본 연구는 국내에서 실내 관상용으로 많이 활용되는 스킨답 서스의 실내재배 시 적정 인공광원, 수경재배 전기전도도 농 도 및 용토를 선발하기 위하여 수행하였다. 실내재배 시 인공 광원은 형광등, 적청 LED, 백색 LED로 처리하였다. 수경재배 시 양액 농도는 EC 1.2, 1.6, 2.0ds·m-1 수준으로 하였고, 재 배용토는 제올라이트, 코코피트, 펄라이트, 황토볼 4가지로 달리하였다. 스킨답서스의 실내 재배 시 줄기 길이는 형광등 과 적청 LED 처리보다 백색 LED 처리에서 길어졌다. 잎의 크기는 적청 LED 처리에서 형광등과 백색 LED 처리보다 커 지는 경향이었다. 엽록소 지수값은 백색 LED>적청 LED>형광 등 순으로 높았다. 수경재배 시 스킨답서스의 줄기길이는 EC 농도가 높아질수록 길어지는 경향이었고, 용토별로 비교하면 제올라이트와 코코피트에서 높은 경향이었다. 엽록소 지수값 도 EC 농도와 비례하여 높아졌고, 용토별로는 제올라이트와 코코피트에서 높았다. 스킨답서스의 생체중도 EC 농도가 높 을수록 높았고, 제올라이트와 코코피트에 높은 경향이었다. 상기 결과들을 종합할 때, 스킨답서스의 NFT를 이용한 실내 재배 시 적정 인공광원으로는 백색 LED를, 수경재배 양액의 농도는 EC 1.6∼2.0ds·m-1를, 그리고 NFT 용토는 제올라이 트나 코코피트가 적합하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Cnidium officinale M. is an important crop that is widely used as a raw material for health functional foods. However, it is experiencing cultivation difficulties due to climate change and abnormally high temperatures. In response to this problem, the characteristics and main causes of the high-temperature damage occurring in C. officinale M. cultivation fields were analyzed. A survey of five farmhouse fields in Jecheon and Bonghwa, major C. officinale M. cultivation areas in Korea in 2018, indicated that about 5% to 37% of the cultivation fields in Jecheon and 5% to 15% of the fields in Bonghwa died from wilting. The high-temperature damage of the C. officinale M. fields is divided into two categories: upper leaves drying due to solar radiation and temperature, and lower leaves dying serially to the radiant heat of the vinyl mulch. Damage caused by radiant heat was typically greater. This is due to the greenhouse effect that occurs in the small space between the black vinyl mulching and the soil. The heat radiated to the surface of the ridge creating an environmental condition that greatly exceeded the atmospheric temperature especially on hot days. As a result, short plants with underground parts, such as C. officinale M., can suffer more high-temperature damage than other plants, so it is considered that it is necessary to develop related technologies such as mulching materials that can reduce pavement temperature in the future.

This study was conducted to evaluate on agronomic characteristics, forage quality and dry matter (DM) yields of mugwort (Artemisia princeps Pamp.) collected different region at Seongju in Kyeongbuk from 2014 to 2015. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Mugwort was planted on 17th March, 2014 and harvested on 13th September, 2014 and on 25th May and 9th September, 2015. DM yields of Dalsung(1), Seongju B.(1), Dalsung(2) and Sajuarissuk were 17.3, 16.8, 16.7 and 16.7(MT ha⁻¹), respectively and the DM yields of those were higher (P<0.05) than the other mugworts in 2014. In 2015, DM yields of Dalsung(1), Dalsung(2), Seongju B.(1), and Sajuarissuk were 19.5, 19.3, 18.4 and 18.4(MT ha⁻¹), respectively and DM yields of those were higher (P<0.05) than the others. DDM(digestable dry matter) content of mugworts was a range of 56.4 to 60.8% and that of Sajabalssuk, 60.8% was the highest. Seongju B.(1) 58.8% was higher than Seongju B.(2) 56.4% but there were no difference among the Dalsung(1) 58.4%, Dalsung(2) 58.1%, Sajuarissuk 57.7% and Yeongcheon. The result of this study indicated that Dalsung(1), Dalsung(2), Sajuarissuk and Seongju B.(1) would be recommendable for forage production.

방선균은 토양 속에 다양하게 존재하는 미생물의 일종으로 그람 양성 진정세균으로 이차 대사산물을 생산하는 시기와 포자 착생이 시작되는 세포분화의 시기가 밀접한 관련이 있다. S. griseus는 streptomycin을 비롯한 다양한 종류의 endopeptidase 및 exopeptidase들을 생산한다. 방선균에서의 protease 생산은 많은 경우에 이차대사산물이 형성되거나 형태분화가 유도되는 시기에 동시에 시작된다는 점에서 protease가 이차대사물질 생산 및 세포분화에 일정한 기능을 수행할 것이라는 점을 시사하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 S. griseus IFO 13350에서 클로닝한 SGPE protease가 각 strain에서 형태학적으로나 생리적으로 어떠한 gene dosage 효과를 미치는지 조사하는 것이었다. sprD 유전자가 S. lividans를 숙주로 사용한 시스템에서 대량발현이 성공적으로 되는 것을 확인한 후, 본 유전자를 클로닝한 S. griseus IFOI3350 균주와 이의 A-factor 결손주인 S. griseus HHI에 형질전환하였다. S. griseus HHI과 S. griseus IFO13350 에서는 protease activity가 벡터만 도입된 대조군과 sprD 유전자가 들어간 형질전환체에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 S. griseus IFO13350 및 HHI 모두에서 생리학적·형태학적 분화의 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. Chymotrypsin 계열의 protease를 암호화하는 유전자만이 S.griseus에서 발현이 repression 된다는 사실을 본 연구 결과를 통하여 알게 되었다. 이를 바탕으로 sprD 유전자와 동일계열의 chymotrypsin 계열의 유전자들이 공통적으로 S. griseus 에서 repression되는 일반적인 기전이 있을 것으로 판단, chymotrypsin 계열 유전자들의 promoter 부분의 염기 상동성을 조사하였다. 번역개시부위 바로 상부 유전자부터 상동성을 조사한 결과 적어도 상당부분의 염기배열이 잘 보존되는 지역이 존재함을 알게 되었다. 향후 이들 발현 기구의 조절기구를 연구함으로서 protease의 기능을 밝히는데 좋은 단서를 제공할 것으로 판단된다.

고삼 메탄올 추출물로부터 분리한 flavonoids를 IR, NMR등의 분광학적인 방법으로 Leachianone A(LA)과 Sophoraflavanone G(SFG)로 동정하였고, 카드뮴의 세포독성효과를 고삼 및 고삼추출물이 방어할 수 있는 지를 검색하기 위하여 NIG 3T3 세포에 고삼 및 LA와 SFG, LA+SFG를 처리하고 MTT assay 및 광학현미경으로 세포의 생존률을 검색하여 다음과 같은 결론은 얻었다. MIT의 흡광도는 카드뮴의 농도에 의존하여 감소하였으며, IC_50인 MTT50은 12.5??이었으며 카드뮴을 IC_50농도로 처리하고 고삼 및 LA, SFG, LA+SFG를 각 화합물의 자체 세포독성을 갖지 않는 농도로 처리한 후 MTT assay로 세포 생존율을 측정한 결과 LA, SFG, LA+SFG 처리군들은 카드뮴 처리군(MTT_50)에 비해 세포생존률이 증가되었으며 이들은 고삼 및 고삼추출물의 농도에 의존적으로 증가되었고 각각의 단일 화합물보다 두 화합물 LA+SFG 병용처리군에서 수복 효과가 더 좋은 것으로 나타났으며 광학현미경적 소견에서도 세포재생이 뚜렷하게 보였다. 이상과 같이 고삼에서 분리한 flavonoids가 카드뮴 독성에 의하여 손상된 NIH 3T3 섬유아세포의 재생효과에 영향이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Background: Atractylodes radix is a well-known medicinal crop having many physiological effects. This study was conducted to select useful Atractylodes japonica × Atractylodes macrocephala (AJM) cultivars by comparing anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory efficacies. Methods and Results: Seven extracts from AJM cultivars were used to treat lipopolysacchride (LPS)-treated BV2 cells, and the effects on cell viability and inhibition on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were analyzed. In vitro scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxynitrite (NOO−) radicals were also investigated. Contents of total phenol, atractylenolide I, and atractylenolide III in the AJM extracts were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or spectrophotometry. The experiments show that none of the seven extracts was cytotoxic above 89.2% at 20 - 250㎍/㎖. Extracts of Gowon, Dawon, Sangchul, and Huchul inhibited ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner, and Sangchul extract showed the highest inhibition on ROS production. All the AJM extracts showed effective inhibitory activity after on NO release in the LPS-treated BV2 cells, and Sangchul extract showed the highest activity. Sangchul extract had the most potent scavenging activities for NOO− and had some DPPH radical scavenging effect. Sangchul extract also had the highest content at total phenol and atractylenolide I content. Atractylenolide III was not detected in the AJM extracts. Conclusions: The results suggested that Sangchul was the most useful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory resource among the AJM cultivars.

Background : Phlomidis radix is known to be effective for pain relief and anti-inflammation. Phlomidis radix (Han-Sok-Dan) is likely to be confused because it is similar in name to Dipsaci Radix (Cheon-Sok-Dan), or is similar in morphology to other Phlomioides species. Therefore, we investigated the origins and morphological characteristics of the origin plant of Phlomidis radix in order to cultivate and consume the correct one. Methods and Results : We reviewed North and South Korean and Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the books on oriental herbal medicine and botanical illustrations. In South Korea, P. umbrosa was defined as the origin plant of Phlomidis radix, whereas in North Korea, P. maximowiczii was defined. In China, it was not used as an oriental medicine. In the past, P. umbrosa, which is native to the Korean peninsula, or P. maximowiczii, which is native to the northern part of the Korea was used instead of Dipsacus asperoides for Dipsaci Radix. However, after the publication of the Korean Pharmacopoeia, Phlomidis radix and Dipsaci Radix have been distinguished, and only P. umbrosa was defined as the origin plant of Phlomidis radix. Therefore, Phlomidis radix and Dipsaci Radix should be distinguished from each other, the origin plant of Phlomidis radix is considered to be P.umbrosa. Furthermore, we investigated the external morphological and growth characteristics of Phlomoides species in Korea. There are three species of Phlomoides in Korea, such as P. umbrosa, P. maximowiczii, P. koraeinsis. P. umbrosa has no basal leaves but only stem leaves, while P. maximowiczii and P. koraeinsis have basal leaves. Also, P. maximowiczii is distinguishable from seeds with hairs while P. koraeinsis from hairless seeds. Conclusion : We considered P. umbrosa as the origins of Phlomidis radix. As a result of investigation of morphological and growth characteristics, P. umbrosa, P. maximowiczii and P.koraeinsis could be distinguished by the presence or absence of basal leaves and the difference in whether the seeds have hair or not. These results could be used as a basis for standard varieties research and cultiviation of P. umbrosa.

Background : The health-promoting effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, particularly flavanols and flavonols, which account for 30% of a fresh leaf’s dry weight, but the ingredients of the polyphenol content vary depending on the species. This study was conducted to select some candidates with superior anti-oxidative and anti-allergy effects from among seven cultivars of green tea. Methods and Results : Green tea extracts were prepared by extraction with ethanol and by evaporation of the solvent at low pressure. To evaluate their anti-allergy effect and cell viability, the samples were tested for ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity and MTT assay of the RBL-2H3 cells, respectively. The anti-oxidation effects of the samples were analyzed with a DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, four extracts including Camelia sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, C. sinensis var. Chamnok and C. sinensis var. Fushun showed effective ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖. At 50 ㎍/㎖, C. sinensis var. Saemidori had the highest cell viability as 86.1%, and all of the samples showed cell proliferation above 70% at 25 ㎍/㎖. The extract of C. sinensis var. Kemsull showed a 60 - 70% inhibitory effect on the DPPH radical at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the extracts of C. sinensis var. Ryohu, C. sinensis var. Saemidori, C. sinensis var. Yabukita showed lower DPPH inhibition effects at around 10 - 30%. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that the extracts of C. sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, and C. sinensis var. Chamnok have more prominent anti-oxidation and anti-allergy effects than other cultivars, and thus could be utilized as resources for improving health.

Background : Acetylcholine is related with various functions, including cognition and behavior, and increased activity of cholinesterase has been reported in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As such, the inhibition of cholinesterase activity could be a means of ameliorating neuronal degenerative diseases such as AD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause neuronal cell damage. The AchE inhibitory effects of Sorghum bicolor (SB) have been revealed by research. This study was conducted to compare the cholinesterase inhibitory effects and anti-oxidative effects of SB extracts according to their extraction conditions. Methods and results : Eight extracts were prepared from SB seed, which was extracted using three different methods including room temperature extraction, reflux extraction at 85℃, and accelerate solvent extraction (ASE) at 50℃ by using distilled water and/or ethanol as a solvent. AchE and BuchE inhibition activities of the extracts were measured in vitro, and their inhibitory activities on ROS, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell proliferation were analyzed in lipoppolysacchride–treated BV2 mouse microglia cells. According to the results of the experiments, the 50% ethanol extract obtained by room temperature extraction showed a BuchE inhibitory effect of 40% at the final concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖, while the other 50% ethanol extracts showed a BuchE inhibitory effect of around 20%. The 100% Ethanol extract obtained from reflux extraction at 50 ㎍/㎖ showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO generation as 58.3%, whereas the 50% ethanol extract obtained from ASE extraction at 50 ㎍/ ㎖ showed the highest inhibitory effect on ROS generation as 56.0%. Conclusion : The results of the experiments show that the 50% and 100% ethanol extracts prepared under different temperature, pressure and solvent conditions have more effective on strong cholinesterase inhibition, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects..

Background : The small-scale medicinal crops is rapidly decreasing, and there is a risk of collapse of the pharmaceutical production base due to the radical market opening such as the Korea - China FTA. Among them, the Artemisia gmelinii has been used in the oriental medicine, and it is effective in treating the fever, humidity, urination, and scabies. Although it is being grown in small areas such as Gyeongnam and Gangwon Province in Korea, standardization of raw material production is insufficient. Then we were carried out on seed characteristics and growth characteristics by harvest time of A. gmelinii. Methods and Results : We were collected 114 accession from 7 regions from 2017 to 2018. The collected resources were growing to the testing field of Department of Herbal Crop Research. An average length and width of seed in A. gmelinii were 1.05 ㎜, 0.57 ㎜ respectively. A thousand seed weight were 0.42 g. Seed germination rate was highest at 25℃ (76.4%). Plant height was similar, stem diameter was 9 – 15 ㎜ in early growth collected resources. AG1801 had many leaves (60 ea), AG1802 was blooming fast. Conclusion : The above results showed that AG1801, AG1802, and AG1803 were selected good resources. We will analyze a valid ingredient by harvest time.

Background : Licorice has been a medicinal crop which was mainly used as a traditional medicine and food, depends on most imports (99%) in Korea. We have been trying to produce licorice in Korea for a long time. However when it grow in Korea the main ingredients are below the standard value and occur of physiological disorder. Therefore, we evaluated the growth characteristics and major components of genetic resources to develop licorice varieties suitable for the domestic environment. Methods and Results : We collected 19 accession of licorice from 7 regions including China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, and Russia from 2013 to 2014. After regenerating the resources of licorice in the field we identified and classified the species. Among them, 13 lines of 2 species (G. uralensis Fisch, G. glabra L.) were selected from 2015 to 2016. We evaluated the aerial parts, underground parts, yield and glycyrrhizin content of 13 line of licorice grown one year. Plant length and stem diameter of GLY2014 - 002 was high and thick on the aerial parts. GLY2013 - 005 had many pods. GLY2014-006 had many adventitious roots like taproot (3 ea/plant) and high of root weight (170 g/plant), GLY2013 - 005, GLY2014 - 006 had high glycyrrhizin content (2.1%) in the underground parts. Conclusion : As a result of growth characteristics and glycyrrhizin analysis, GLY2013 - 002, GLY2013 - 005, GLY2013 - 007, GLY2014 - 002, GLY2014 - 006, and GLY2014 - 007 were evaluated as good resources. Therefore of six lines will be used to test productivity and conduct regional testing for developing licorice variety.

Background : Ixeris strigosa is a herb which has used leaves and roots in Korea. Recently, the cultivation area and food imports have been increased because it has been used as an functional crops for anti-obesity. However its cultivation method has not been developed and it is difficult to produce with good quality. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to determine the optimum seedroot size, plant number per hill, planting time, planting density, planting method and mulching materials for improving the cultivation method suitable for domestic environment. Methods and Results : In order to identify the proper cultivation method, I. strigosa was collected in Dangjin, Chungnam in 2016 and the yield and crop characteristics were investigated at the end of October. The seedroots were cultivated by size such as large (length 30 ㎜, thickness more than 1 ㎜), medium (30 ㎜, 1 ㎜ - 1.5 ㎜) and small (30 ㎜, less than 1 ㎜). As a result, the production of the medium-sized seedroot was highest at 950 ㎏/10a. Based on these results, medium-sized seedroots passed winter in previous year were used when plant number per hill, planting time, planting density, planting method and mulching materials were investigated. At plant number per hill, 3 seeds/hill was the highest at 836 ㎏/10a among 1, 3 and 5 seeds/hill. When the seedroots were planted at intervals of one month from mid April to mid August, the yield was the highest at 1,647 ㎏/10a at the middle of May. When the planting densities were 10 × 10, 20 × 10, 20 × 15 and 20 × 20 ㎝, 10 × 10 and 20 × 10 ㎝ had highest production. And two methods for planting have been used, one was to plant at right angles and the other to lay down. As a result, the latter yield was 612 ㎏/10a. Finally, when comparing non woven fabrics, color combination polyethylene film, black polyethylene film and no treatment among the mulching materials, black polyethylene film made the highest yield at 1,044 ㎏/10a. Conclusion : For improving the cultivation of I. strigosa, this study determined the optimum seed size, plant number per hill, planting time, planting density, planting method and mulching materials. In conclusion, the production was the best when the plant was laid down on a black polyethylene film at intervals of 20 × 10 ㎝ at the middle of May, using 3 medium-sized seeds per hill. These results are expected to contribute to the productivity and income farmers of I. strigosa.