소나무재선충의 매개충인 솔수염하늘소(Monochamus alternatus Hope)와 북방수염하늘소(Monochamus saltuarius Gebler) 암수 성충의 더듬이 감각기를 주사전자현미경로 관찰하여 형태적 특성과 분포를 조사하였다. 두 매개충의 암수 성충 더듬이는 자루마디(scape), 팔굽마디(pedicel)와 9개의 채찍마디(flagellum)으로 이루어져 있었다. 더듬이 표면에 있는 감각기의 종류에는 종 간, 암수 간에 차이가 나지 않았으며 Chaetica 3 종류, Trichodea 2 종류, Basiconica 3 종류, Coeloconica 1 종류로 구분되었다. 이 중 Basiconica 3 종류는 모두 후각 수용체, Trichodea는 미각 수용체, 나머지는 기계적 감각기로 추정되었다. 감각기의 더듬이 내 분포를 보면 전체적으로 Chaetica 감각기가 가장 많았다. Basiconica 감각기는 채찍마디에만 존재하였으며 끝으로 갈수록 수가 많아졌다. Trichodea 감각기와 Coeloconica 감각기는 각 마디별로 밀도가 일정하였다.

솔껍질깍지벌레는 남부지방의 곰솔을 가해하는 주요 해충으로 최근 그 분포범위가 확산되고 있다. 현재 솔껍질깍지 벌레의 모니터링은 난낭의 조사를 통해 이뤄지고 있으나, 이는 매우 많은 인력이 필요하며 부정확하다. 따라서 페로몬을 이용한 솔껍질깍지벌레의 모니터링이 새로운 대안으로 제시되고 있다. 하지만 이 역시 적절한 가이드라인이 없어 현장적용에 큰 어려움이 있다. 본 연구 에서는 페로몬을 이용한 솔껍질깍지벌레의 효율적인 모니터링 기법 개발을 위하여 최적 페로몬 방출농도 및 트랩설치 방법을 규명하였으며, 페로몬의 새로운 합성기법의 개발 통하여 경제적 효율성을 기하였다. 성 페로몬에 대한 수컷 솔껍질깍지벌레의 유인효과는 100 μg부터 1,600 μg 까지의 처리에서 용량의존적인 관계를 나타내었으며 이 이상으로 처리할 경우 페로몬 처리 증가에 따른 유인개체수가 증가하지 않았다. 트랩의 설치 높이를 지표면으로부터 50cm, 100cm 150 cm로 구분하여 조사한 결과 지상부로부터 50cm에 설치한 트랩에 가장 많은 개체가 포획되었다. 새로운 방법으로 합성한 페로몬 역시 기존 페로몬과 마찬가지로 페로몬 처리량과 유인 개체수 간 용량의존적인 관계가 나타났다.

톱다리개미허리노린재는 최근 농약사용 횟수의 증가로 천적이 사라지면서 전국적으로 크게 발생을 하고 있다. 톱다리개미허리노린재는 년 2~3회 발생하며 포장 잔재물이나 포장 주위의 잡초 등에서 성충으로 월동한 후 다음 해 봄 기주작물인 콩과 작물, 과수작물, 곡류작물에 피해를 주는데 이중 콩이 가장 적합한 먹이원이며 피해가 가장 크다. 콩의 열매 성숙 초기 즉 착협기에 일어나는 톱다리개미허리노린재에 의한 섭식 피해가 수확량에 직접적인 영향을 주기 때문이다. 본 실험은 톱다리개미허리노린재에 대한 기피제 개발 목적으로 미나리과 식물체정유인 아조완 정유와 그 성분들의 톱다리개머허리노린재 성충 및 약충에 대한 기피 활성을 실험실내에서 four-arms olfactometer를 이용하여 조사하였다. 아조완 정유를 1.25 mg의 농도에서 처리했을 때 성충 수컷 89% 및 암컷 성충 90%가 기피를 보였다. 4령 약충의 경우, 성충과 같은 농도로 처리했을 때 73%의 기피 활성이 나타났다. 아조완 정유의 기피 활성 물질을 확인하기 위해 GC-MS로 정유를 분석하였고 12종의 정유 성분을 확인하였다. 12종의 아조완 정유성분들 중 각 성충 수컷과 암컷, 4령 약충에서 1 mg 농도로 처리했을 때 thymol과 carvacrol이 100%의 강한 기피 활성을 보였다. 아조완 정유와 정유성분들은 톱다리개미허리노린재의 집합페로몬 트랩과 같이 “push and pull”전략에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

소나무재선충은 북미가 원산으로 일본, 중국, 한국을 비롯한 동북아시아의 소나무류에 막대한 피해를 주고 있으며 포르투칼과 스페인에도 발생하여 유럽 소나무류에도 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 소나무재선충은 매개충인 Monochamus속에 의해 새로운 기주로 옮겨지기 때문에 매개충을 방제하는 것이 가장 중요하다. 국내 소나무재선충 매개충은 솔수염하늘 소와 북방수염하늘소가 보고되어 있으며 이들을 방제하기 위하여 주로 유기합성농약을 항공 살포하거나 연막기를 이용하여 살포하고 있다. 하지만 유기합성농약의 대면적 살포는 산림생태계에 큰 위협요인이 되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 유기합성농약을 대체하기 위하여 소나무재선충 매개충의 집합-성페로몬 및 카이로몬 연구 그리고 이들 유인제의 현장적용 연구 및 추후 연구방향에 대해 소개를 하고자 한다.

The insecticidal activities of 13 Lamiaceae plant oils and their components against adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica L. (Blattodea: Blattellidae), were evaluated using fumigant and contact bioassay. Among the tested oils, basil, pennyroyal, and spearmint showed the strongest insecticidal activities against adult B. germanica. Insecticidal activity of pennyroyal was 100% against male B. germinica at 1.25 mg concentration in fumigant bioassay. Basil and spearmint revealed 100% and 100% insecticidal activity against male B. germinica at 5 mg concentration, but their activities reduced to 80% and 25% at 2.5 mg concentration, respectively. In contact toxicity bioassy, basil, pennyroyal, and spearmint oils exhibited 100%, 100%, and 98% mortality against female B. germanica at 1 mg/♀, respectively. Among the constituents identified in basil, pennyroyal and spearmint oils, insecticidal activity of pulegone was the strongest against male and female B. germanica.

최근 기후변화로 인하여 다양한 산림곤충들이 대면적으로 발생하여 산림수목에 큰 피해를 주고 있다. 그러나 산림해충의 정확한 발생모니터링이 이루어지고 있지 않으며 대부분의 방제 또한 유기합성농약에 의존하고 있다. 페로몬은 해충의 정확한 발생 모니터링뿐 아니라 대량포획 및 교미교란에 의한 친환경 방제방법으로 널리 활용 될 수 있다. 특히 산림은 다양한 생태계로 구성되어 있기 때문에 유기합성농약을 줄이거나 대체 할 수 있는 방제방법이 시급한 실정이다. 본 발표에서는 주요 산림해충인 천공성 해충류, 곰솔의 주요 해충인 솔껍질깍지벌레, 나비목 해충류에 대한 근래 연구동향에 대해 소개하고 미래의 산림해충 화학생태학의 연구 방향에 대한 제언을 하고자 한다.

We evaluated the larvicidal and nematicidal activities of 48 3-acylbarbituric acids analogues against the Asian tigermosquito, Aedes albopictus and the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, organisms of increasing global concern.Among 48 3-acylbarbituric acids analogues, four compounds 10, 14d, 14g, and 19b showed >90% larvicidal activity againstAe. albopictus at 10μg/mL concentration, and one (compound 10) showed the strongest larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus,with a LC50 value of 0.22μg/mL. Only compound 18 showed strong nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode.Most active compounds possessed similar physicochemical properties; thus, actives typically had ClogP values of around1.40-1.50 and rel-PSA values of 16-17%.

We evaluated the larvicidal activity of 12 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their components against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase with their components. Of the 12 plant essential oils tested, ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), caraway seed (Carum carvi), carrot seed (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), dill (Anethum graveolens), and parsley (Petroselinum sativum) resulted in >90% larval mortality when used at 0.1 mg/mL. Of the compounds identified, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, γ-terpinene, cuminaldehyde, neral, (S)-+-carvone, trans-anethole, thymol, carvacrol, myristicin, apiol, and carotol resulted in >80% larval mortality when used at 0.1 mg/mL.

Medicinal plant extracts from 27 plant species in 20 families were tested for their larvicidal activity against house fly, Musca domestica (L.). Responses varied with plant material and concentration. Among plant species tested, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica showed 100% larvicidal activity against M. domestica at 10 mg/g concentration. Larvicidal activities of Atractylodes japonica, Saussurea lappa, Asiasarum sieboldi, and Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis were 89.3, 85.3, 93.3 and 96.6% at 10 mg/g concentration, respectively. Extracts of Prunus persica, Curcuma longa and Paeonia moutan produced moderate activity. Larvicidal activity of other plant extracts was less than 50%. Among test plant species, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica showed the most potent larvicidal activity. The active constituent of P. leptostachya var. asiatica roots was identified as the leptostachyol acetate by spectroscopic analysis. The LC50valuesofleptostachyolacetateagainstM. domestica larvae was 0.039 mg/g. Naturally occurring medicinal plant extracts and Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica root–derived compounds merit further study as potential house fly larval control agents or lead compounds.

Fumigant and contact toxicities of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against adult male and female Blattella germanica were evaluated. Of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils, Eucalyptus polybractea, E. smithii, E. radiata, E. dives, E. globulus, and Melaleuca uncinata, showed 100% fumigant toxicity against adult male German cockroaches at a concentration of 7.5 mg/liter air concentration. In contact toxicity tests, E. polybractea, E. smithii, E. radiata, E. dives, E. globulus, M. dissitiflora, and M. uncinata produced strong insecticidal activity against adult male and female German cockroaches. Of the essential oil constituents, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adult male and female B. germanica. Eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, and terpinen-4-ol showed strong contact toxicity against adult male B. germanica. The toxicity of the constituent blends identified from M. dissitiflora essential oils indicated that terpinen-4-ol were major contributor to the fumigant activity or contact toxicity of the artificial blend. Only isoeugenol exhibited inhibition activity against male acetylcholinesterase. IC50values of isoeugenol were 0.22 mg/mL against male acetylcholinesterase.

We evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) and Peru balsam (Myroxylon pereira) oils against Aedes aegypti. Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100% and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate and benzyl trans-cinnamate caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 2 active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. We also tested the acute toxicity of these 2 active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna. Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2% and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. Our results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

The box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, was reared on an artificial diet based on dried powder of box tree leaves, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and INSECTA F-II (Nihon Nosan Co., Ltd) at a ratio of 3:7 (w:w) and analyzed in their developmental characteristics from 1st to 4th generation. The developmental period of larva reared on artificial diet was longer than that of larva reared on host plant. Significant difference in larval period was also observed between 1st and other generation groups. Pupation rate was the highest in 4th generation followed by 3rd, 2nd, 1st and host plant group. Significant difference in pupal period was noted between 1st and 3rd generation group. Emergence rate was the highest in 4th generation group followed by 3rd, host plant, 1st and 2nd generation group. There is a significant difference in male and female size between 1st and 4th generation group. Our result indicated that stable rearing of box tree pyralid through the year is possible by artificial diet, and the best adaptation to artificial diet was achieved at 4th generation.

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious forest pathogen in many countries including Japan, China and Korea. To minimize the environmental problems caused by synthetic chemicals broadly utilized in the control of B. xylophilus, we estimated the nematicidal potency of 63 aliphatic compounds against B. xylophilus by measuring their inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterases (ACE, EC 3.1.1.7) of B. xylophilus (BxACEs). In the primary inhibition assay using B. xylophilus crude protein, C6, C9, C10 2E-alkenal C12 alkanoic acid were observed the > 45% BxACE inhibition rate and they were subsequently estimated the inhibition rate against three recombinant BxACEs. Whole compounds showed the high inhibition rate against BxACE-1 and BxACE-2. Interestingly, C6 2E-alkenal and C12 alkanoic acid exhibited the high inhibition rate against BxACE-3 which would be insensitive to ACE inhibitors.

We evaluated insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against male and female adults of Blattella germanica. Of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oils demonstrated > 90 % fumigant toxicity against male adults of German cockroach at 5 mg/filter paper. In contact toxicity test, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) essential oils produced strong insecticidal activity against male and female adults of German cockroach. Among test compounds, carvone, 1,8-cineole, trans-dihydrocarvone, cuminaldehyde, trans-anethole, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against male and female adults of B. germanica. In a contact toxicity test, carveol, cuminaldehyde, (S)-(+)-carvone, trans-anethole, thymol, and p-cymene showed the strong contact toxicity against B. germanica male and female adults. IC50 values of α-pinene, carvacrol, and dihydrocarvone against female acetylcholine esterase were 0.28, 0.17, and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 4 active oils indicated that carvone, cuminaldehyde, and thymol were major contributors to the fumigant or contact toxicity of the artificial blend.

The larvicidal activity of 12 Apiaceae essential oils and their constituents was evaluated against third instar larvae of mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus. Of the 12 Apiaceae essential oils, Dill (Anethum graveolens), Caraway seed (Carum carvi), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Carrot seed (Daucus carota), Parsley (Petroselinum sativum) and Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) oils at 0.1 mg/ml exhibited 90% larval mortality after 2 days. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 8, 3, 13, 12 compounds, respectively. in the oils of Dill (Anethum graveolens), Caraway seed (Carum carvi), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi). The compounds thus identified were tested individually for their larvicidal activities against Aedes albopictus. At this same concentration, the individual constituents tested, α-phellandrene, α-Terpinene, ρ -cymene, (+)-Limonene, γ-Terpinene, Thymol, Carvacrol resulted in 100% mortality after 2 days. At this same concentration, the individual constituents tested, (+)-carvone, cuminaldehyde, neral, trans-anethole resulted in 80% mortality after 2 days.

We evaluated insecticidal activity of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae.. Of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), caraway seed (Carum carvi) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oils demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adults of rice weevil. Components of 4 active compounds were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and fumigant toxicity of individual compound was also tested. Among test compounds, carvone, dihydrocarvone, carveol, linalool oxide, neral, cuminaldehyde, and anethole demonstrated the strong insecticidal activity. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 4 active oils indicated that carvone, and cuminaldehyde were major contributors to the fumigant toxicity of the artificial blend.