홍콩의 비중국어권 학습자의 실용문 학습과 상황에 맞는 정확한 표현 능력의 제고를 위해 홍콩대학 Dr. Mark Shum Shiu Kee (岑紹基) 연구팀은 교육국의 연구비 지원을 받아 2016~ 2017년 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 개발하였다. 본 논문은 기능 어법 이론을 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 어떻게 설계했는지를 밝히고, 본 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용 능력 향상에 끼친 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 또한 연구팀이 개발한 실용문 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용 능력 향상에 어떠한 성과를 가져왔는지를 밝히는 것을 본 논문의 주목적으로 삼았다. 연구팀은 체계 기능 언어학 이론을 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 개발하였으며, 실용문의 종류에 따라 달라지는 의사전달 기능, 도식 구조, 어법 특징을 고려하여 읽기 예문의 주제를 선정하였다. 또한, 비중국어권 학습자가 기능어와 구문 활용에서 갖는 어려움을 실용문 종류에 따라 나누어 분석하였다. 아울러, ｢文類功能(문체기능)｣ 이론 및 ｢閱讀促進學習(읽기촉진학습)｣ 교수법을 참고로 읽기 쓰기 통합형 쌍방향 연습법을 개발하여 학습자가 모범 예문을 분석, 해체 및 재구조화를 할 수 있게 하고, 더 나아가 학습자가 스스로 실용문 쓰기를 할 수 있도록 도왔다. 이외에도, 교육 일선에서 지도하고 있는 중국어 교사들을 초청하여 시범적으로 교수법을 시행하고 이를 통해 본 교재의 실제 효과를 검증해 보았다. 학습자가 작성한 실용문을 교수법 시행 전후로 비교 분석하고 교사와 학습자 인터뷰도 함께 진행하여, 본 실용문 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용과 실용문 쓰기에 끼친 효과를 평가하였다. 아울러, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자 실용문 교육을 위한 실행 가능한 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다.

The use of brand communities have been hailed as an effective tool for marketers to develop relationships between their brands and consumers, with the ultimate goal to create and sustain brand loyalty. The majority of theoretical assertions regarding brand communities are underpinned by the use of social identity theory (Tajfel, 1982). Social identity theory posits that individuals have a need to construct and display a ‘self-concept’ and a strategy to communicate this is the process of identification with groups. As the focus of a brand community is the brand itself it is clear that brand community identification and brand identification must be correlated, but little research has explored this relationship or its effects. This study aimed to fill a gap within the knowledge by further exploring the relationship between brand identification and brand community identification by providing more insight into the role which an individuals’ identification with a brand community (Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001) has within their relationship with the focal brand and their loyalty to that brand. Specifically, this research aimed to gain a greater understanding of the different effect brand community identification had upon the relationship between brand identification and both public and private brand loyalty. This was explored through the utilisation of a survey of fans of a professional basketball team within the UK (n=298). The data and subsequent analysis supported the hypotheses that individuals’ brand community identification has a positive relationship with both public and private forms of brand loyalty. More importantly it also presented brand community identification as a mediator in the relationship between brand identification and public brand loyalty. Therefore, this study is the first to present brand community identification as critical within consumers’ development of publicly displayed brand loyalty. Managerially this understanding provides support for the proactive utilisation of brand communities by marketers. It also provides guidance for the context in which brand communities are critical for the success of the brand. This research delivers support for marketers, to utilise brand communities proactively when trying to motivate consumers to participate in publicly displayed pro-brand behaviour. This guides the re-allocation of budget away from pure brand identification activities to brand community engagement strategies.

In a globalizing world, characterized by increasing diversity and exposure to other societies, understanding individuals’ orientations towards cultural outgroups has both theoretical and practical relevance. When cultural boundaries blur, individuals are afforded the opportunity to reshape their identity and affiliate themselves with multiple groups. However, globalization may also cause value conflict and moral confusion as people face ideas that challenge pre-existing notions. Globalization is therefore intertwined with psychology. Whereas (consumer) ethnocentrism and other exclusionary reactions (animosity, nationalism, xenophobia, etc.) have been the subject of innumerable studies, inclusionary constructs such as cosmopolitanism and particularly, xenocentrism, have only recently gained traction. Cosmopolitanism and xenocentrism denote distinct individual orientations towards cultural outgroups. The former considers an individual’s openness to cultural diversity and ability to navigate through intercultural environments, whereas the latter describes an individual’s feelings of admiration or preference for specific cultural outgroup(s), over their ingroup. Few studies have simultaneously examined these constructs and fewer still have considered these within a nomological framework of key predictors (i.e., basic psychological needs: need for autonomy, relatedness, and competence) and practical outcomes (i.e., cross-group friendships, influentialness, environmental behaviours, maladaptive health behaviours). We hypothesized a series of relationships of various antecedents and outcomes of cosmopolitanism and xenocentrism, and tested these conjectures using survey data from Canadians (n=238) and Americans (n=239). The findings support the psychometric robustness of our operationalization of xenocentrism, and clearly distinguish this construct from cosmopolitanism. Beyond confirming earlier findings (e.g., how proenvironmental behaviours are predicted by cosmopolitanism and xenocentrism), we illuminate several novel relationships (e.g., between basic psychological needs and cosmopolitanism), and elucidate the role played by a key personality dimension, neuroticism, in mediating the relationships between basic psychological needs, and the two outgroup orientations. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future directions are elucidated.

The existence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) astronomically is well accepted, but the specic molecular forms observed remain uncertain. To better understand the molecular structures which may be present along a given sightline, the 3.0 - 3.6 μm region is modelled with careful consideration given to the underlying sub-features arising from specic structures within emitting molecules.

이 논문은 스마트 폰, 컴퓨터, 혹은 태블릿PC와 같은 전자기기를 통해서 정보를 구글링(구글로 검색하기)하는 명확하게 현대적인 실천을 검토한다. 구글과 다른 검색엔진뿐만 아니라 온라인 데이터베이스, 사전, 컴퓨터 응용 프로그램과 같은 디지털 인터페이스를 통해 성전(sacred texts)에 접근하는 것이 가능해진 것은 10~15년 전에는 상상조자 할 수 없던 일이다. 이러한 디 지털 도구의 개발은 간접적으로 성전에 다가갈 수 있는 다수의 새로운 경로 를 만들어낸다. 이 논문은 전통적으로 일본의 쇼토쿠 태자 (574~622)가 저술한 것으로 보 는“삼경의소”(三 義疏, 세경전에대한논평)에대해검토한다.“ 삼경의소” 는 한문으로 쓰인 세 권의 불교 주석서를 통칭하는 제목이다. 이 논문은 이들 세 문헌에 대해 구글 검색에서 수집된 정보를 전통적 형식의 불교 주해와 비교하는 방법을 숙고한다. 이들 문헌에 대한 디지털과“비주석적”형식에 초 점을 맞춤으로써 나는 우리가 문헌에 관심을 기울이는 상이한 방법들이 어떻 게 문헌의 의미와 가치를 재생산하는가를 묻는 것뿐만 아니라 그들이 어떻게 연관되고, 서로에게 영향을 주는지를 질문하는 것처럼“삼경의소”에 대한 보 다 포괄적인 이해를 발전시킬 수 있기를 기대한다.

From a marketer’s perspective, place is only a sacrosanct component of the marketing mix (McCarthy, 1960), and extends into services’ “7Ps” (Grӧnroos, 1994). The servicescape literature explores how stimuli present within commercial consumption settings or servicescapes impact consumer behaviors (Rosenbaum & Massiah, 2011). Arguably, marketers view place as exchange locales, and they do not understand the evocative role that they assume in consumers’ lives (Sherry, 2000). Within cultural geography, places represent “profound centres of human existence” (Relph, 1976, p. 43). Place is a triad comprising of a physical setting, activities, and meanings (see Relph, 1976). This paper investigates how Israeli Jews attribute meanings to places associated with their destruction during the Holocaust (1939 – 1945). Respondents were eight Jewish Israelis who recently participated in the educational Holocuast sojourn (i.e, Warsaw Ghetto, Treblinka, and Aushwitz). Using long interviews, the authors put forth a framework that shows how the participants assign place-based meanings on four dimensions. The individual dimension reflects how the tour personally impacts visitors’ lives. The communal dimension, explores the trip impact’s the individual’s view towards Israel and Israeli nationalism (Zionism). The religiosity dimension reflects tour’s impact on a participant’s self-identity as a Jew (e.g., secular, conservative, Orthodox). Lastly, the global dimension explores the trip’s impact on a participant’s identity as a human being in a global world. Did the trip alter a participant’s views towards mankind, towards genocide, and universal lessons that everyone may learn from the Holocaust? Results help to understand the evocative role that places often assume in consumers’ lives. Place no longer seem as inert; instead, spaces imbued with meanings impact lives, experiences, and even one’s overall well-being. From a broader perspective, the results suggest a different role that consumption settings may assume in consumers’ lives. Places may impact consumers on multiple levels, and the essence of understanding the profound bonds that consumers often form with places, originates not from the functions that places serve, but rather, from the meanings that consumers often assign to place.

Many information sources have reported that celebrity endorsements of luxury fashion brands are considered one of the success factors that enhance the growth of luxury markets. Yet two contrasting views are held as to whether or not celebrity endorsements are necessary for luxury brands. One view in support of celebrity endorsements for luxury brands insists that the use of celebrities generally provides many beneficial advantages, serving as a good communication tool. Specifically, the celebrity endorsements are effective in increasing ad viewers’ attention, polishing brand images, introducing new brands, and repositioning existing brands (Erdogan, 1999), enhancing message recall (Friedman & Friedman, 1979), and generating favorable attitudes toward ads and brands (Atkin & Block, 1983). Above all, brands endorsed by celebrities often obtain high brand awareness, resulting in a rapid sales increase (Ruiz, 2008). In contrast, the other view is more concerned with the diminished luxuriousness that is overshadowed by celebrities, rather than realizing an immediate increase in sales (Dubois, Laurent, & Czellar, 2001). Celebrity endorsements in ads are expected to increase brand awareness and simultaneously reduce the brand rarity impacting a qualification for status, which is central to brand luxuriousness in particular (Berry, 1994). The publicly recognized brand names would draw more attention from average consumers than from rich consumers, as the wealthier are the less influenced by celebrity endorsements (Gaudoin, 2013). In addition, considering that luxury brands are already constructed with well-defined brand meaning and personalities, using non-celebrity endorsers with luxurious images would be as effective as using celebrity endorsers in terms of improving brand luxuriousness (Okonkwo, 2007). As such, celebrity-endorsed luxury branding strategies seem to be questionable, though they are popularly being adopted. The current study aims to reveal the overall effectiveness of the use of celebrity versus non-celebrity endorsers on consequential consumer evaluations and highlight the importance of congruence between the brand and the endorser (match-up).

Greece wine production has shown swinging trends: in 2013 it grew by 17,9% reaching 3.7 Million Hectoliters (USDA), but it 2014 it decreased by 15% (Greek Wine Federation), whilst grape prices went up. Greece has a huge potential, but it is still a small producer in Europe. The Greek wine industry got through several phases: before the 80s the product was quite “poor”, but with the entrance in the market of some educated winemakers who have introduced a new business philosophy and approach to wine, production has changed (GaiaWines.gr). The population of firms consist of a few larger producers, and most of the companies are relatively small. Although the quality has been improved, most of the production is addressed to the domestic market, since only few producers have established export networks (Vlachvei et al., 2012). Thus, the economic crisis that affected Greece has created difficulties also for domestic sales. Background research has outlines some of the limits of the Greek wine industry: according to Vlachvei et al. (2012),the new competitive challenges require owner and managers to achieve a better understanding of operational and marketing process that can contribute to the development of their brand in order to develop an integrated marketing communication approach. The Greek wine sector is extremely fragmented with a high predominance of small size firms; as size increases, the degree of professional organization grows, as well as the relative presence of foreign markets (Papalexiou, 2009). Thus, it has been recognized that Greek wine export is disorganized (Baiocchi, 2011; Papalexiou, 2009). The limits imposed by UE to plantings have affected Greece growth strategy: Greece is still a small producer and although it shows similarities with the south of Italy, it is impossible to think to follow the “Italian Style” (Baiocchi, 2011). Thus the urgency of undertaking a propter model for the development of the industry is seen as a priority for the Greek wine system. Wineries have seen in related businesses an effective tool for improving the competitiveness of the wine industry (Papalexiou, 2009); a lot has been done for achieving an integration between wine tourism and the wine business. Background research describes the experiments undertaken around wine routes, conceived as a useful tool for improving the wine sector (Hall & Mitchell, 2000) and for the development of rural areas (Karafolas, 2007). In 2014 the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission has undertaken a Smart Specialization pilot project that involves rural areas in Northern Greece, in order to foster local economic development by adopting an entrepreneurial discovery approach (EDP). JRC can be considered as a source of technology generation and a service that provides expert advice to the institutions of the European Union and more specifically to the European Commission and the European Parliament (Moncada-Paterno`-Castello, 2003). It can be guessed how JRC outcomes could impact citizens’ lives. From September 2014 for 15 months JRC has been involved in the European Parliament Preparatory Action; the aims of this project are: to facilitate the refinement and implementation of the RIS3 strategy in a region heavily hit by the crisis; and to serve as a model for other convergence regions in Greece and Europe (from JRC website). The project has seen the collaboration of JRC – IPTS (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies) with DG Regio and the Managing Authority of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The wine sector has been selected, together with few others for the preparatory action. The approach that has been adopted was the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP), in order to allocate resources under the guide of entrepreneurial actors, from the public and private sector. EDP is “a process in which the entrepreneurial actors are discovering and producing information about new business and innovation activities and the government is collecting, assessing and transforming this knowledge into policy action” (http://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/s3-governance).EDP plays a leading role in the Smart Specialization Strategy (S3): EDP suggests that the allocation of resources is the result of a process undertaken by entrepreneurial actors. It emerges how innovative this process is, if compared to past industrial policies. EDP contributed to minimise failures of market innovation. The Smart Specialisation perspective let entrepreneurs discovering the right domains of future specializations (Foray, 2012). A newer approach to regional competitiveness (Ketels, 2013) has been followed by European Commission, that, in order to promote an efficient and effective public funding policy in regional economic development (Mempel-Śnieżyk, 2013), has actively supported Smart Specialisation Initiatives. On the other side, S3 has a prior role in the EU Regional and Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 (Martínez-López & Palazuelos-Martínez, 2014). This paper examines the role that EDP and S3 have had in the definition of a strategy for the development of the local wine industry. The paper aims to answering to the following research questions: What are the elements seen as priorities from entrepreneurs for developing the local wine industry in Greece? Is there an overlapping between the findings emerging from JRC workshops and those that have been pointed out by relevant opinion makers and experts in the Greek wine industry? What about the effectiveness of EDP in wine? The paper is structured as follows: In the first part a description of the Greek wine industry will be carried out; in a second section authors will point out JRC’s EDP approach; thirdly an analysis of data collected from JRC sessions and from interviews with international experts in Greece will be performed. 9 experts that took part to the workshop will be interviewed. Data will be collected through telephone interviews and web based survey; once collected data will be analyzed through a text analysis. A literature review on EDP and theoretical issues that have inspired the organization of JRC sessions will be presented in order to support Research Questions. The papers ends up with a discussion and conclusions in order to provide inputs for professionals, and policy makers.

이 논문에서 영화 제작자가 사용하곤 했던 불교적 가르침의 렌즈를 통해 서 2011년도 영화 <삼사라(Samsara)>를 고찰했을 뿐 아니라, 영화가 드러 내는 윤회계에서의 그 존재를 탐구하기 위해 이러한 가르침을 사용하였다.􄤋 먼저 텍사스 포트워스(Forth Worth)의 텍사스 기독교 대학(Texas Christian University)에서 반조학(反照學) 동호회를 대상으로 한 영화를 서술하면서 윤회와 자신과의 상호 작용에 대한 간략한 계보 및 벨기에의 종교·문학·역사 국제협회(International Society for Religion, Literature and Culture) 에서 영화에 대해 강의한 원고로 시작하였다. 그 다음 섹션에서는 영화 제작자들이 자신들의 영화를“비언어적, 안내하 는 명상이라고 묘사하기 때문에 영화 <삼사라>에 존재하는 반조적 요소들에 초점을 맞추어 요약하였다. 그리고 최근의 세 학술서들의 출판에서 분명하 게 드러나는 이 주제에 대한 학술적 관심을 고려하면서 불교와 영화라는 주 제를 기술하였다. 마지막에는 윤회에서 인간의 조건에 대한 묘사에 초점을 맞추면서 상호 의존, 무상(無常, anicca), 고(苦, duh.kha) 등과 같은 원리들을 사용하여 영 화에 대한 불교적 해석을 제시하였다. 이 섹션에서는 또한 영화 제작자들의 시간 묘사, 고, 기타 불교와 관련된 주제들을 검토하였다. 이와 같은 불교적 해석을 미국의 영화 비평가들이 제기한 해석들과 서로 비교함으로써 이 영 화를 윤회에 대한 불교적 이해를 탐구하는 반조의 도구로서 고찰하는 것으 로 결론을 맺었다.

This study examines an unexplored area in services—namely, the existence of inauthentic retail establishments. These fake establishments, which mimic the service and product offerings of genuine establishments, such as Starbucks, McDonald’s, 7-Eleven, Apple, and others, prevail across Southeast Asia, primarily in China, Vietnam, and Cambodia. By employing grounded theory methodology, this study offers an original framework that illustrates why consumers accept and patronize both authentic and inauthentic retail establishments. The model shows that many consumers are satisfied with inauthentic retail establishments, and that some inauthentic retailers are building a loyal customer following. Thus, service organizations should respond to these inauthentic companies by viewing them as potential partners for innovation and expansion, rather than as future parties for costly litigation. That is, the authors suggests that authentic retail organizations should target their inauthentic competitors as possible joint venture partners, especially because these competitors have the ability to mimic authentic operations by operating counterfeit schemes.

Pig‐to‐human transplantation (xenotransplantation) is currently the most advanced approach to solving the increasing demand for human organs and tissues. However, two critical requirements must be addressed before xenotransplantation can be considered for clinical application. First, the level of immunosuppression required to maintain xenografts must be equivalent to (or less than) that used in allotransplantation. It is now evident that multiple genetic modifications of the donor pig will be needed to achieve this goal (d’Apice et al. 2002 Transplant Proceedings. 33: 3053‐3054). These include gene knockouts (e.g. of the GalT gene, responsible for synthesis of the major porcine xenoantigen) and gene addition by transgenesis. Progress has been hindered by the current technology, which allows only a single cycle of genetic modification per generation and therefore necessitates large and complex breeding programs. Second, donor pigs should have defined, relatively homogeneous genotypes including the inability to produce endogenous retroviruses (PERV) that may infect human recipients. Inbred miniature swine are best suited in this regard but are difficult to genetically manipulate due to poor reproductive capacity. What is critically needed to advance xenotransplantation to the clinic is the ability to perform multiple cycles of genetic modifications per generation on the background of choice. We have recently made an important step towards this goal by developing a novel method for the isolation of porcine embryonic stem cells (ESC) (Vassiliev et al. 2010 Cellular Reprogramming 12: 223‐230). These cells can be stably grown for at least 150 population doublings, dramatically increasing the window for introducing multiple genetic modifications before the cells are used to clone pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Furthermore we have used this method to isolate ESCs from cloned embryos (Vassiliev et al 2011 Cellular Reprogramming 13: 205‐213) which allows us to isolate ESCs directly from breeds of pigs specifically bred for xenotransplantation. Together these advances will accelerate xenotransplantation research to the clinic.

Restorative justice provides opportunities for those most directly affected by a crime (victim, offender, families, and other community members) to be actively involved in the process of addressing harms, needs and obligations. Restorative Justice is about offender accountability, victim healing, and community safety, through mediation and dialogue whenever possible. While restorative justice is far more than a specific program and it is grounded in values that effect our entire way of understanding and responding to crime and victimization among individuals and communities, three types of restorative justice dialogue are particularly expressive of restorative justice principles and they are developing in numerous countries. These include victim-offender mediation, group conferencing, and circles. This article examines participation rates and reasons, participant satisfaction, participant perception of fairness, restitution and repair of harm, diversion, recidivism and cost. A total of 53 victim offender mediation studies are reviewed, including 3 meta-analyses.

We find evidence of a hard X-ray excess above the thermal emission in two cool clusters (Abell 1750 and IC 1262) and a soft excess in two hot clusters (Abell 754 and Abell 2163). Our modeling shows that the excess components in Abell 1750, IC 1262, and Abell 2163 are best fit by a steep power law indicative of a significant non-thermal component. In the case of Abell 754, the excess emission is thermal, 1 ke V emission. We analyze the dynamical state of each cluster and find evidence of an ongoing or recent merger in all four clusters. In the case of Abell 2163, the detected, steep spectrum, non-thermal X-ray emission is shown to be associated with the weak merger shock seen in the temperature map. However, this shock is not able to produce the flatter spectrum radio halo which we attribute to post-shock turbulence. In Abell 1750 and IC 1262, the shocked gas appears to be spatially correlated with non-thermal emission suggesting cosmic-ray acceleration at the shock front.

EMG is used in rehabilitation research to provide a method to infer muscle function. This paper will present an introduction to interpretation of electromyography (EMG) data for physical therapists. It is important for the physical therapist to have an understanding of the collection and reduction of raw electrical data from the muscle to allow the physical therapist to interpret findings in a research report, and improve planning of clinical research projects with respect to data collection. We will discuss factors that affect the type of EMG collected and the ways in which various common methods of data reduction will impact the findings from a study that uses EMG.