도라지모시대(Adenophora grandiflora Nakai)는 국내 자생 지 자생식물이지만, 정보부족(DD)으로 분류되며, 자생지 기초 정보나 증식에 대한 연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구는 종 자의 휴면 유형을 구명하고 메커니즘을 구명하기 위해 수행되 었다. E:S ratio 분석 결과, 발아 전후 배 신장의 차이는 0.50% 로 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며(p > 0.05), 형태적 휴면은 존재하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 수분흡수 실험에서 종자는 치 상 직후부터 빠르게 수분을 흡수하여 물리적 휴면은 보유하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 변온 조건(4℃, 15/6℃, 20/10℃, 25/15℃)에서 발아를 조사한 결과, 25/15 ℃에서만 8.33%로 낮은 발아율이 관찰되었으며, 다른 온도 조건에서는 발아가 일 어나지 않았다. 온도 단독 처리만으로는 발아가 거의 일어나지 않았으나, GA3 처리 시 농도가 증가함에 따라 발아율이 유의적 으로 상승하였다. 특히 1000 mg·L-1 처리구에서는 25/15℃와 15/6℃, 조건 모두에서 각각 최대 90.74%, 90.57%의 발아율을 달성하였으며, 25/15℃, 처리구에서는 2주 차에 85.18%의 빠 른 초기 발아가 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과, 해당 종자는 수분을 흡수할 수 있으나 내부생리적 억제 기작으로 인해 발아가 제한 되는 생리적 휴면(PD)이 존재하며, GA3 고농도 처리 시 발아율 이 크게 증가하고 휴면해제가 이루어지는 점으로 보아, 본 종자 는 non-deep physiological dormancy에 해당하는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT) for ivermectin (IVM) in pigs as part of the introduction of the positive list system (PLS) program. Forty-two healthy pigs were orally administered IVM at doses of 2.4 mg/kg feed (IVM-1, n = 20) and 4.8 mg/kg feed (IVM-2, n = 20) once daily for 7 days. After treatment, tissue samples were collected from four pigs at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days post-administration. Based on a previously established analytical method, residual IVM concentrations in pig tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS. In the IVM-1 group, IVM levels in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) on days 7, 7, 7, and 14 after the final administration, respectively. In the IVM-2 group, IVM levels in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the LOQ on days 7, 14, 7, and 14 after the final administration, respectively. According to the European Medicines Agency guideline on the determination of withdrawal times, the WTs for IVM-1 and IVM-2 in edible pig tissues were established as 8 and 11 days, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated WT of IVM in swine edible tissues was shorter than the currently recommended WT of 14 days for IVM.

This study was conducted to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT) of ivermectin (IVM) in goats in accordance with the implementation of the positive list system (PLS). Thirty-four healthy goats were topically administered IVM at doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) (IVM-1, n = 16) or 1.0 mg/kg BW (IVM-2, n = 16) as a single treatment. Tissue samples were collected from four goats at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-administration. Residual concentrations of IVM in edible tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS based on a previously validated analytical method. In the IVM-1 group, IVM concentrations in all edible tissues were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) by day 3 post-administration. In the IVM-2 group, IVM concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were below the LOQ by days 7, 3, 3, and 7 post-administration, respectively. WTs were estimated in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guideline on the determination of withdrawal periods. The calculated WTs for IVM-1 and IVM-2 were 12 and 19 days, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated WT of IVM in edible goat tissues was shorter than the currently recommended withdrawal period of 28 days.

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and plays a critical role in maintaining normal neuronal function. However, excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate under pathological conditions induces excitotoxicity, which is closely associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequent neuronal cell death. S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is a compound derived from aged garlic, known for its antioxidant and potential cardioprotective properties. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of SAC against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. HT22 cells were exposed to glutamate to establish an in vitro oxidative neurotoxicity model. SAC was administered 2 h prior to glutamate exposure to evaluate its protective potential. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and glutamate-induced morphological changes were examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Glutamate treatment significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and induced characteristic neuronal damage, including cell shrinkage, dendritic loss, and decreased cell density. SAC treatment alone did not affect cell viability, indicating that SAC is non-cytotoxic within the tested concentration range. Notably, pretreatment with SAC significantly attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and improved glutamate-induced morphological alterations, thereby preserving neuronal structure and reducing cellular damage. In conclusion, SAC exerts significant protective effects against glutamate-induced oxidative neurotoxicity in HT22 cells. These findings suggest that SAC may serve as a promising neuroprotective agent for excitotoxicity-related neurological disorders.

Boreolithothamnion astragaloi, a coralline algal species belonging to the family Hapalidiaceae and order Hapalidiales, has been reported from British Columbia, Canada in northeastern Pacific. In this study, we report B. astragaloi for the first time from Korea, representing its initial record in the northwestern Pacific. Morpho-anatomical and molecular analyses of Lithothamnion-like specimens collected in Korea revealed that some individuals correspond to B. astragaloi. This species is characterized by flattened, flared epithallial cells; subepithallial initials as long as or longer than the cells immediately subtending them; cell fusions; multiporate tetrasporangial conceptacles; and tetra/bisporangial conceptacles developed from small groups of subepithallial initials. Phylogenetic analyses based on the COI-5P, psbA, and rbcL datasets place B. astragaloi firmly within the Boreolithothamnion clade, supporting its identification and extending the known distribution of the species to the northwestern Pacific.

본 리뷰는 수국속 식물 육종 연구에서 종 활용, 교잡, 생식･생 물학적 특성, 그리고 품종 보호의 전개 양상을 종합적으로 정리 하였다. 수국속 식물 육종은 내환경성과 관상적 특성의 혼합을 위한 종내･외 교잡 과정에서는 일방적 불친화성, 자가불화합성, 수정 후 장벽과 같은 교배 친화성 문제가 실생 확보를 제한하는 주요 요인으로 작용해 왔다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위한 보조 기술로서 배주 배양은 종간 교잡에서 중요한 역할을 수행해 왔 다. 이러한 육종 과정의 성과는 최종적으로 품종 출원 및 등록 자료로 축적되며, 자료 분석을 통해 수국속 식물 육종의 출발점 과 변화 양상을 확인하였다. 국내 품종 출원 기록은 현재의 육종 과 시장 흐름이 관상 가치와 재배 안정성을 동시에 추구하는 방향으로 변화하고 있음을 보여주었다. 결과적으로, 본 리뷰는 교배 연구와 보조 기술, 품종보호 기록을 연계해 국내 수국속 식물 품종 개발의 연구 및 전략적 방향을 제시한다.

Automated storage/retrieval systems (AS/RS) remain essential in various industries, including smart factories and distribution centers. This study analyzes the flow time of a twin crane AS/RS (TC-AS/RS) with connected material handling systems such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs). To account for system variability, we developed a discrete-event simulation model considering factors such as arrival and service rates. The simulation data is further analyzed using a G/G/1 queueing model to evaluate system performance. Experimental results show that analyzing TC-AS/RS at the crane-level improves estimation accuracy compared to system-level G/G/1 model. Additionally, the input/output (I/O) configuration significantly impacts flow times, with the Both ends I/O layout help prevent bottlenecks under high demand in the connected material handling system.

This study examine differences in consumers’ knowledge of environmentally sustainable materials based on prior purchase experience with eco-friendly fashion products. Furthermore, it explores how this experience relates to variations in attitudes toward eco-friendly products, subjective norms, and purchase intention. For this study, an online survey was conducted using quota sampling based on gender and age group (20, 30, 40s). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. Among the respondents, 221 had prior experience purchasing eco-friendly fashion products (i.e., purchasers), while 192 did not (i.e., non-purchasers). In results, purchasers demonstrated significantly greater awareness that products made from organic cashmere, organic hemp, recycled polyester, recycled nylon, recycled cotton, alternative leather, alternative fur, zero-waste materials, and biodegradable materials qualify as environmentally friendly. However, organic cotton was widely recognized as environmentally friendly by both groups, resulting in no significant difference in purchase intention for this material. Additionally, purchasers prioritized material composition, production methods, and environmental impact more than non-purchasers when deciding to purchase eco-friendly. Purchasers also exhibited more favorable attitudes, higher subjective norms, and stronger purchase intentions toward eco-friendly fashion products than did non-purchasers. These findings offer valuable insights for developing targeted educational and marketing strategies for eco-friendly fashion products, tailored to consumers’ varying levels of purchase experience and environmental awareness.

In canine solid tumors, genetic alterations are crucial for initiating and advancing tumor growth, leading to modifications in the originating tissue and shaping the tumor’s developmental course. Structural variants, including inversions, deletions, and translocations, are hallmarks of most cancer genomes and are causatively linked to tumorigenesis. Histopathology was used to confirm tumor type, while structural genomic alterations were identified through whole-genome sequencing. The examination of 4 tumors and 52 normal whole-genome sequences enabled a precise exploration of the genetic foundations of solid tumor biology, particularly the pattern of somatic structural variation. Structural variants in tumor samples were predominantly found in genes involved in the RTK–Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway, as well as in those regulating apoptosis and cell survival. Among the structural variants discovered, the detection of STARD4 in the solid tumor group, which is related to cholesterol regulation, indicates a potential common pathway in tumorigenesis. This research highlights the genetic intricacy of tumors and underscores the importance of personalized strategies for diagnosis and prognosis, employing comprehensive genetic profiling.

본 논문은 2025년 5월 파나마에서 개최된 제3차 COALA 글로벌 사우스 선교대회에서 발표된 내용을 확장·학술화한 연구로, 존 스토트의 ‘선교의 기독론(Christology of Mission)’을 통해 글로벌 사우스 선교운동 의 신학적 공통성을 분석한다. 세계기독교의 중심이 글로벌 사우스로 이동 함에 따라 아프리카, 아시아, 라틴아메리카 교회들은 글로벌 선교의 주요 주체로 부상하고 있다. 본 연구는 성육신, 고난, 부활, 영광, 성령, 재림으로 구성된 존 스토트의 여섯 가지 기독론적 단계에 기초하여, COALA 대회에서 발표된 11편의 발표문과 두 개의 공식 선언문(방콕 선언, 파나마 선언)을 분석하였다. 그 결과 글로벌 사우스 선교는 토착성과 성육신적 선교, 고난을 통한 선교, 다양성 속의 선교적 생명력, 상호성과 평등에 기초한 우정의 선교 동기, 성령 의존성, 종말론적 긴급성이라는 여섯 가지 공통된 특징을 지니고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 기독론적 패턴은 글로벌 사우스 선교의 신학적 기초를 형성하며, COALA 네트워크 내 다중중심적 협력과 공동의 글로벌 선교 신학 형성에 기여함을 논증한다.

This study explores the use of Midjourney (V6) by fashion design undergraduates for AI-supported ideation, focusing on how outcomes differ based on fashion-domain competence and prompt/parameter instruction. A focused ethnographic, comparative case-study design was used to observe a short collection-development module. Data included Discord prompt and parameter logs, generated image outputs (mood boards, look proposals, and pattern drafts), one-on-one interviews, classroom observation notes, and expert co-coding and qualitative evaluation. Participants were organized into four groups by crossing Basic vs. Advanced Fashion competence (BF/AF) with Basic vs. Advanced Prompt training (BP/AP): BF-BP, AF-BP, BF-AP, and AF-AP. BF-BP depended on repetitive/imaginary use and generic descriptors, resulting in visually appealing yet conceptually fragmented and low-feasibility results. AF-BP leveraged a richer domain vocabulary to improve item-level adequacy but struggled to maintain collection-level consistency, leading to the use of external editing tools such as Photoshop and Illustrator for portfolio-level refinement. BF-AP quickly mastered commands and parameters (e.g., /describe, --chaos, --stylize, --ar, --tile, --no, --sref, --cref), generating appealing concept imagery while failing to convert outputs into wearable garments and cohesive collections. AF-AP combined advanced fashion knowledge with strategic parameter sequencing— broad exploration, followed by consistency control and selective refinement—achieving the most coherent, feasible outcomes and positioning AI as an early-stage accelerator rather than a substitute for core design and making skills. Overall, this study proposes “parameter literacy” as a domain-specific extension of GenAI literacy and offers a parameter–process mapping (divergent generation, consistency control, and editing/refinement) to enhance fashion curricula.

Salvia plebeia R. Brown is a medicinal plant containing various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, and has been reported to exhibit diverse pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. However, previous studies on S. plebeia have mainly focused on phytochemical identification and pharmacological evaluation, while biotechnological approaches aimed at enhancing the productivity of major bioactive compounds—particularly metabolic regulation and content improvement through elicitor treatment in in vitro culture systems—remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of elicitor treatments on the accumulation of homoplantaginin, a major bioactive compound in the leaves of in vitro–cultured S. plebeia, as well as the associated changes in anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro–grown plantlets were treated with yeast extract at concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mg/L and polyethylene glycol (PEG) at concentrations of 1, 2, and 5% (w/v), respectively. Homoplantaginin content was quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. As a result, the homoplantaginin content was significantly increased in the treatment with 2 mg/L yeast extract compared to the control, while the highest NO inhibition activity was observed in the 5% PEG treatment. These findings suggest that elicitor treatment can effectively enhance the production of bioactive compounds and anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro–cultured S. plebeian. Furthermore, this study provides fundamental data supporting the potential industrial application of S. plebeia through further elucidation of metabolic pathways and optimization of culture conditions.

미세플라스틱(MPs)은 수생 환경에 광범위하게 분포하는 오염물질로, 항생제 및 항생제 내성유전자(ARGs)의 운반체로 작용하여 생태계와 인체 건강에 복합적인 위해를 초래할 수 있다. 환경에 노출된 MPs는 노화 과정을 거치며 미생물 생물막이 형성된다. 이러한 생물막은 MPs의 물리화학적 특성을 변화시켜 항생제 흡착능을 향상시키고, ARGs의 유지 및 증식을 촉진한다. 항생제와 생물막이 형성된 MPs 간의 상호작용은 수소결합, 정전기적 상호작용, 소수성 효과, 공극 채움 등 복합적인 기작에 의해 지배되며, 미생물 활성은 흡착, 분해 및 탈착의 동역학을 추가로 조절한다. 생물막이 형성된 MPs는 오염물질의 저장소이자 운반체로서 기능하며, 수생 생물에 대한 항생제의 생물유효성을 증가시키고 미생물 군집 간의 수평적 유전자 전달을 촉진한다. 이러한 공동 노출은 수생 생물에서 산화적 스트레스, 면역 기능 저하, 효소 활성 억제, 조직 손상 등을 유발할 수 있으며, 먹이망을 통한 연쇄적 영향을 통해 궁극적으로 인간 건강에도 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 특히, 본 논문은 생물막 형성이 항생제 흡착과 수평적 유전자 전달 역학에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 초점을 맞추어 최신 연구 결과를 정리하였다. 이를 통해 생물막형성-항생제흡착-유전자전달 세가지 요소간 복잡한 상호작용의 물리화학적 및 생물학적 메커니즘을 명확히 설명하였으며, 이와 연관된 환경적 위해성을 파악하고 저감하기 위한 연구를 수행하기 위한 배경지식으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of reducing crude protein (CP) levels in growing pig diets on manure nitrogen emissions to identify strategies for maximizing environmental benefits. A systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus (2003 to 2024) yielded 56 observations from 10 studies. We employed random-effects models with restricted maximum-likelihood (REML) estimation and used Hedges’ g to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Additionally, meta-regression and broken-line regression analyses were conducted to investigate heterogeneity and emission breakpoints. The results indicate that low-protein diets significantly reduce both urinary nitrogen emissions (SMD = -5.09; p < 0.0001) and fecal nitrogen emissions (SMD = -0.79; p < 0.001). Substantial heterogeneity was observed for both fecal ($I^2$ = 81.6%) and urinary ($I^2$ = 81.7%) nitrogen emissions (p < 0.0001), highlighting the influence of varying study conditions. Broken-line regression analysis identified a significant breakpoint for urinary nitrogen emissions at 18.8% CP (p < 0.01), whereas no significant breakpoint was observed for fecal nitrogen emissions. Meta-regression analysis revealed that every 1% decrease in dietary CP was associated with increased supplementation of synthetic amino acids, including DL-methionine (p < 0.05), DL-tryptophan (p < 0.04), and L-threonine (p < 0.02), with L-lysine showing a tendency to increase (p = 0.10). Furthermore, economic analysis demonstrated that a moderate reduction to 15% CP, supplemented with four essential amino acids, yields a net cost saving of approximately $2.80 USD per metric ton; conversely, a drastic reduction to 13% CP incurs a net cost increase of approximately $14.30 USD per metric ton due to the high cost of valine and isoleucine. In conclusion, reducing dietary crude protein levels serves as an effective strategy for mitigating urinary nitrogen emissions, necessitating the precise supplementation of synthetic amino acids to balance environmental benefits with the nutritional requirements of growing pigs.

In this study, we explore the solar differential rotation using recurrent sunspots observed by space-borne instruments from August 1996 to June 2025. To avoid systematic errors, the differential rotation profiles are calculated taking into account both Earth’s elliptical orbit and the inclination of the solar rotation axis to the ecliptic. We have found that the equatorial rotation rate first increases and then decreases in Solar Cycles 23, 24, and 25, which can be interpreted as torsional oscillations with a period of approximately 11 years. When comparing the angular rotation rates at the solar maximum and minimum, the latitudinal gradient of rotations at solar minima exhibits significant cycle-to-cycle variation. During the descending phase, the latitudinal gradient of rotations changes significantly between solar cycles. The latitudinal gradient of rotations in the northern hemisphere is comparable across solar cycles, whereas that in the southern hemisphere displays significant modulations across solar cycles. In terms of the Zürich sunspot classification system, the equatorial rotation rate is higher and the differential rotation is stronger for J-type groups than for H-type groups. It is also attempted to investigate the dependence on the order of successive passages, revealing that although the equatorial rotation rates for the first and second passages are similar, the differential rotation for the second passage appears significant. This is indicative of less rigid rotation during the second passage. To conclude, we point out that the Sun appears to rotate more differentially in the case that the solar magnetic activity is relatively weaker, when comparing cases of weak and strong solar activity.

Mirizzi syndrome is infrequently associated with fistula formation, particularly a unique biliopleural fistula. The ideal therapeutic strategy remains diverse across guidelines, which usually includes surgical excision to eliminate the source of infection. We reported a case of a 60-year-old jaundiced female with pleural effusion resulting from a biliopleural fistula. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion close to the periphery of the upper right diaphragm, connected to the gallbladder. Following initial pleural drainage, an abdominal exploration was conducted to excise the fistula and remove the gallbladder. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for obtaining optimal outcomes for patients with biliopleural fistula.

Background: Pressure biofeedback may facilitate selective rotator cuff activation during shoulder external rotation, but training effects and structural changes are unclear. Objectives: To examine the effects of a 4-week external rotation program with pressure biofeedback on shoulder muscle activity and rotator cuff thickness. Design: Quasi-experimental design. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were randomized to experimental (n=15) or control (n=15). Both performed seated external rotation at 30° with an elastic band (3×12 reps, 4 sessions/week, 4-week); the biofeedback group maintained 40 mmHg scapular adduction pressure. Surface EMG (%MVIC) and ultrasound muscle thickness were assessed pre/post. Paired and independent t-tests were used (α=.05). Results: In the experimental group, teres minor and infraspinatus activity increased, whereas middle and posterior deltoid activity decreased (P<.05). Post-intervention, rotator cuff activity was higher and posterior deltoid activity was lower versus control (P<.05). Muscle thickness showed no significant changes. Conclusions: A 4-week pressure biofeedback training program changed muscle activation during shoulder external rotation by increasing rotator cuff activation and decreasing compensatory deltoid activity. These findings indicate meaningful neuromuscular adaptations during the external rotation task.

The co-sintered phosphor of cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) and aluminum nitride (AlN) is a promising material for next-generation light-emitting diode lighting applications. Despite AlN’s excellent thermal conductivity, its high sintering temperature and surface reactivity limit its industrial use in co-sintered phosphors, and effective methods to improve its sinterability without compromising properties remain underexplored. In this study, the sinterability of the AlN and YAG:Ce composite is improved by coating AlN particles with a soluble carbon material (SCM) prior to sintering. SCM coating leads to a 6.75% increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity under 15 W laser excitation and a 6.85% improvement in thermal conductivity, which suppresses thermal quenching. The enhanced thermal conductivity also minimizes PL decay over time, thereby maintaining high luminosity for extended periods. Furthermore, the hardness and handling properties of the obtained sintered body are significantly improved, with hardness increasing by 112.3% when SCM-coated AlN is used. Notably, the SCM does not remain in the final product, as it is fully removed during sintering, leaving no impurities or adverse effect on the material’s properties. Given its ability to easily and uniformly coat ceramic particles, SCM coating holds promise for broader application in enhancing the sinterability and performance of various ceramic-based materials.

Bimetallic sulfides, as high-performance anode materials, exhibit high theoretical capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by inherent limitations, such as low electrical conductivity, sluggish charge transfer kinetics, and severe volume expansion. Interface-engineered heterostructures have emerged as a universal strategy to synergistically enhance conductive networks and suppress mechanical degradation. Carbon-based composites serve as optimal substrates due to their high conductivity and structural flexibility. In this study, we leverage the hierarchical porous architecture of expanded graphite (EG) to confine the self-assembly of Zn/Co precursors via a thiourea-assisted hydrothermal method, enabling in situ growth of Zn0.76Co0.24S nanoparticles within EG interlayers. Interfacial S–C covalent bonding, induced by π–π conjugation, establishes robust nanoscale coupling between Zn0.76Co0.24S and the carbon framework. The resulting “sandwich” heterostructure demonstrates exceptional cyclability (1086.9 mAh·g−1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 A·g−1) and rate capability (541.7 mAh·g−1 at 2.0 A·g−1). This work provides a generalizable design paradigm for high-performance multimetallic sulfide anodes through atomic-scale interface engineering.

Graphite crystals consist of a layered structure with stacked graphene sheets, and exhibit self-lubricating properties due to the facile sliding of graphene layers in the horizontal direction, facilitated by weak Van der Waals bonds along the c-axis. When this graphite material is impregnated with a lubricating liquid, it forms a solid and stable lubricating layer, and effectively reduces damage to the counter material from friction-induced wear under conditions of high-load reciprocating motion. This study investigates how oxidation-induced pore expansion and the silane treatment of graphite affect lubricating oil impregnation behavior, the friction coefficient of impregnated graphite, frictional stability, and microstructural changes at the friction surface. It was found that graphite oxidation within the chemical reaction temperature range enhanced porosity and increased the rate of lubricating oil impregnation. The functionalization of the graphite surface with hydrophobic silane coupling agents also significantly enhanced oil uptake, with a pronounced observed improvement when utilizing hydrophobic oils. Under a vertical load of 360 kgf and a surface pressure of 3 MPa, the graphite surface treated with hydrophobic silane and impregnated with oil exhibited the lowest average friction coefficient of 0.192 over 600 cycles. During the friction and wear process, a lubricating layer formed on the graphite surface, which contributes to stable wear performance. This surface modification strategy offers high applicability in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and heavy machinery, with the potential to significantly enhance component performance and extend service life under high-load, low-speed reciprocating conditions.