격이 폭등하는 현상을 보였다. 그러나 차후에는 과잉생산으로 인한 가격폭락도 예상되었다. 4. 따라서 쌀보리의 안정적 수급을 위해서는 사료용과 주정용의 일정 수요량을 지속시키는 정책적 판단과 지원이 필요하였다.

국내보리의 수매중단에 따른 원료곡 수급의 대책을 마련하기위한 기초자료로 보리를 이용한 가공제품을 생산하고 있는 전국의 가공업체 현황과 시중에 유통되고 있는 가공제품의 종류와 가격을 조사하고 이들의 품질정도를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전국적으로 수집된 보리가공제품(주류제외)에 의해 조사된 보리가공업체의 수는 153개였으며 시도별로는 경기 >충북 >전남 >전북 >경북 >경남 =충남 >강원 >서울 순이었다. 2. 보리함유 가공제품(주류제외)의 품목 수는 17개였으며 가공제품의 수는 240종이었다. 3. 보리가공제품의 품목별 수는 혼합곡 >찰보리쌀 >일반보리쌀 >미숫가루 >보리차 >엿기름 >압맥 >보리과자류 순이었다. 4. 보리가공업체가 생산하는 제품의 종류는 평균 1.6종이었으며 전체업종의 68%가 1 ~ 2 종류를 생산하며, 5종 이상을 생산하는 업체도 13%정도 되었다. 5. 보리쌀 제품류별 유통가격은 압맥(찰성) >흑맥(메성) >할맥(메성) >찰보리쌀 >압맥(메성) >메보리쌀 순이었다. 6. 친환경제품은 일반제품에 비해 평균 41%정도 가격이 높았으며 제품에 따라 12~93%의 가격 차이를 보였고, 차이가 큰 순으로는 보리차 >찰보리쌀 >압맥 >미숫가루 >혼합곡이였다. 7. 동일품목 내에서도 가공업체에 따른 차이는 미숫가루가 가장 커서 최고가가 최저가의 4배 이상이고, 보리차음료(PET병), 보리차(티백), 찰보리쌀(친환경)은 3배 이상의 차이를 보였다. 8. 찰보리쌀 제품 42종 중 찰성순도가 높은 제품이 13종, 찰성과 메성이 혼합된 제품이 26종, 완전 메성인 제품이 3종이었으나, 찰성순도와 이들의 가격 간에는 관련이 없었으며 오히려 찰성순도가 낮은 제품이 비싼 경우도 있었다. 9. 메보리쌀 제품 34종 중 표시가 잘못된 찰성 보리쌀 제품이 1종 있었고, 찰성과 메성이 혼합된 제품이 2종 있었다. 10. 보리 엿기름제품 30종의 평균 효소력가는 131oL로 낮은 편이었으며 150˚L미만의 품질이 낮은 제품이 절반이상이었다. 11. 보리 엿기름의 효소력가와 제품가격 간에 관련이 없었으며 오히려 품질이 낮은 제품이 비싼 경우도 있었다.