Background : Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau is a widely used medicinal perennial woody plant. Obtaining information about the genetic diversity of plant populations is highly important for conservation and germplasm utilization. In this study, we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from chloroplast genomic sequences to identify distinct Korean-specific ecotypes of C. tricuspidata via amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR analyses. We performed molecular authentication of twelve C. tricuspidata ecotypes from different regions using DNA sequences in the chloroplast TrnL-F intergenic region. Methods and Results : SNPs were identified based on the results of nucleotide sequence for the intergenic region of TrnL-TrnF gene (chloroplast). Molecular markers were designed for those SNPs with additional mutations on the second base from SNPs for amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). HRM pattern analyses were performed using the Mx3005P QPCR System (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). Conclusion : We collected 12 individual lines of C. tricuspidata from various region in South Korea and China. Based on the nucleotide sequence in the trnL-trnF intergenic region of these lines, six SNPs and a deletion of 12 bps were identified and 12 individual lines were able to be grouped in one Korean ecotype and two different ecotypes of chinese lines, chinese line 1 and 2. The SNP markers developed in this study are useful for rapidly identifying these specific C. tricuspidata ecotypes collected from different regions.

Background : This study was conducted to serve as a basis for the production of high quality organic cultivation Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots by analyzing the content of saponins according to organic fertilizer for organic farming. Methods and Results : Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was treated by with biodegradable film, rice husks, and sawdust, non-mulching (hand weeding). A root of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed saponins using HPLC harvested on October. Content of Plantycodin D3 was an average of 68.5 ㎎/100g, which appeared as 111.2 ㎎/100g highest content in the sawdust treated. Deapioplatycodin D showed the highest 48.1 ㎎/100g in the sawdust treated. The content of Platycodin D was shown to 246.2∼373.8 ㎎/100g, the highest values were observed in non-mulching, it showed the lowest value in the rice husks treated. The content of Polygalacin D showed up to 156.0 ㎎/100g in the non-mulching as the biggest difference, the lowest value were 30.1 and 32.2 ㎎/100g in sawdust and rice husks treated. Large differences between fertilizers was not showed, but the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix were low in value compared to the control than organic fertilizers. Conclusion : Large differences between mulching materials was showed, thus the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was highest in value compared to non-mulching than sawdust treatment. Mulching Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with sawdust was an effective method for improving saponin contents.

Background : The root of Platycodin grandiflorum has been widely used as a crude drug or a dependent on the cultivation area and cultivation method. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the effect of organic fertilizer on the changes of antioxidents and antioxidant activity of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. Methods and Results : As basal fertilizer were treated before transplanting Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with chemical fertilizer(Super21, 21-17-17, Namhae Chemical), mixed organic fertilizer, bacterial culture, fermented oil cake and manure in each trial of nitrogen based on 3㎏/10a criteria. The total polyphenol content was highest values were 15.5mg/g appear in the mixed organic fertilizers, the lowest were 9.1mg/g appeared in the manure and control. Flavonoid content showed the highest 15.3 mg/g in the mixed organic fertilizer, and investigated at the lowest 5.0 mg/g in the fermented oil cake. ABTS radical scavenging activity was the highest in was 65.7 mgTE/g in the chemical fertilizer, showed the lowest value in the control to 13.0 mgTE/g. Therefore, both flavonoid and polyphenol content showed a high value on organic fertilizers. Conclusion : Therefore, both flavonoid and polyphenol content showed a high value on organic fertilizers. It is determined that to have researches for a variety of antioxidants by the organic fertilizers made in the future.

Background : This study was conducted to serve as a basis for the production of high quality organic cultivation Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots by analyzing the content of saponins according to organic fertilizer for organic farming. Methods and Results : As basal fertilizer were treated before transplanting Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with chemical fertilizer(Super21, 21-17-17, Namhae Chemical), mixed organic fertilizer, livestock manure, bacterial cultures and fermented oil cake in each trial of nitrogen based on 3 ㎏/10a criteria. A root of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed saponins using HPLC harvested on October. Content of Plantycodin D3 was an average of 40.6 ㎎ /100g, which appeared as 48.1 ㎎/100g highest content in the bacteria cultures treated. Deapioplatycodin D showed the highest 70.9 ㎎/100g in the control, the rest was investigated 28.1∼54 ㎎/100g. The content of Platycodin D was shown to 327.4∼373.8 ㎎/100g, the highest values were observed in mixed organic fertilizer, it showed the lowest value in the control. The content of Polygalacin D showed up to 336.7 ㎎/100g in the manure as the biggest difference, the lowest value were 54.5 and 74.2 ㎎/100g in bacterial cultures and control. Large differences between fertilizers was not showed, but the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix were low in value compared to the control than organic fertilizers. Conclusion : For the increasing the yield that Pharmacological effect, organic fertilizer is effective to increase the number of fine-root high which high contented with saponins.

Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are consumed as an important dietary source of provitamin A including β-carotene, α-carotene and lutein. An HPLC method was applied to determine the content of the carotenoid composition in carrot cutivars cultivated in Korea. HPLC analyses were carried out with five carrot cultivars (Socheon-5-chon, Hongsim-5-chon, Myeongju-5-chon, Seonhongbom-5-chon and Betarich) sown at April, 2007 and six cultivars (Yeoreum-5-chon, Hanyeoreum-5-chon, Sinheukjeon-5-chon, Bibariheukjeon, Manina and Betarich) sown at August of the same year. In general, the former varieties are not used for the sowing at summer because of their bolting (growth of floral axis). The former and the latter carrots were harvested after 110 and 96 days from seeding, respectively, and the carotenoids were extracted with acetone after freeze-drying. The amount of α-carotene (117.7∼205.3 μg/g・DW) was similar to that of β-carotene (113.1∼189.6 μg/g・ DW) for the carrot cultivars sown at spring, while the content (46.2∼71.1 μg/g・DW) was about a half of β-carotene content (92.5∼140.2 μg/g・DW) for the latter cultivars. In addition, the average content of lutein (25.2 μg/g・DW) in the former cultivars was eight times higher than that in the latter cultivars (3.1 μg/g・DW). Among the spring cultivation types, Socheon-5-chon and Myeongju-5-chon showed higher amount of α-carotene and β-carotene, while the higher amount was determined in Yeoreum-5-chon and Sinheukjeon-5-chon among the autumn cultivation types. Validation of the HPLC-DAD method showed good linearity (r2 > 0.997) of the three compounds analyzed in a wide concentration range (0.025∼20 μg/ml). The R.S.D. values for intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 19.2% and the mean recovery of each compound was 85.4∼104.7%.

Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are consumed as an important dietary source of b-carotene (provitamin A), a-carotene and lutein. An HPLC method was applied to determine the content of the carotenoid composition in carrot cultivars from Korea. Analyses were carried out with five carrot cultivars (Socheon-5-chon, Hongsim-5-chon, Myeongju-5-chon, Seonhongbom-5-chon and Betarich) sown at April, 2007 and six cultivars (Yeoreum-5-chon, Hanyeoreum-5-chon, Sinheukjeon-5-chon, Bibariheukjeon, Manina and Betarich) sown at August of the same year. The former and the latter carrots were harvested after 110 and 96 days from seeding, respectively, and the carotenoids were extracted with acetone after freeze-drying. The amount of a-carotenewas similar to that of b-carotene for the carrot cultivars sown at spring, while the content was about a half of b-carotene content for the latter cultivars. In addition, the average content of lutein in the former cultivars was nine times higher than that in the latter cultivars. Among the spring cultivation types, Socheon-5-chon and Myeongju-5-chon showed higher amount of a-carotene and b-carotene, while the higher amount was determined in Yeoreum-5-chon and Sinheukjeon-5-chon among the autumn cultivation types. This difference between spring cultivation types and autumn cultivation types was also shown in commercial two types of carrots purchased from local market.

When three cultivars, “Shinsunchalbyeo”, “Nokmi” and “GW-05-01”, which was collected from native glutinous rice, were exposed to increased salinity stress in exogenous solution and duration of salt stress, leaf relative water content (RWC), root water uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence were observed the significant decrease at ≥500mM NaCl concentration for 4 day stress. These decrease in leaf RWC showed 69%, 77% and 67% for Shinsunchalbeyo, Nokmi and GW-05-01, respectively, in water uptake these effects showed 84%, 85% and 91%. The difference in Fv/Fm of plants treated with 500mM NaCl showed 0.62, 0.68 and 0.78 compared with 0.78, 0.81 and 0.75 in control treatment. The effects of NaCl stress in rice seedlings indicate that the leaf RWC and photosynthetic capacity is more sensitive GW-05-01 in comparison with Shinsunchalbyeo and Nokmi, and water uptake in root is more resistant. Average plant height in Shisunchalbyeo, Nokmi and GW-05-01 showed 107, 102 and 111cm, and the 1000 grains weight were 25.5, 20.3 and 21.8, respectively.

Activity of senescence-induced antioxidant enzymes in the detached rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) was examined. The levels of ~textrmH2~textrmO2 content and peroxidase (POD) activity were gradually increased during leaf senescence, whereas catalase activity was decreased. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were slightly increased until 3d and 4d of dark induced-senescence, and thereafter were decreased. The activation of all SOD isoforms showed a significant decrease after 6d and 7d. After 4d to 7d of dark senescence, there was a significant effect in enhancing the activity of APX-12 and -13 isoforms as compared with light, despite similar levels in total APX activity. GR-8 and -10 isoforms were more effective in leaf senescence at 4d to 7d, particularly with respect to dark-induced senescence. These results suggest that the metabolism of active oxygen species such as ~textrmH2~textrmO2 is dependent on various functionally interrelated antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, SOD, APX and GR.

An experimental research was conducted in order to study the treatability of leachate and a combined wastewater of municipal landfill leachate and municipal sewage. The landfill leachate was that of Nanjido landfill site, and the municipal sewage was obtained from Chungnang municipal sewage treatment plant of Seoul. Several sets of bench-scale sequencing batch reactor(SBR) were used as experimental apparatus. Specially investigated items in this experiment were the removal efficiency of substrate and the influence of the hydraulic retention time(HRT). The experiment lasted for about 8 months. The result are as follows ; 1) The characteristics of leachate were pH 7.4∼8.1, BOD 280∼450 ㎎/1, COD 1300∼1350 ㎎/l, T-N 2021∼2110 ㎎/l, T-P 2.7∼3.2 ㎎/l, Cl- 3540∼4085 ㎎/l, and heavy metals are a very small amount. And the characteristics of sewage were pH 6.9∼7.3, BOD 78.4∼129.3 ㎎/l, COD 121.2∼305.0 ㎎/l, T-N 14.9∼36.4 ㎎/l, T-P 1.3∼5.9 ㎎/l. 2) The treatability of leachate alone was not treat well. So for the good treatment of leachate, it w;is necessary to deal with the pretreatment before biological treatment and a combined treatment of municipal sewage. 3) The various contents of the leachate were 5%, 10%, 30%, and 50%, and the removal efficiency of COD was 86.0%, 82.8%, 60.6%, and 31.7%. The maximum content of the leachate which could be successfully treated by SBR in the combined treatment eas 10% of that of sewage.