Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a promising technique with atomic-level thickness controllability and high selectivity based on self-limiting surface reactions. ALE is performed by sequential exposure of the film surface to reactants, which results in surface modification and release of volatile species. Among the various ALE methods, thermal ALE involves a thermally activated reaction by employing gas species to release the modified surface without using energetic species, such as accelerated ions and neutral beams. In this study, the basic principle and surface reaction mechanisms of thermal ALE?processes, including “fluorination-ligand exchange reaction”, “conversion-etch reaction”, “conversion-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-ligand exchange reaction”, and “oxidation-conversion-fluorination reaction” are described. In addition, the reported thermal ALE processes for the removal of various oxides, metals, and nitrides are presented.

Persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) is a remnant vessel connected with the coronary sinus and draining into the right atrium. A 3-month-old intact male Bichon Frise was evaluated for the presence of a mechanical murmur auscultation in the local animal hospital. No significant clinical signs were present on physical examination except mechanical murmur. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was diagnosed in the imaging procedure. During the left thoracotomy, PLCVC was found. The vascular malformation made the surgical process difficult by hiding PDA from the left thoracotomy surgical view. PLCVC and the vagus nerve was carefully dissected and lifted to secure a clear surgical view of PDA. The ductus arteriosus was ligated. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed postoperatively. On CTA, left brachiocephalic vein retaining connection with the coronary sinus draining into the right atrium was observed. CTA is highly recommended for dogs with PDA to provide better postoperative results.

Maruca vitrata larvae feed on flowers and pods of several leguminous crops, and can severely reduce seed yield. Adult emergence, mating and oviposition behaviors were observed in a 15h/9h=light/dark and 25℃ condition as a base study for monitoring. Emergence occurred mainly during the first five hours of scotophase. Mating occurred from the two days after emergence, and the mated females started to lay eggs from the next day. A maximal mating rate was observed in the night of five days. Mating occurred significantly more often during the time from 2 hours before to 3 hours after lights-off, but older females mated more frequently during the photophase. Electroanntennographic responses of males to some chemicals, and body extracts and volatile collections of females were measured

The aim of this study is to find out histomorphologic change and cellular activity of condyle resulted from unilateral mastication by comparison of cell proliferation and apoptosis activity. 30 adult rats were dived to 15 experimental group and 15 control group randomly. Right upper and l ower molars were gently extracted in experimental group, to make unilateral mastication environment. All subjects were sacrificed at 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks by chloroform, and their tissues were prepare to observation. Streptovidin-biotin system for BrdU stanning, was used to determine cellular proliferative activity. TUNEL method was used to determine apoptotic activity. The result for cellular activity was recorded at both of anterior portion and posterior portion of condyle. Hematoxylin and Eosin stanning was used for histiomorphological change. The results were as follows. There were more change in superficial layer than deep layer of condyle in cellular activity. In anterior portion of condyle cartilage, cellular proliferative activity of experimental group was lower than control group and apoptotic activity of experimental group was higher than control group. And apoptotic activity of extracted side in experimental group is the most. In posterior portion of condyle cartilage, cellular proliferative activity of extracted side in experimental group was higher than non-extracted side and control group, And apoptotic activity of extracted side in experimental group was the low. As a result of histomorphological change, there was hyperplasia in posterior region o f extracted side c ondyle i n experimental g roup, but t here was n o change i n unextracted side i n experimental group. There was histomorphological hyperplasia in posterior condyle of experimental group as results of high cellular proliferative activity. There was mainly apoptotic change of anterior portion condyle in experimental group. But there was no histomorphologic change. In other words, there was hyperplasia by increasing of cellular proliferative activity in posterior portion of nonfunctional side condyle. In functional side condyle, there was no histomorphological change in functional condyle, but there was change in cellular activity.

인삼뿌리썩음병균, Cylindrocarpon destructans(Zins.) Scholten을 접종한 인삼절편으로 부터 얻은 섬유소분해효소 및 펙틴질분해광소의 역가는 그 농도, 시간에 비례하였다. Cellulase (Cx), endo-polygalacturonase(endo-PG), endo-poiymethylgalacturonase (endo-PMG), exo-polygalacturonase (exe-PG)와 exo-polymeth-ylgalacturonase(exo-PMG)의 역가는 접종후 4 일째 최대였으며 endo-PG와 endo-PMG는 1일 및 2일째는 전혀 검출되지 않았으나 exo-PG와 exo-PMG는 검출되었다. 접종후 6 일째에는 모든 펙틴질분해효소는 활성을 완전히 잃었으나 섬유소분해효소는 높은 역가을 유지하였다. Cx, endo-PG, endo-PMG, exo-PG 및 exo-PMG의 최적 pH는 각각 6.0, 5.5, 8.0, 7.0-7.5, 8.5이였다. Cx, endo-PG, endo-PMG, 및 exo-PG의 최적온도는 각각 exo-PMG 였다. 섬유소분해효소는 공시한 16개 이온중에서 0.05M 만이 억제하였다. 펙틴질분해효소는 이온에 따라 상이하였으나 과 이 가장 현저히 억제하였다. 공시한 8개 농약중에서 어느 것도 유효성분으로는 모든 효소작용을 억제하지 못했으며 exo-PG만은 모든 농약의 의하여 상당히 억제되었다. 그 중에서 Difolatan은 모든 펙틴질분해효소를 가장 잘 억제시켰다. 과 은 펙틴질분해효소를 거의 억제시켰으나 섬유소분해효소는 같은 농도에서 각각 에 이르렀다. Formalin은 exo-PG와 endo-PMG를 완전 억제시켰으나 다른 효소 특히 Cx는 그렇지 못했다. Difolatan은 모든 효소를 이상 억제하였으나 Cx는 그 이하였다. C. destructans가 분필하는 섬유소분해효소 및 펙틴질분해효소는 인삼뿌리썩음병과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있으며 이 병을 효과적으로 방제하기 위하여 억제되어야 하겠다.

Angelica tenuissima, also known as Ligusticum tenuissimum, is classified as a food-related plant and has been used as traditional medicines treating headache and anemia in Asia. However, its anti-melanogenic effect has not been reported in detail. When the extract of Angelica tenuissima (ATE) was prepared by the extraction with 70% EtOH at 80°C (final yield = 22%), the contents of decursin and Z-ligustilide in ATE were determined 0.06% and 8.43%, respectively. Total flavonoid and phenolic content in mg ATE were 5.52±0.07 ㎍ quercetin equivalents and 237.27±13.24 ㎍ gallic acid equivalents, respectively. Antioxidant capacity of ATE determined by DPPH and ABTS assay was increased with a dose dependent manner up to 1000 ㎍/㎖. The amount of melanin synthesis followed by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone on B16F10 cells were significantly reduced in the presence of ATE (250 to 1000 ㎍/㎖, p<0.05). ATE (125 to 1000 ㎍/㎖, p<0.05) suppressed the tyrosinase activity but did not show any significant effect on α-glucosidase activity at the same condition. Taken together, ATE possesses tyrosinase inhibitory potential with significant antioxidant capacities. These effects of ATE might be involved in suppression of melanin synthesis, at least, in B16F10 cells. The anti-melanogenic potential of ATE will provide an insight into developing a new skin whitening product.

EP was obtained through 20% ethanol extraction of Pueraria lobata root, and the fermented form of EP, FEP, was prepared from the EP after incubating with Lactobacillus rhamnosus vitaP1. There was no significant toxicity by EP and FEP up to 1000 ㎍/㎖ in NIH-3T3, HaCaT, and B16F10 cells. In addition to antioxidant potentials of EP and FEP determined by DPPH and ABST assays, we confirmed increase of procollagen type I and elastin synthesis by supplementation of the EP and FEP at the concentration of 50 ㎍/㎖ using ELISA kits. The protein expression levels of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, -3, and -9, those are involved in the degradation of collagen or other skin matrix proteins, were remarkably suppressed while their inhibitory protein metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1) was greatly up-regulated by supplementation of the EP and FEP at a concentration of 50 ㎍/㎖. Taken together, both EP and FEP supplementation could be involved in the suppression of the skin wrinkle formation through inhibiting degradation of collagen and stimulating the synthesis of collagen and elastin. The results showed that the anti-wrinkle potential of the EP and FEP will be a promising candidate for developing cosmeceutical compounds or products.

Background : Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau is a widely used medicinal perennial woody plant. Obtaining information about the genetic diversity of plant populations is highly important for conservation and germplasm utilization. In this study, we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from chloroplast genomic sequences to identify distinct Korean-specific ecotypes of C. tricuspidata via amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR analyses. We performed molecular authentication of twelve C. tricuspidata ecotypes from different regions using DNA sequences in the chloroplast TrnL-F intergenic region. Methods and Results : SNPs were identified based on the results of nucleotide sequence for the intergenic region of TrnL-TrnF gene (chloroplast). Molecular markers were designed for those SNPs with additional mutations on the second base from SNPs for amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). HRM pattern analyses were performed using the Mx3005P QPCR System (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). Conclusion : We collected 12 individual lines of C. tricuspidata from various region in South Korea and China. Based on the nucleotide sequence in the trnL-trnF intergenic region of these lines, six SNPs and a deletion of 12 bps were identified and 12 individual lines were able to be grouped in one Korean ecotype and two different ecotypes of chinese lines, chinese line 1 and 2. The SNP markers developed in this study are useful for rapidly identifying these specific C. tricuspidata ecotypes collected from different regions.

Background : This study was development of moisture tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar. Methods and Results : Segang is developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science(NIHHS), Rural Development Administration(RDA), during the period from 2005 to 2015. The reproduction of Rehmannia glutinosa has been accomplished mainly by vegetative propagation with its seedlings have many variants. The cultivar was selected from seedling of Jihwang 1(check variety). The plant type of Segang is some rising from ground. Regional yield trials conducted at three site from 2014 to 2015. The root yield of Segang was 21.1ton per hectare, which was increased 12% compared with Jihwang 1. Also, Segang has higher catalpol content and dried root ratio compared with Jihwang 1. Conclusion : Segang is a moisture tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar.

In this study we evaluate the informative and efficiency of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Sequence Specific Amplified Polymorphism (SSAP) markers for genetic diversity, genetic relationship and population structure among 87 super sweet corn inbred lines generated by different origins. The SSR showed relatively higher level of the average gene diversity and shannon’s information index value than that of the SSAP. To assess genetic relationship and to characterize among 87 super sweet corn inbred lines using the SSR and SSAP markers. The dendrogram using SSR marker divided into nine groups of clusters were observed at the genetic similarity value 53.0%. For SSAP marker, Total three main clusters were confirmed in genetic similarity value at 50.8%. Result of combine data for SSR and SSAP markers showed six subgroup were detected in genetic similarity at 53.5%. To confirm population structure, the total 87 super sweet corn inbred lines were divided into groups I, II and admixed group based on membership probability 0.8 for SSR and SSAP markers. However population structure using combine data was K=3 and divided into group I, II, III and admixed group. This study has demonstrated the comparative analysis of SSR and SSAP for the study of genetic diversity and the genetic relationship for super sweet corn inbred lines. Thus, the results of this study will be useful to maize breeding programs in Korea.