Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) produced in the suboesophageal ganglion stimulates pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone gland, mediating sexual behaviors. Based on the transcriptome of the head, PBAN in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, was identified. To examine the pheromonotropic activity of PBAN in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, a PBAN (Mvi-PBAN) was synthesized. When female adults were injected with a synthetic Mvi-PBAN, pheromone production showed a maximal increase 2 h post-injection. PBAN was expressed in all examined tissues and developmental stages. In contrast, PBAN receptor (PBANr) was detected in the female tissues and all developmental stages except for adult male. In addition, two types of PBANr were identified from the transcriptome of the pheromone gland, suggesting that the molecular signal on the pheromone gland may transduce via PBANr.

A total of nine Korean indigenous goats were used in a cross-over arrangement to give nine replicates per treatment, and they were housed individually assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments. Nine treatments were 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of quercetin supplementation in diets by mixing roughage and concentrate with different ratios (RC ratio) of 3:7 (RC 30), 5:5 (RC 50) and 7:3 (RC 70). Nutrient utilizations of dry matter, crude fat and NDF were not affected by neither RC ratio nor dietary quercetin (p>0.05), but the rate of crude protein and ADF increased in animals in RC 70 group regardless of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05). In addition, higher RC ratio increased (p<0.05) N retention and N retention rate. Total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid contents were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary quercetin. Meanwhile, lower total cholesterol level exhibited in animals in RC 70 group compared to RC 30 or 50 groups, unrelated to dietary quercetin (p<0.05), however other plasma parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by RC ratio and dietary quercetin. Our results indicated that both RC ratio and dietary quercetin may not directly affect the production indices and immune responses in Korean indigenous goat

본 연구는 ‘상주둥시’ 감을 3개월동안 -1, 0.5, 3oC에 저장하면서 감 과실의 과실품질 변화와 저장장해 증상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 저장온도에 따른 감 과실의 에틸렌 발생량은 저장온도가 낮을수록 그 발생량이 낮았으나 호흡율은 영향을 받지 않았다. 과실의 경도는 모든 처리구들에서 저장기간이 길어지면서 감소하였고 저장온도가 높을수록 과실 경도의 저하는 더 빠르게 진행되었다. 또한 저장기간이 길어지고 저장온도가 높을 수록 과실의 연화가 급속히 진행되었다. 과실의 감모율도 저장온도가 높을수록 증가하였고, 가용성 고형물 함량도 저장온도가 낮을수록 더 높게 유지되었다. 감 과실의 과정부와 과실측면의 과피색 L*, a*, b* 값의 변화는 저장온도 -1oC와 0.5oC에서는 저장기간에 따른 차이를 거의 보이지 않았으나, 3oC처리구에서는 과피색의 변화가 현저히 적었다. 저장중 발생하는 생리장해증상인 과피흑변, 과실연화 및 부패정도는 온도가 높을수록 그 증상이 심하게 발생하여 과실품질이 현저히 감소하였다.

The habitat of the cockroach varies by species. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) lives in human dwellings, while the Japanese field roach (Blattella nipponica) lives in a mountainous region. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mtCO I, the two species are closely related to each other and B. germanica is divergent from wild species such as B. nipponica. Their habitats and walking speed differ even though the two species have similar morphology. We hypothesized that habitats might influence walking speed via changes to appendage morphology and enzyme-based physiological differences. We found that phenotype such as appendage length and esterase isozyme expression were clearly different between the two species. These differences might be responsible for the observed difference in walking speed.

The consumption of pre-treated vegetables (including fresh-cut vegetables) has been significantly increased because of their ease of use for cooking. Vegetable cutting machine has been widely utilized for producing fresh-cut vegetables or agricultural products with different sizes; however, its design standard is not specifically established depending on types of agricultural products. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine mechanical properties (compressive and shear force) of targeted agricultural products (radish, carrot, squash, cucumber, shiitake mushroom and sweet potato) for developing multipurpose vegetable cutting machine. According to ASAE standard (s368.3), compressive and shear force of targeted agricultural products were measured by using custom built UTM (universal testing machine). Shape type of samples and speed ranges (5~15 mm/min) of loading rate on bioyield and shear points were varied by targeted agricultural products. The range of averaged bioyield points of targeted agricultural products were between 7.89 and 146.98 N. On the other hands, their averaged shear points were from 22.50 to 53.47 N. Results clearly showed that the bioyield and shear points of targeted agricultural products were thoroughly affected by their components. As accumulating compressive and shear points of agricultural products, it can be technical feasible to establish the design standard and control mechanism of multipurpose vegetable cutting machine.

We developed a type of sausage made of chicken breast and liquid egg whites for consumers interested in weight management. To determine the quality of the product, its chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, free amino acid contents, and nucleotides contents were evaluated during 4 weeks of storage. Sensory evaluation was conducted by both general consumers and body-builders. The sausage was proposed as a fat-free product as fat content was 0.12% based on the Korean Indication Standard of Animal Origin Food. Protein content was 13.42% and calorie value was 61.50 kcal/100 g of the sausage. In sensory evaluation, the mixture of chicken breast and egg whites stuffed into the same casing had an adverse effect on taste, color, texture and overall acceptance while the product that contained egg white stuffed separately into the outer casing enclosing the chicken breast (double layer) improved these attributes. The developed double-layer sausage can last for at least 4 weeks of storage without quality deterioration of flavor-related compounds, such as fatty acids and nucleotides.

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a major pest of soybean and tree fruit in Korea. To protect crops, chemical insecticides have been widely used. However, the effects of insecticides is not only reduce the pest population but also change of pest behavior. In this study, we tested the effects of two insecticides, etofenprox (pyrethroid) and acetamiprid (neonicotinoid), on the behavior of R. pedestris. Two insecticides were diluted with water based on the conventional spray dose. After exposed to insecticide residue, adult R. pedestris was put individually into a clean petri dish with soybean. The behavior of R. pedestris was video-recorded for 16 hours. The frequencies of approaching to food and feeding were compared to the untreated control group. R. pedestris exposed to etofenprox made more frequent approaching to the food, but those exposed to acetamiprid made less frequent approaching compared to the control group. When compared to the control group, the feeding frequency of acetamiprid-exposed group was significantly reduced but etofenprox-exposed group showed more frequent feeding activity. In both treatments, the feeding probability, calculated by feeding frequency divided by approaching frequency, was reduced compared to the control. We conclude that acetamiprid may protect crops by reducing the frequency of R. pedestris to approach and feed on crops.

Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) produced in the subesophageal ganglion is known to stimulate pheromone production in the pheromone gland. A cDNA isolated from female adult heads of Maruca vitrata encodes 197 amino acids including PBAN, designated as Mvi-PBAN, and four other neuropeptides (NPs): diapause hormone (DH) homologue, α-NP, β-NP and γ-NP. All of the peptides are amidated in their C-termini and shared a conserved motif, FXPR(or K)L-NH2 structure. Mvi-PBAN consists of 35 amino acids as previously reported (Chang and Ramasamy, 2014). RT-PCR analysis revealed that Mvi-PBAN cDNA was expressed in all examined body parts. Nucleotide sequence analysis of RT-PCR products indicated the Mvi-PBAN sequence was identical in all examined body parts of both sexes. These results suggest that Mvi-PBAN expression is maintained in examined stages or tissues.

The pheromone biosynthesis in Plutella xylostella is stimulated a neuropeptide, pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide which is produced in subesophageal ganglion. The pheromone production is more active in the scotophase than in the photophase, which suggests that there may be changes of gene expression in the pheromone glands. To analyze gene expression related to pheromone biosynthesis, we performed transcriptomes of pheromone glands which were isolated at every 4 h. Eleven pheromone biosynthesis-related genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Δ9 desaturase, Δ11 desaturase, fatty acid reductase, alcohol oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and aldehyde reductase were identified. Among these genes, the expression of aldehyde reductase and aldehyde oxidase were relatively higher in the scotophase than in photophase, which may affect increase of pheromone production in the scotophase. Expression of signal genes involving in pheromone biosynthesis such as acyl-CoA desaturase, FAR, PBAN receptor, fatty acid transporter and acyl-CoA binding protein did not exhibited any significant difference.

A rapid cold hardening (RCH) and supercooling capacity usually play crucial roles in survival during the overwintering period in the tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, a freeze-susceptible species. Cryoprotectants such as polyol or sugar affect RCH and maintain fluid status of hemolymph. This study is performed to identify cryoprotectants as a RCH factor in H. assulta. Pre-exposure of H. assulta larvae to 4℃ significantly increased survival at -10℃ in all developmental stages from egg to adult. RCH was dependent on the duration of the pre-exposure period. RCH also significantly enhanced the supercooling capacity. Analysis of cryoprotectants from the hemolymph revealed that the pre-exposure treatment allowed the larvae to accumulate glycerol and trehalose among polyols examined. In addition, unknown materials from 2 peaks were also increased. TIC analysis revealed 3 predicted formulas for unknown materials, C26H24O20S or C3H4N6OS and C22H20O21. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol 3-phosphatase (G3P) that involving in glycerol biosynthesis were identified from the transcriptome of H. assulta 4th instar larvae. Based on the expression level of transcripts, the expressions of GPDH and G3P were relatively increased when compared to that of the control, suggesting that these genes contribute to overwintering and biosynthesis of glycerol.

미이라병은 Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex에 의해 유발되는병으로 콩 재배기간 중 따뜻하고 습한 환경에서 종자가 성숙되면 감염률이 높아지며 감염된 콩 종자는 외관상 품질뿐만아니라 종자 활력이 저하된다. 미이라병에 대한 연구를 수행하기 위하여 대만에 위치한 아시아채소개발연구센터(AVRDC)의 콩 시험포장에서 미이라병 병징을 보이는 콩 줄기를 채집하고 이로부터 3개의 곰팡이 균주(isolate)를 분리하였다. 배지위에서의 곰팡이 균사의 생육특성, 현미경하에서 관찰된 알파,베타 분생자(conidia)의 모양 그리고 PCR-RFLP 분석으로, 3개의 균주는 Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae 으로 확인되었다. 한편, 미이라병 저항성 육종을 위해서는 유전자원과 계통의 검정이 선행되어야 하는데, 인공접종을 위해서 분생자의최적 배양조건을 탐색하였다. 그 결과 배지는 PDA, 온도는24oC에서 잘 배양되었으며, 일장은 암조건에서는 균사체만 유도되고 분생자는 유도되지 않았으며, 24시간과 15시간의 일장에서는 균사체 유도 및 분생자의 유도 정도에 차이가 없었다.또한 잎-줄기와 꼬투리, 두 개의 접종 부위에 따른 미이라병감염률을 조사하였는데, 두 접종 부위에 따른 미이라병 감염정도는 통계적인 유의차는 나타나지 않았으나 잎-줄기에 접종한 개체 보다 꼬투리에 접종한 개체의 종자 감염률이 높은 경향을 보였다.

This study is the first report about the toxicity of pesticides to the mycophagous predator, I. koebelei, of powdery mildew of agricultural crops. Pesticides we tested are composed of synthetic and environmental-friendly products and being used conventionally for the control of insect or microbial pests on cucumber in Korea. our study was conducted to determine the relative toxicities of several pesticides used in Korea cucumber production to mycophagous natural enemy, I. koebelei and to provide a background for implementation of integrated powdery mildew management programs. Based on IOBC classification, three insecticides, bifenthrin + imidacloprid, acetamiprid + indoxacarb, acetamiprid + etopheprox are classified as having a Class 4 (harmful). Spiromesifen showed the low toxicity to the survival and the fecundity of I. koebelei when this chemical had been exposed to 3rd larva or newly emerged adult via feeding with cucumber powdery mildew. However, pyriproxyfen not only decreased the fecundity of female adult but also strongly prohibited from pupation. Many commercial biological or botanical pesticides can restrict the population of I. koebelei. However, Q pact (a.i. Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013), Top seed (a.i. Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1), BT one (Bacillus thuringiensis) and Solbitchae (insecticidal microorganism) had no toxicity to I. koebelei when this chemical had been exposed to 3rd larva or newly emerged adult feeding with cucumber powdery mildew.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function, physical function and depression of long-term care insurance nongrading elderly dementia using Daytime protection service. For achieve this purpose, 30 dementia elderly were randomly assigned in to the experimental group(n=15)and control group(n=15). All subjects performed a general therapeutic exercise and 20- 30minutes takes virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program were conducted with experimental group 2 times a week for 8 weeks. The intervention effects were measured by using cognitive function is mini-mental states examination-Korean version(MMSE-K), visual perception is MVPT(Motor-Free Visual Perception Test), Berg's balance scales(BBS), depression test GDS-K and lower limb strength. The results of study represented that the training group showed significant improvement in MMSEK( p<.05), visual perception(p<.05), balance(p<.05), lower limb strength(p<.05) and depression (p<.05). In conclusion, the virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation training using improves visual perception included cognitive function, physical function included balance, and lower limb strength and depression. These results suggest that virtual reality training using virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program is feasible and suitable for mild dementia.

A choice in temporal discounting is often made on one preferred option between a sooner but smaller reward and a later but larger reward. In temporal discounting, a consumer undergoes an evaluation process concerning the trade-offs between time delay (i.e., a choice between sooner and later receipts) and the amount of reward (i.e., a choice between smaller and larger rewards). It has been evidenced that a surprisingly large number of consumers is inclined to choose a sooner option with a lower economic value. Those consumers tend to apply an excessive temporal discounting rate to the time delay and as a result, the sooner option with lower economic value stands out to be more attractive. However, there is another group of consumers who deliberately promote the long-term perspective in the evaluation process. Those consumers show a high tendency of choosing a later option with greater economic value. A key factor affecting the evaluation process is the sensitivity to time delay a consumer entails. The sensitivity to time delay could systematically affect the representations of hedonic pleasure being projected at different time delays and is the basis of individual differences in hedonic orientation. An anhedonia, a person with the ability to control physical pleasure, is likely to be less sensitive to time delay and apply a lower discounting rate for delayed rewards because he processes the presently available pleasure less intensively than do ordinary consumers. Thus, anhedonic consumers are more likely to choose a delay reward in temporal discounting choices. In a famous fable by Aesop, “The Ant and the Grasshopper” suggest a possible linkage between hedonic orientation and temporal discounting tendency. The story goes that the Grasshopper enjoys whatever is on its hands and does not give much thought to what is going to happen in the future, while the Ant takes on the hardship denying the current pleasure as he plans for the difficult winter time. We conducted an experiment to investigate the relationships among individual differences in hedonic orientation, and the behavioral choices in temporal discounting trials by examining the EEG theta (4-8 Hz) correlates. A hedonic orientation questionnaire was developed using twenty selected items from Physical Anhedonia Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Impulsive Buying Scale. Using the questionnaire, the hedonic orientation of fifteen participants was analyzed. Among them, five participants were classified into anhedonia (Ant-like, AN) group and ten participants were into hedonic pleasure dependent (Grasshopper-like, GH) group. Participants conducted ten temporal discounting trials and, in each trial, a choice was made between two options, either a smaller reward today (the “now” option) or a greater reward to be received after a specified time delay (the “future-oriented” option). The absolute theta activations while viewing a future-oriented option in each trial were analyzed as the neural correlates of temporal discounting. The results indicated that the hedonic orientation of participants had a high prediction power of not only behavioral choices in temporal discounting but also EEG theta activations in the frontal brain region. In analyzing temporal discounting tendencies, the discounting rate of AN group was found to be lower than that of GH group. In addition, EEG theta analysis shows two interesting activation patterns in the frontal region. First, AN group showed higher frontal theta activations than GH group indicating its deliberate engagement to future-oriented options. Second, theta activations in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), more specifically AF3 and AFz, were negatively correlated with the discounting rate of participants. Neuroscience researches often refer that DLPFC is associated with deliberate and analytic information processing. Therefore, the high theta activations in DLPFC could be considered as a distinctive neural indicator of high anhedonia traits and low temporal impulsivity.

The aim of the present research is to explore the neural features of intertemporal choice. Intertemporal choice concerns the phenomenon of temporal discounting which demonstrates consumers’ tendency to devalue a future reward as the receipt of money reward is delayed further distantly into the future. It is also called the ‘present bias,’ a special kind of attachment consumers place to immediate a cash reward which consumers are willing to take even at a discount, instead of saving it for the future. The urge to choose an immediate reward at some discounting rates, i.e., temporal impulsivity, is deeply embedded in our instinct. On the other hand, the choice for a delayed option is made as a result of effortful and deliberate cognitive control, by suppressing the urge for instant gratification and shifting focus to the long-term gain. Neuroscience researchers have found the prefrontal cortex as a key brain region behind deliberate and analytic decision-making such as reward delay. The experimental paradigm used in this study adopted from Kirby, Petry, & Bickel (1999). There were ten intertemporal investment choices representing six different levels of discounting rates. Participants (N=21) were given the two investment options, as “take it now” and a “save for later” options, and they were asked to indicate a preferred option. The brain waves were recorded using a 32 channel EEG system. We conducted noise control by using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) in EEGLAB and analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERP) particularly focusing on the phase when each participant was examining the future-oriented “save for later” option. The behavioral responses were divided into two groups, one in which the present option was selected and the other in which a future-oriented “save it for later” option was selected. Custom-written Matlab codes were used to compare the differences in ERPs between the two choice responses. A greater positive component of P3 after 300 milliseconds at the onset of the future option was observed in the fronto-parietal regions when the “save it for later” options were chosen compared to when the “take it now” choices were made. Hence, during intertemporal choice, the fronto-parietal regions are likely to play a key role in enabling the long-term perspective and consequently, precipitate the choice of a future-oriented deal. The P3 signal across the fronto-parietal regions may potentially be a proximal indicator of a future-oriented choice during intertemporal financial decision-making.

The Riptortus (stinkbug) has a specialized symbiotic organ, M4 midgut, to harboring symbiont Burkholderia. M4 midgut is located in abdomen and surrounded with insect hemolymph. Recently our group demonstrated that symbiotic Burkholderia showed different physiology after adapting in M4 gut compare with in vitro cultured Burkholderia. And population of symbiotic Burkholderia in the M4 midgut is regulated by special organ. However, the molecular mechanism to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont bacteria to other host tissues from symbiotic organ is not clear. Therefore, we assumed that symbiont Burkholderia are susceptible to host humoral immunity after established infection in M4 midgut to prevent spreading and migrating into the other host tissues through Riptortus hemolymph. To prove this assuming, we tested the susceptibility and survival rate of symbiont Burkholderia in hemolymph of Riptortus in vitro and in vivo. We also examined the susceptibility of symbiont Burkholderia using purified antimicrobial peptides (AMP), pyrrhocoricin-like, thanatin-like and defensin-like AMPs. Finally, we tested inducing ability for AMPs by systemic infection of symbiotic Burkholderia. Gene expression of purified AMPs was not different after systemic infection of both symbiont and in vitro cultured Burkholderia. Surprisingly, in vitro cultured Burkholderia resisted on bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMPs but symbiont Burkholderia were highly susceptible in bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMP. These results suggest that symbiont Burkholderia can't survive in the hemolymph after escaping symbiotic organ. Moreover, humoral immunity of host Riptortus is important to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont Burkholderia into the other host tissue or organ from symbiotic organ.

Environmental problem due to environmental pollution and C02 emission has brought a strong attention on issues of sustainable urban development in urban planning area. Many urban planning researches have been argued that 'decentralized concentration' is one of the key issues for the sustainable urban spatial structure. Decentralized city is to create sustainable urban structure by realizing the supply system for urban energy efficiency through restriction of car use, proper urban density, and mixed-use. This study aims at exploring the concept of 'decentralized concentration' and comparing its characteristics of 'decentralized concentration' urban structure found in urban planning theories.