Purpose: This study analyzed domestic studies on blended learning among nursing students to identify research trends and future directions. Methods: This scoping review was conducted following the process suggested by Arksey and O’Malley: 1) identifying the research questions; 2) searching for relevant studies; 3) study selection; 4) charting the data; 5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results; and 6) optional consultation. Relevant studies were searched using the keywords “blended learning” and “nursing” in the domestic databases RISS, KISS, and DBpia. The selection and exclusion criteria were applied to 203 articles, and 34 were finally selected. Results: The final 34 studies included 30 quantitative and four qualitative studies. Most of the studies were experimental studies. In undergraduate nursing education, blended learning was utilized more in the classroom than in the lab or clinical setting. Furthermore, it was mainly applied by combining online and offline approaches. It improved learning satisfaction, critical thinking, clinical performance, and self-directed learning ability. Conclusion: Research on blended learning in nursing education has increased over time. Blended learning positively affects learning satisfaction and learning ability in nursing students; thus, it is expected that this could be effectively utilized in both the classroom and lab or in clinical teaching for nursing students. Therefore, future studies using various research methods should be expanded, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses are recommended.

Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a promising technique with atomic-level thickness controllability and high selectivity based on self-limiting surface reactions. ALE is performed by sequential exposure of the film surface to reactants, which results in surface modification and release of volatile species. Among the various ALE methods, thermal ALE involves a thermally activated reaction by employing gas species to release the modified surface without using energetic species, such as accelerated ions and neutral beams. In this study, the basic principle and surface reaction mechanisms of thermal ALE?processes, including “fluorination-ligand exchange reaction”, “conversion-etch reaction”, “conversion-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-ligand exchange reaction”, and “oxidation-conversion-fluorination reaction” are described. In addition, the reported thermal ALE processes for the removal of various oxides, metals, and nitrides are presented.

Based on the multilingual perspective that emphasizes that non-native variants of English need to be recognized as having values equivalent to the native speakers’ English, this study aimed at discovering elementary school teachers’ perceptions and beliefs of native-speakerism, multilingualism, and monolingualism in English education, and the contradictions and questions they had as they reflected on the language ideologies. Nine elementary teachers participated in the study, and two written reflections on language ideologies and two follow-up group interviews were used as the data source. The findings were as follows. First, the teachers confirmed, consolidated, or realized how native speakerism and monolingualism were deeply rooted in English teaching and learning. However, they showed that they had agency in their own teaching, and also showed changes in their perception through reflecting on their experiences. Last, the teachers had questions and contradictions about implementing a multilingual approach in teaching English, which provides the issues and challenges to be solved for the transformation of English education in the multilingual world. This study has implications for primary English education.

The benefit of language play for language learning is not recognized in English education. Based on the idea that teachers’ perception of teaching and learning affects their teaching practices, this study sought to examine teachers’ perception of language play in the English classroom. The specific purposes of the study were to discover commonalities and differences in elementary teachers’ and pre-service teachers’ perception of language play and to provide suggestions for including language play in teacher education and classroom instruction. Separate group interviews were conducted with 7 in-service and 9 pre-service teachers at the elementary level, in which the participants shared their responses to 3 language play texts that highlight rhyme, rhythm, and nonsense compound words. The topical analysis of the data revealed that both the teachers and pre-service teachers focused on understanding the words in the texts and did not recognize their playful aspects. However, the in-service teachers interpreted the texts more actively than the pre-service teachers and shared ideas for using language play texts in the English classroom. Based on the findings, the paper emphasizes that pre-service English teacher education needs to include language play as one of curricular contents, which should continue into teacher education.

This study examined how teaching and learning activities in primary English textbooks include the components of creativity and character building. Three third and fourth grade level textbooks based on the 2015 revised curriculum were analyzed in order to find the proportions of the components of creativity and character building, and the types of learning activities that embody those components were analyzed by examining the teachers’ guides. The analysis revealed that all of the textbooks examined included diverse components that were intented to increase creativity, among which components stimulating divergent thinking and originality were a high proportion, while convergent thinking and dispositional aspects appeared less frequently. Among character building components, care-forgiveness and responsibility were two of the more popular components, while honesty and moral judgment were few and far between. From these findings, this study suggests that the components of creativity and character building should be more evenly distributed across textbook activities since they should be of equal importance in education.

Grounded in the positioning theory and the notion of transaction, this study examined two first grade English language learners in the ESL classroom in a North American elementary school. The research aimed at exploring 1) how the two children participated in the ESL classroom and developed positioning, and 2) what the patterns and paths of the students’ positioning told about their learning English. Observation of the two children in the classroom and extensive field notes were the main data for the study. The analysis of the data revealed contrasting paths of positioning the two children took up in the process of making transaction with the teacher and the classroom lesson acts. The study has several suggestions for researchers, educators, and parents.

This study is to develop creative expression ability in the expressive activity of elementary school students through mime class. The expression activity in an elementary school is to make students express themselves creatively with gestures and body move

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of heat-treated fermented black beans. The production of fermented black beans was optimized using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SMF470 and L. plantarum SMF796 strains isolated from kimchi as starters. Compared to heat-treated black bean extract, heat-treated fermented black beans showed significantly higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, as well as higher total polyphenol content (p <0.05). The neuroprotective effect through the gut-brain axis was evaluated using conditioned medium (CM) obtained by culturing heat-treated fermented black beans in intestinal cells (HT-29). The CMs of heat-treated fermented black beans from SMF470 and SMF796 showed a high protective effect on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells induced by oxidative stress from H2O2. Additionally, the CMs of heat-treated fermented black beans were found to protect SH-SY5Y cells from toxicity induced by MPP+. SMF470-CM and SMF796-CM significantly increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+, while lowering the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (p <0.05). Furthermore, SMF470-CM and SMF796-CM lowered the apoptosis-related Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The results of this study suggest that heat-treated fermented black beans can be utilized as potential health functional materials for the prevention and improvement of degenerative brain diseases.

문화감응교육(culturally responsive teaching)은 1970년대부터 1990년대에 이르기까지 이론적 태동과 성장을 거쳐, 이후 30년간 세계 각국의 현장에서 교육과정과 수업의 다양화를 추동 해왔다. 본 연구에서는 지난 11여 년 간 문화감응교육을 배우고, 가르치며, 탐구한 나의 경 험을 통해 문화감응교육의 본질과 지향을 고찰하였다. 연구방법론으로는 개인의 경험을 깊 이 있게 이해하도록 이끄는 자서전적 내러티브 탐구를 사용하였다. 내가 경험한 문화감응 교육은 급진적(radical)이고도, 현실적(realistic)이었으며, 변혁적(transformative)이었다. 교육 이론 과 실천을 지배해온 주류중심의 담론을 다문화적 담론으로 전환하고자 한다는 데에서 급진 적이다. 그러나 이러한 급진성이 교육 이론과 실천을 둘러싼 기존 사회의 구조 및 과정과 조우해야 한다고 주장하는 데에서 현실적이다. 마지막으로, 이러한 급진성과 현실성 사이에 서 문화감응교육을 실천하는 동안 학생과 문화, 학습에 대한 교사 개인의 패러다임이 전환 된다는 데에서 변혁적이다. 문화감응교육의 이와 같은 본질과 지향을 바탕으로 향후 교육 과정 정책 및 실행, 그리고 교사교육을 위한 시사점을 논의하였다.

본 연구는 비판적 혹은 사회정의 관점을 충실히 반영하면서도 한국 사회 맥락에 적합한 다문화교사교육과정의 내용체계를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 사회정의, 사회정의를 위한 교육, 다문화교육의 개념적 관계에 대한 이론적 고찰을 바탕으로 ‘정의지향적 다문화교육(justice-oriented multicultural education)’을 개념화하였으며, InTASC(Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium)에서 제시한 교사전문성의 세 영역(지식, 실행, 성향)을 기반으로 정의지향적 다문화교사교육과정의 학문적, 문화적, 사회정치적 목적을 달성하기 위한 구체적인 내용들을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서 제안한 정의지향적 다문화교사교육과정을 타당성, 현실성, 실용성, 적합성이라는 네 가지 측면에서 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 정의지향적 다문화교사교육과정의 내용체계는 향후 다문화교사교육과정 성취기준을 개발하고 평가하는 데 유용한 틀을 제공할 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 초등교사들의 다문화교육과정 실행 유형을 분석하고 각 실행 유형에 따른 교사들의 다문화교육 관련 학습경험을 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 초등교사 6명을 대상으로 심층면담을 수행한 결과, 실행 유형은 세 가지 유형으로 구분되었으며, 사회 행동적 접근의 실행 유형은 나타나지 않았다. 또한 실행 유형에 따라 다른 교사학습 경험이 도출되었다. 유형 1(교육과정 의존하나 필요에 따라 사례 추가)의 교사들은 다문화가정 학생과의 경험, 강의식 연수 경험, 동 학년 교사 간 수업 자료 공유 경험이 있었다. 유형 2(교육과정에 제시되지 않은 목표 추가)의 교사들은 토론식 연수 경험, 동 학년 간 협동적 수업 개발이나 협력적 문제해결 경험이 있었다. 유형 3(교육과정에 포함되지 않은 다양한 관점 반영)의 교사들은 다문화교육 관련 탐구 경험이 있었다. 연구결과를 토대로 교사들의 다문화교육과정 실행을 지원하는 전략들을 개발하기 위한 시사점을 제시하였다.

The recent interests of good health and the increase of people who spend their leisure times with the nature bring a great attention to the natural well-being center. The web-site for the natural well-being center can be used not only to inform and advertise the contents of the center, but also to induce visitors. This paper describes the planning of public web-site for natural well-being civic center. At first, this paper analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of three major public web-sites for Seoul. Taking this analysis as a foundation, the paper designs the information architecture of the web-site for natural well-being center. This structure is divided into two parts: the offfering of basic information and the inducement of citizen participation. The first part includes menus that introduce the details of the business information, whereas the second part is composed of menus that induce the voluntary participation of citizens such as public service or donation. The results of this study will be used to develop and manage the web-site for natural well-being center.