The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative activities of jeolpyun containing Cnidium officinale M extract (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) by total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical and decomposing ability of hydrogen peroxide. In chromaticity analysis, the brightness significantly decreased with increasing Cnidium officinale M extract content. Jeolpyun containing 8% Cnidium officinale M extract revealing the highest value for the redness and the yellowness, 1.07, 12.70, respectively. The total polyphenol contents of jeolpyun containing 8% Cnidium officinale M extract were the highest content of 4,213 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL. The total polyphenol contents revealed significant difference (p<0.05). Jeolpyun containing 8% Cnidium officinale M extract revealing the highest electron donating ability (83.55%). The electron donating abilities were significantly related at p<0.05. The scavenging abilities of superoxide anion radical for jeolpyun containing 4% Cnidium officinale M extract revealed the highest ability (0.01676). There was no significant difference. The hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability for jeolpyun containing 8% Cnidium officinale M extract revealed the most hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability (－0.193) and the hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability revealed a significant difference (p<0.05).

In this study, antioxidative activities of Jeolpyun containing Smilacis chinae R. extract powder (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) were evaluated using total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and decomposing ability of hydrogen peroxide. In chromaticity analysis, the brightness significantly decreased with increasing Smilacis chinae R. extract powder content. Jeolpyun containing 6% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder revealed the highest value (9.67±0.603) for the redness and 2% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder was the highest value (14.20±0.917) for the yellowness. Total polyphenol contents of Jeolpyun containing 8% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder were the highest content of 17,320±390.38 μg gallic acid equivalent/mL (GAE/mL). Total polyphenol contents were significant relation at p<0.05. Electron donating ability for Jeolpyun containing 8% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder revealed the highest electron donating ability (74.24±0.827%). Electron donating abilities revealed significant difference (p<0.05). Jeolpyun containing 6% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder revealed the most hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability (－3.38±1.44) and hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability revealed significant difference (p<0.05).

In this study, the antioxidative activity of Jeolpyun containing S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge powder (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) and extract (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) was evaluated based on the total polyphenol contents, electron-donating ability, scavenging of superoxide anion radical, and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Total polyphenol contents of Jeolpyun containing 8% S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge powder were the highest with a value of 2,280±0.00 μg GAE/mL. It was observed that total polyphenol content exhibited a significant relation with concentrations at p<0.05. The electron-donating ability of Jeolpyun containing 8% S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract was the highest with a value of 83.93±0.69%. The electron-donating abilities revealed significant differences between concentrations (p<0.05). The superoxide radical scavenging ability of the blank was 0.01523±0.00068 and Jeolpyun containing 6% S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge powder was the highest with a value of 0.00977±0.00842. The hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability of Jeolpyun containing 0% S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge powder was －0.00377±0.0049; 8% S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge powder revealed the highest decomposing ability of －0.0476±0.0234. Hydrogen peroxide decomposing abilities revealed significant differences between concentrations (p<0.05). Jeolpyun containing S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge powder and extract demonstrated improved antioxidative activities.

In this study, S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract was testified total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability on DPPH, and scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. Total polyphenol contents of S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract were 7,053.30±915.93 μg GAE/mL. In the fractions, fraction by ethanol was the highest content of 10,973.30±1,000.24 μg GAE/mL. Fractions of ethyl acetate and water were 2,386.70±166.53 μg GAE/mL, 2,413.30±41.63 μg GAE/mL respectively. It was shown that total content of polyphenol according to solvent was significant relation at p<0.05. In the experiment of the electron donating ability, 70% ethanol extract and methylene chloride fraction were －246.15±24.17%, －254.01± 16.54% respectively. In case of ethyl acetate fraction, it was the highest electron donating ability to DPPH radical, 39.06±0.34%, and then water fraction of 36.71±5.55%, ethanol fraction of 29.77±2.57%, gradually. Electron donating abilities revealed significant difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The superoxide radical scavenging ability of standard material was 0.029±0.0011; 70% ethanol extract of 0.022±0.00052, methylene chloride fraction of 0.027±0.00031, ethyl acetate fraction of 0.024±0.0011, ethanol fraction of 0.021±0.00024 and water fraction of 0.024±0.00019. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability of 70% ethanol extract was －0.0029±0.00040 and the others were as follow; methylene chloride fraction (－0.0042±0.00058), ethyl acetate fraction (－0.003± 0.0041), ethanol fraction (－0.0029±0.0015) and water fraction (－0.0028±0.00090).

좁은잎 산사나무 열매를 50℃에서 건조하였고, 이를 분쇄 한 후에 95.0% methanol과 물로 각각 72 hr 정치한 다음 여과 한 여액을 감압․농축한 추출물에 대하여 총 폴리페놀 함량 측정, DPPH에 대한 전자공여능 실험, superoxide anion radical의 제거능 실험 그리고 hydrogen peroxide 제거능 측정을 하였고, methanol로 추출한 농축액은 다시 성질을 달리하는 유기용매(methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, methanol)로 분획하여 감압 하에 농축한 분획물들에 대하여 총 폴리페놀 함량 측정, DPPH에 대한 전자공여능 실험, superoxide anion radical의 제거능 실험 그리고 hydrogen peroxide 제거능 측정을 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 50℃에서 건조한 좁은잎 산사나무 열매를 분쇄하여 95% methanol과 물로 추출한 수득율은 각각 25.40%와 23.12%였다. 2. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 95% methanol에서는 28,708.0± 1,755.05 μg GAE/mL, 물에서는 12,726.67±479.33 μg GAE/mL로 95% methanol에 더 많이 용해되는 폴리페놀류들이 존재하는 것으로 나타났고, 극성을 달리한 용매로 95% methanol 추출물의 분획에서는 methanol로 분획한 분획물이 15,854.67± 498.38 μg GAE/mL로 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며, ethyl acetate로 추출한 분획물은 11,810.67±584.48 μg GAE/mL, methylene chloride의 분획물은 5,294.67±190.36 μg GAE/mL로 나타나 methylene chloride 분획물이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 용매에 따른 총 폴리페놀 함량은 p<0.05에서 유의적인 관계가 있음을 보였다. 3. DPPH에 대한 전자공여능 측정에서 95% methanol 추출물의 전자공여능은 81.8±1.11%, 물 추출물은 84.33±0.1%의 전자공여능을 나타내 두 추출물 모두 전자공여능이 있는 것으로 나타났다. Methanol 추출물을 극성을 달리하는 용매로 분획한 실험에서는 ethyl acetate 분획과 methylene chloride 분획물이 각각 79.73±1.32%, 75.73±2.17%로 비슷한 효능이 있는 것으로 나타났고, methanol 분획이 42.1±5.01%로 가장 낮은 전자공여능을 보였다. 분획용매에 따른 전자공여능은 유의적인 관계가 있음을 보였다(p<0.05). 4. Superoxide anion radical 제거능 측정에서는 95% methanol 추출물이 0.0222±0.0005, 물 추출물은 0.0197±0.0003, methylene chloride 분획물은 0.0356±0.0047, ethyl acetate 분획물에서는 0.0026±0.0002, 그리고 methanol 분획물은 0.0305±0.0016을 나타내었다. Ethyl acetate 분획물에서만 감소함을 나타내는 것으로 보이나, 그 차이는 유의적이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 5. Hydrogen peroxide 제거능은 95.0% methanol 추출물은 0.005±0.0036, 물 추출물에서는 0.00157±0.00249, methylene chloride 분획물은 0.0039±0.00364, ethyl acetate 분획물은 0.0002±0.00059, 그리고 methanol 분획물은 －0.00206±0.00165 로 나타나 제거능이 있는 것으로 사료되나, 전체적으로의 hydrogen peroxide 제거능이 아주 미약한 것으로 나타났다. Hydrogen peroxide의 제거능이 아주 미약하게 나타난 것은 hydrogen peroxide의 농도에 따른 영향이 클 것으로 사료되어 이에 대한 규명이 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, Ilex serrata Thunb was extracted with 70% methanol and concentrated under reduced pressure to measure its total polyphenol contents; furthermore, we examined the effect of electron donating ability of the various extracts. The extract was fractionated using different solvents such as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and methanol to investigate total polyphenol contents and electron donating abilities. The total polyphenol contents were 1,058.59±85.85 μg GAE/mL in 70% methanol, 297.29±29.43 μg GAE/mL in methylene chloride, 313.28±9.22 μg GAE/mL in ethyl acetate, and 837.82±31.16 μg GAE/mL in methanol. The total polyphenol contents showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating abilities were 72.93±0.29% for 70% methanol extract, 14.02±2.01% for methylene chloride, 24.05±1.75% for ethyl acetate, and 84.08±1.95% for methanol. The electron donating abilities were significantly different (p<0.05) between the solvents. The two portions of Ilex serrata Thunb extracts obtained from methanol showed significantly relevant results in the total polyphenol contents and electron donating ability, which was higher than the original extract

In this study, coffee waste was extracted with different solvents such as ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and methanol to investigate the total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability and the inhibitory effect on glutathione S-transferase. The total polyphenol contents were 3,060.61±357.12 μg GAE/mL in ethyl acetate, 909.09±35.71 μg GAE/mL in methylene chloride, and 1,602.27±30.36 μg GAE/mL in methanol. The total polyphenol contents showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating ability was 80.20±1.45% for ethyl acetate, 81.94±0.45% for methylene chloride, and 85.14±1.53% for methanol. The electron donating abilities were significantly different (p<0.05) between the solvents. The inhibitory effect of the various extracts on glutathione S-transferase (% inhibition) was 92.12±0.56%, 88.48±0245% with methylene chloride extract, and 90.85±0.14% with methanol extract. These too were significant different (p<0.05) between the solvents. The two portions of coffee waste extracts obtained from ethyl acetate and methanol showed meaningful results on the total polyphenol contents, and the inhibition effects on glutathione S-transferase. Therefore, they can be utilized to develop health care foods and can be applied as antioxidants for cosmeceuticals.

70% 에탄올로 양파를 추출한 다음 감압하에 농축하였고, 농축된 양파 추출물을 증류수에 재 용해시킨 용액의 pH는 5.34인 약산성으로 나타났다. 그리고 이 용액을 0.1 N NaOH 로 적정한 다음 TLC(전개용매: ethyl acetate)에서의 분리는 적 정 전보다 chromatogram의 이동 및 분리가 뛰어난 것으로 나 타났고, GST 활성 저해에도 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. Silica-gel column chromatography에서 0.1 N NaOH 적정용액의 분리는 ethyl acetate(분획 A), methanol(분획 B), 50% methanol (분획 C)로 용출하였고, 용출된 각 분획은 감압하에 농축하여 GST 활성 저해 실험을 하였다. 세 부분 모두 GST 활성 저해에 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 각 분획은 GC-MS spectrometer 분석에서 두 종류 이상이 함유되어 있지만, 구성 물질은 서로 상이함을 보였고, 이들 물질의 분리와 구조 규명이 필요한 것 으로 사료된다.

This paper presents a theoretical study for making intelligent robots with human-like mind. For the development of a cognitive mental model, we developed three algorithms based on the cognitive process for human psychoanalysis. Specifically, the concept of id, ego and superego from the theory of Sigmund Freud was adopted and the procedural algorithms were presented.