The bereaved families of Cheju massacres(1947-1954) and civil society have constantly demanded that the state establish incomplete transitional justice in Jeju, South Korea. Significant progress has been made in establishing transitional justice in South Korea to heal the victims of the Cheju Massacres, but there has been no progress in engagement or discussion between the US government and society in this regard. A book, “Healing the Persisting Wounds of Historical Investment : United States, South Korea and the Jeju 4·3 Tragedy” that compiles the full discussion of theoretical and practical framework, social healing through justice proposed by Eric K. Yamamoto for the recovery of the damage caused by the massacres of civilians has been published and is attracting attention.

In South Korea, social healing through justice of Cheju2 massacres(1947-1954) has progressed considerably since 2000. However, after the March 1, 1947, the US military and US federal governments are still silent about the Cheju massacres and are ignoring the fact-finding demands raised in South Korea. I think that the US Army Military Government in Korea, which occupied and ruled South Korea at the time, branded Cheju Islanders as communists and played a great role in the indiscriminate slaughtering without legitimate legal procedures without distinguishing civilians from guerrillas. The United States committed Commie-cide on Cheju-Do.

In January 2019, the Jeju District Court handed down a ruling to reject the indictment from all 18 survivors who were sentenced to prison terms in 1948 and 1949 at military court meetings in Jeju. For the past 71 years, Jeju Islanders have campaigned for transitional justice in that time to find the truth about the Jeju massacres(1947-1954). The most important and urgent task in solving the Jeju massacres issue is to set the right for truth and transitional justice before seeking reconciliation and co-prosperity each other. The ruling, which was made by the Jeju District Court in fact not guilty of surviving inmates of the military court in 1948 and 1949, carries the historical significance of returning to the pivot to human rights.

The seed of the grand tragedy, the Cheju Massacres (1947-1954) were crawling about to pop. Is it the path of unification and peace? Is it the road to division or war? Koreans were wandering in front of a forked road. The date of April 5, 1948, after the very day of Cheju April 3rd, 1948 Popular Uprising, the Commander of the United States Army Command in Korea, General Hodge issued a decree on human rights.” However, the U.S. military did not abide by any decree on human rights in the three years of US occupation in South Korea. The U.S. Army military officers who had been sent to Cheju from the main land, South Korea in the date of March 1st, 1947, to order, command, control and communicate the uncompromising hard-line anticommunist operation continued until the Cheju people were considered enemies and were destroyed in accordance with the Field Manual of US Army. So they did not distinguish civilians from guerrillas, and did not distinguish the armed forces of the guerillas from the unarmed refugees, innocent ordinary people. It was only a plan and implementation of a super hard-line suppression operation. It is the biggest reason that the U.S. military should be responsible for the Cheju massacres.

Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t.) strains are important microorganism because they produced a large amount of δ-endotoxin protein per bacterial cell and their toxins are highly toxic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera depending on B. t. To date, more than a hundred Cry proteins have been identified and classified into 195 holotypes, based on the amino acid sequence identity. The Cry proteins or cry genes from the Korean native B. t. isolates in this study were not identified yet. The electrospray ionization of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI Q-TOF MS) was used to get the internal amino acid sequences of the endotoxin-spore culture mixtures of B. t. isolates, for which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were unable to detect the cognate genes. Most of Cry proteins seperated, excized, and extracted from the one dimensional - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), instead of 2D-PAGE, were matched with protein databases using MS-MASCOT search program. The internal amino acid sequences which were submitted to protein BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) had partially homology with the Cry protein databases. Hence, present data strongly suggest that the de novo amino acid sequencing and ESI Q-TOF/MS analysis along with MASCOT search could be used as a simple and rapid method for detection of novel Cry toxins from B. t. isolates and identification of B. t. isolates.

A B. thuringiensis kurstaki was first discovered by H. Dulmage in 1970 and commercialized as a DipelTM due to powerful toxicity to various Lepidoptera. Previously we isolated B. thuringiensis kurstaki on the basis of plasmid DNA profiling and H-antigen serotyping. The aims of this study were to screen larvicidal activities and select the highly active B. thuringiensis isolates against the important polyphagous pests of mandarine oranges and vegetables. The colony forming unit (CFU/ml) of each of culture mixtures was determined to estimate the δ-endotoxin concentration. The bioassay against artificial diet-rearing insects was conducted by surface contamination methods using the Petri dishes specially designed and manufactured by SPL Lifesciences. The insecticidal activities to the natural diet-rearing insect were measured by the application of spore and crystal mixtures to the leaf discs of the chinese cabbage with Potter spray tower. The following insects were used for the larvicidal activities of B. thuringiensis isolates: beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, giant looper Ascotis selenaria, tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura, and variegated cutworm Peridroma sucia.

In order to investigate 95% retained critical current of Bi-2223/Ag tapes under various stress-strain conditions, load cell attached tension and bending apparatus was used. The critical current of stress-strained tape was degraded below 95% retained critical current when tension and bending was simultaneously applied together. But only one of this tension or bending did not degrade the tape below 95% retained critical current. Deformation temperature was important to maintain the 95% retained Ic of Bi-2223/Ag tapes after bending or tension deformation because mechanical strength of tapes can be changed drastically between room temperature and 77 K.

Five kinds of double stacked 385 (55 x7) filamentary Bi2212/Ag round wires and 55 filamentary tapes with different Ag ratios (silver area/superconductor area) have been fabricated via PIT method, and the effects of Ag ratio and processing factors on critical current density were studied. The effects of the maximum temperature and average filament diameter on critical current density were also studied. The wire of 0.74 mm diameter having Ag ratio 3.7 showed critical current density of at 4.2 K, 0 T.

The dramatic increase in population accompanied by rapid industrialization in developing countries including China has caused imbalances in the supply of food and energy. To cope with these global crises over food and energy supplies as well as environmental problems, it is urgently required to develop industrial GM crops to be grown in marginal lands including desertification and polluted lands for sustainable agriculture. Recently we developed several tansgenic crops such as sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) expressing genes of both Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in the chloroplasts under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter (referred to SSA plants). SSA plants showed a strong tolerance to oxidative stress caused bythe application of methyl viologen (MV, paraquat), a ROS-generating non-selective herbicide. SSA sweetpotato plants showed higher tolerance to chilling stress than non-transgenic (NT) plants, whereas SSA potato plants showed higher tolerance to high temperature. SSA sweetpotato plants showed a strong tolerance to the application of sulfur dioxide (500 ppb) compared to NT plants. Enhanced tolerance of transgenic crops expressing NDP kinase 2 in cytosols under SWPA2 promoter (SN plants) to environmental stress will be introduced. In addition, the strategies for sustainable agriculture in marginal areas will be discussed

Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are metalloenzymes that convert O2- to H2O2. Rehmannia glutinosa is highly tolerant to paraquat-induced oxidative stress. The primary objective of this study was to characterize regulation of SOD gene expression in R. glutinosa in response to oxidative stresses and hormones. A full-length putative SOD clone (RgCu-ZnSOD1) was isolated from the leaf cDNA library of R. glutinosa using an expressed sequence tag clone as a probe. RgCu-ZnSOD1 cDNA is 777 bp in length and contains an open reading frame for a polypeptide consisted of 152 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of the clone shows highest sequence similarity to the cytosolic Cu-ZnSODs. The two to three major bands with several minor ones on the Southern blots indicate that RgCu-ZnSOD1 is a member of a small multi-gene family. RgCuZnSOD1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in the leaf, flower and root. The expression of RgCu-ZnSOD1 mRNA was increased about 20% by wounding and paraquat, but decreased over 50% by ethylene and GA3. This result indicates that the RgCu-ZnSOD1 expression is regulated differentially by different stresses and phytohormones at the transcription level. The RgCu-ZnSOD1 sequence and information on its regulation will be useful in investigating the role of SOD in the paraquat tolerance of R. glutinosa.

Four urushiol components isolated from the sap of Korean lacquer tree(Rhus vernicifera Stokes) showed a strong antifungal activity, but they have no or low activity the bacteria and yeasts. Among them, 3-pentadecylcatechol marked the highest activity on the spore germination of Cladosporium herbarum (MIC:4μg/ml).