Climate change has led to increased insect pests and pest distribution changes. Traditionally, chemical control using synthetic pesticides has been the main method for pest management, but the emergence of pesticide-resistant pests has become a problem. There is a need to develop new pest control agents to overcome these issues. Entomopathogenic fungi used in pest management have minimal environmental side effects and possess a mechanism of action distinct from that of synthetic pesticides. However, there is a need for the development of technologies to maximize the insecticidal effects of fungi against pests, and expressing and releasing dsRNA within the fungi can preemptively knock out the activation of the insect’s defense system, thereby enhancing the insecticidal effect. Controlling insect defense genes and using entomopathogenic fungi as bio-carriers forms a new pest management strategy. This approach, described as a “microbial insecticide agents development strategy of cassette concept, ” can versatilely modify genes and microbes. It is expected to overcome the limitations of synthetic pesticides.

Since rice is the main food in Korea, there are no regulations on corn milling yet. Corn is known as one of the world's top three food crops along with wheat and rice, and it is known that 3.5 billion people worldwide use corn for food. In addition, corn mills are not developed or sold in Korea, but the use of corn mills is increasing significantly in many countries in Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, as Korea's rice mill import increases, Korea's KAMICO (Korea Agricultural Machinery Industry Cooperative) and domestic company A agreed to develop a corn mill jointly with PHilMech, an organization affiliated with the Philippine Ministry of Agriculture. However, research on corn milling was very insignificant, so the development was carried out based on the technology of Korea's rice mill. Rice milling is performed by peeling off the skin of rice and producing brown or white rice, so it is carried out by removing the skin and cutting the skin. On the other hand, in the corn mill, the skin of the corn is peeled, pulverized and selected to produce main products suitable for edible use. Therefore, in order to develop a corn mill, processes such as peeling, transfer, grinding, sorting, and by-product separation are required, and suitable parts must be developed. In addition, the performance must be gradually improved through experiments in which corn is repeatedly milled. The Philippines produces 7.98 million tons/year of corn, which is about 100 times that of Korea, and is mostly consumed as a staple food. This is about 10% of the total crop production in the Philippines. In addition, the main cultivation complexes of corn are the mountainous regions of Tarlac or Pangasinan, and the produced corn is 72.4% of the so-called yellow corn called Arabel and Sarangani, and the remaining 27.6% are known as white corn. In this study, it was intended to produce grains of 2.5 mm or less suitable for food for yellow corn and to develop a corn mill for 200 kg per hour. Detailed conditions for development are stipulated as more than 55% of the main product recovery rate, more than 31% of the by-product recovery rate, less than 5% of the raw material loss rate, and more than 80% of the embryo dislocation rate. In this study, to achieve this, the overall process of the corn mill was developed, and the optimal conditions for the corn mill were obtained through the development of parts and empirical tests to improve performance. In addition, it was intended to achieve the development goal by evaluating and analyzing the performance of each part so that it did not conflict.

최근 외래해충의 침입과 확산의 우려가 증대됨에 따라 이들에 대한 체계적인 탐색과 관리에 대한 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 이에 이들에 대한 종합적인 시스템구축으로 신속한 탐색과 방제에 대한 방안을 구축하기 위한 시스템의 확보를 위안 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위해 침입해충에 대한 종합시스템은 내·외부 이용자에게 제공되는 서비스페이지, 이용자별 권한에 따른 데이터 등록 페이지와 관리페이지를 중심으로 설계되었다. 또한 서비스제공 페이지는 K-SDM 소개, 통합검색, 외래 곤충 정보(종 별 정보),외래 곤충 분포(조사통계), 외래 곤충 예측(예상 분포 및 시나리오), 정보마당(공지사항, 보도자료), 서비스 이용 매뉴얼, 사이트 맵의 기능을 포함하고 있다. 본 시스템의 운용을 위해 회원가입 승인을 마친 내부이용자와 외부 이용자(일반 이용자 제외)가 데이터 등록 시에 사용하는 데이터관리 페이지는 조사데이터 등록, 이전 등록 데이터 수정, 데이터 등록 매뉴얼, 데이터 열람, 필요데이터 출력과 알림, 메시지, 과제등록현황의 기능을 포함한다. 이외에도 기관 관리자가 사용하는 DB 및 시스템 관리페이지는 데이터관리, 과제관리, 종 관리, 통계관리, 예측관리, WEB 서비스관리, 이용자 관리, 기관관리를 포함한다. 각 상세 기능들의 구현에 대하여 효율적이고 체계적인 시스템의 구축이 이루어졌다.

During the decommissioning of nuclear power plant (NPP), massive amount of concrete wastes is generated, which are non-radioactive and radioactive. The concrete is a representative construction material which affords reliable structural stability, good formability, and trustful integrity. Also, its reasonable neutron absorbing property allows the various application for many components, including building construction material, bio-shield concrete, etc. Due to the noted aspects of concrete, the radiological concrete characterization is classified as an important process for development of effective strategy for concrete management, in terms of process management and financial control during the decommissioning. The characterization of bio-shield concrete is important in waste management. The understanding and characterization of activation depth is essential for the determination of waste management strategy, classification of bio-shield concrete, and process development of decommissioning. On the other hand, concrete for construction application requires the evaluation of surface contamination of them. The concrete for containment building and its structure is rarely activated, but surface contaminated. In this paper, the reactor data from representative PWR reactors in the US is studied. The experience on Yankee Rowe, Maine Yankee, and Connecticut Yankee NPPs are systematically studied. The Yankee Rowe was a 4-loop PWR of Westinghouse design with 185 MWe. The Main Yankee was a 3- loop PWR of Combustion Engineering design with 864 MWe. The Connecticut Yankee was a 4-loop Westinghouse type with 560 MWe. The characterization studies on bio-shield concrete will be discussed in this paper, including activation depth, primary nuclides, etc.

The Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, which was caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, is of great concern to the Korean people. The scope of interest is wide and diverse, from the nuclear accident itself and the damage situation, to the current situation in Fukushima Prefecture and Japan, and to the safety of Japanese agricultural and fishery products. Concerns about nuclear safety following the Fukushima nuclear accident have a significant impact on neighboring nation’s energy policy. It has been 11 years since the Fukushima nuclear accident. In neighboring nation society, the nature and extent of damage caused by the Fukushima nuclear accident, the feasibility of follow-up measures at home and abroad, the impact on neighboring nations, and the direction of nuclear policy reflecting the lessons of the accident are hotly debated topics. Recently, the controversy has grown further as it is intertwined with Japan’s concerns about the safety and discharge of the contaminated water into the sea, and conflicts over domestic nuclear power policies. About 1.29 million tons, as of March 24, 2022, of the contaminated water are generated, which is close to the 1.37 million tons of water storage capacity. In response, the Japanese government announced on April 13, 2021, that it plans to discharge the contaminated water into the sea from 2023. This study evaluates the amount of the contaminated water that has passed through the ALPS and reviews the preparations and related facilities for ocean discharge after diluting the contaminated water. In addition, it is intended to forecast the various impacts of ocean discharge.

Numerous nuclear power plants that had been built in the late 20th century have entered the aging phase and are scheduled to be decommissioned. The decommissioning project of a commercial nuclear power plant is an array of complex processes involving the activities of site characterization, decontamination, dismantling, and site restoration. Hence, a number of essential factors, such as scheduling, work progress, and staffing, should be taken into account while the decommissioning plan is drafted and modified. Guidances on managerial and social aspects of decommissioning have been rare as compared to those of technical viewpoints. Nonetheless, the nuclear industry in the US has presented no little amount of experience on their decommissioning projects dealing with those perspectives. Thus, three sets of the case study were conducted to obtain useful lessons learned. The Maine Yankee nuclear power plant initially acquired 40 years of the operating license, it was in operation for only 25 years from 1972 until 1996. The owner group decided to shut down because of the deterioration of the profitability in 1997. The case of the Maine Yankee project enlightened the importance of the contract management and stakeholder relations. The Rancho Seco nuclear power plant is a single-unit nuclear power reactor site with 913 MWe output that commenced commercial operation in 1975. The Rancho Seco that had become the first-ever reactor shut down by a public voting introduced several innovative approaches for the decommissioning, some of which turned out to be very successful. The SONGS 1 commenced the commercial operation in 1968 and had been decided to cease its operation permanently due to a steep decline in profitability in 1992. The SONGS 1 presented worthwhile lessons in terms of project management. In this study, several lessons learned related on managerial, engineering, and regulatory/social aspects considered during the NPP decommissioning will be reviewed and discussed.

This study studied a system that can redesign the production site layout and respond with dynamic simulation through fabric production process innovation for smart factory promotion and digital-oriented decision making of the production process. We propose to reflect the required throughput and throughput per unit facility of fabric production process as probability distribution, and to construct data-driven metabolism such as data collection, data conversion processing, data rake generation, production site monitoring and simulation utilization. In this study, we demonstrate digital-centric field decision smartization through architectural design for the smartization of fabric production plants and dynamic simulations that reflect it.

In this study, the effects of heat-moisture treatment (boiling or steaming for 45 min) prior to hot air drying (70 o C for 8 h) on water activity (Aw), moisture (MC), Brix, color, and texture of dried sweet potato slices were investigated to identify the best pretreatment condition for producing dried sweet potato with the best eating quality. Dried sweet potato slices pretreated by boiling (BL) showed significantly lower Aw, MC, and hardness while Brix was significantly higher than with steaming (ST) treatment. There were no significant differences for the color, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and brittleness indexes. At 8 h drying, the Aw, MC, Brix, and hardness of the BL and ST samples were 0.81 and 0.82, 19.71% and 25.53%, 53.80% and 49.40%, and 20.49 kg/cm 2 and 31.98 kg/ cm 2 , respectively. This information will be useful for manufacturers in the production of dried sweet potato slices. These findings provide evidence of the feasibility of heat-moisture treatments in the production of dried sweet potato.

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer is widely used to generate genetic transformation of plants and transient assay of temporal exogenous gene expression. Syringe infiltration system into tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves is a powerful tool for transient expression of target protein to study protein localization, protein-protein binding and protein production. However, the protocol and technical information of transient gene expression, especially double strand RNA (dsRNA), in tobacco using Agrobacterium is not well known. Recently, dsRNA is crucial for insecticidal effect on destructive agronomic pest such as Corn rootworm. In this study, we investigated the factor influencing the dsRNA expression efficiency of syringe agro-infiltration in tobacco. To search the best combination for dsRNA transient expression in tobacco, applied two Agrobacterium cell lines and three plant vector systems. The efficiency of dsRNA expression has estimated by real-time PCR and digital PCR. As a result, pHellsgate12 vector constructs showed the most effective accumulation of dsRNA in the cell. These results indicated that the efficiency of dsRNA expression was depending on the kind of vector rather than Agrobacterium cells. In summary, the optimized combination of transient dsRNA expression system in tobacco might be useful to in vivo dsRNA expression for functional study and risk assessment of dsRNA.

There are two methods for evaluating two or more mutually exclusive projects. One is a total investment approach and the other is an incremental investment approach. The former can rank projects by the criterion of the net present value, but the latter can’t do it. An incremental investment approach is only possible when all pairwise alternatives are compared. Thus an incremental investment approach is superior in ranking them over an incremental investment approach. To do so, a principle of comparison must be established. Comparisons of profitability are reasonable when operating the same amount of investment over the same period of time. One principle is that all projects are invested in the largest of the projects. Another principle is that all projects are invested during the longest project life of the projects. In this paper, even if the principle is followed, it will be shown that the external rate of return fails to rank them. However, the productive rate of return criterion would prove to be able to rank them like the net present value standard, provided that the principle of comparison is kept. In addition, rate of returns can be assessed so that all mutually exclusive projects can be compared at once, such as on the criterion of the net present value. That is, it can be also compared with many other returns, such as the profit rates on financial investments or real investments.

Visible and IR windows require a combination of high optical transparency and superior thermal and mechanical properties. Materials, fabrication and characterization of transparent ceramics for visible/IR windows are discussed in this review. The transparent polycrystalline Y2O3, Y2O3-MgO nanocomposites and MgAl2O4 spinel ceramics are fabricated by advanced ceramic processing and the use of special sintering technologies. Ceramic processing conditions for achieveing fully densified transparent ceramics are strongly dependent on the initial powder characteristics. In addition, appropriate use of sintering technologies, including vacuum sintering, hot-pressing and spark plasama sintering methods, results in outstanding thermal and mechanical properties as well as high optical transparency of the final products. Specifically, the elimination of light scattering factors, including residual pores, second phases and grain boundaries, is a key technique for improving the characteristics of the transparent ceramics. This paper discusses the current research issues related to synthesis methods and sintering processes for yttria-based transparent ceramics and MgAl2O4 spinel.

지난 19년간(2000~2018.9) 검역현장에서 검출된 해충의 종류는 2,028종이며 150,379회 이다. 이중 곤충은 1,745종으로 86%이며, 딱정벌레목은 검출종 중 740종, 42,4%로 검역적으로 매우 중요하다. 머리대장과(Cucujidae)는 머리대장상과에 포함되고, 검출율은 14.7%로 상위 두 번째 과에 속한다. 특히 Cryptolestes ferrugineus(갈색머리대장), Cryptolestes turcicus(터키모진가슴머리대장), Cryptolestes pusillus(긴수염머리대장)은 딱정벌레목 검출종 중 상위 10위 안에 속해 있는 종으로 검역현장에서 매우 중요시 되고 있는 종이다. 본 연구는 머리대장과 C. ferrugineus(잠정규제), C. turcicus(잠정규제), C. pusillus(비검역), C.pusilloides(관리급)에 대한 외형적 특성과 특징을 소개하고자 한다.

지난 19년간(2000~2018.9) 검역현장에서 검출된 해충의 종류는 2,028종이며 150,379회 이다. 이중 곤충은 1,745종으로 86%이며, 딱정벌레목은 검출종 중 740종, 42,4%로 검역적으로 매우 중요하다. 밑빠진벌레과(Nitidulidae)는 딱정벌레목 머리대장상과에 포함되고, 검출율은 9.0%이다. 검출율이 가장 높은 종은 Brachypeplus rubidus로 1,415회 검출되었으며, Carpophilus obsoletus는 999회, Carpophilus hemipterus는 927회, Carpophilus dimidiatus는 477회 검출되었다. 본 연구는 검역과정에서 검출되는 밑빠진벌레과의 Carpophilus 속에 속하는 종들에 대해 검토 하였다. 또한 이들의 외형적 특징과 종의 분류 검색을 제시 하고자 한다.

The citrus leaf miner (CLM) is an important citrus pest. A thorough understanding of the biology and population dynamics of CLM are essential for development of reliable pest population prediction system. We investigated the developmental periods of the species under ten constant temperature schemes (12.5℃~39℃). Furthermore, we established a development model of CLM, based on the result of a laboratory experiment. The immature developmental duration of CLM at constant temperatures were 63.5 days at 15℃, 23.9 days at 21℃, 15.6 days at 27℃, and 12.3 days at 33℃, showing statistically significant difference among temperature regimes. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were 11.3℃ and 243.7 DD, respectively, for immature development. In relation to temperature, non-linear development models were established for each developmental stage of CLM.