The major active components of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) are isoflavones, which exist in the form of various glycosides. Nuruk is a traditional fermentation starter in Korea, and is suitable for the biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides because it contains various microorganisms and enzymes. This study was performed to determine changes in the isoflavones and antioxidant properties of AM fermented (AF) with nuruk over 24 hours. AF was sampled after 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h of fermentation, and calycosin 7-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, and formononetin content, and the antioxidant properties of AF were analyzed. The total phenolic content increased with fermentation time, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity increased until 6 h of fermentation and then decreased. During fermentation, the isoflavone glycosides decreased significantly as fermentation time increased. The contents of calycosin and formononetin, which are aglycons of calycosin-7-glucoside and ononin, increased from 100.54 μg/g to 276.84 μg/g and from 56.29 μg/g to 123.04 μg/g, respectively, at 18 h of fermentation. Significant correlations were observed between fermentation time, isoflavone content, and antioxidant properties. The results of this study showed that fermentation with nuruk is suitable for the biotransformation of isoflavones in AM.

Aster koraiensis Nakai (A. koraiensis) which has been used as a food and medicinal plant in the past, is valuable as functional food material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties and major phenolics of A. koraiensis extracts with different ethanol concentrations (0, 50, 70, and 100% aqueous ethanol solution). When ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent was increased, extraction yield decreased; 34.2, 23.2, 21.0, and 5.5% in 0, 50, 70, and 100% ethanolic extracts, respectively. Total phenolics content and antioxidant activities of extracts were increased in an ethanol concentration-dependant manner. The major phenolics in the extracts were chlorogenic acid (21.264~58.666 mg/g), isochlorogenic acid A (10.432~145.353 mg/g), and isochlorogenic acid C(0.239~13.148 mg/g), and these phenolic contents were higher in 70 and 100% ethanolic extracts than other extracts. Significant correlations were observed between ethanol concentration of extraction solvent, antioxidant properties, and major phenolics. These results indicated that the optimal ethanol concentration for extraction was 70%.

Fresh Omija (Schisandra chinensis) has good marketability, but its quality is difficult to maintain during storage and distribution. Freezing and freeze-thawing treatments can be utilized for the quality maintenance and processing of cold press juice. In this study, the color, antioxidant properties, and the major components of soaked liquor from Omija with freeze-thawing treatment were analyzed during the extraction periods. Each of the frozen and freeze-thawed Omija samples was soaked in 35% ethanol, extracted for 15 days, and used for analysis. The frozen and freeze-thawed samples showed a tendency toward better color and higher antioxidant activity and major component levels than the controls, and freeze-thawing was the best. The results of this study showed that freeze-thawing treatment improved the color, antioxidant properties, and level of the major components of Omija soaked liquor, and freeze storage is suitable for making soaked liquor.

Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas) easily changes its color during storage, and appropriate thermal treatment can improve storage stability through inactivation of enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase. Therefore, this study was performed to determine quality characteristics of dried A. gigas in response to high-temperature-short-time (HTST) treatment during storage. Dried A. gigas were treated at 120-180℃ for 10 min, the samples were stored at 4℃ and 50℃ for 10 weeks, and used for the analysis of qualities. Concerning the color values, the sample treated at 120℃ was similar to the control, and the color change was large when treated above 180℃. However, color difference (△E* ab) was lower in treated samples than in control. Browning index was similar for all the samples except for the sample treated at 180℃. Functional qualities (phenolics content, antioxidant activities, and level of major components) showed a slight difference according to storage periods in all samples without control, and nodakenin content was observed in control. The results of this study showed that HTST treatment improved storage stability such as stability of colors and browning index in dried A. gigas during storage, and the appropriate treatment temperature was 120℃ in terms of stability in color and browning index.

The aging treatment was applied to Rehmannia glutinosa rhizome (RGR) to improve the digestibility by the enzymatic hydrolysis of undigestible sugars. However, RGR spoils easily during the aging treatment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ethanol addition as preservatives on sugars and microbial growth of aged RGR. The RGR was treated with the addition of ethanol (0~10%) at 55℃ for eight days. Reducing, free sugars, and total bacterial counts of RGR with ethanol concentrations were analyzed during the aging periods. The aged RGR with 0-2% ethanol appeared spoiled in appearance, and total bacterial counts of these samples increased from 1.1×105 to 2.2×107 CFU and then decreased again. When treated with 4~10% ethanol, the total bacterial counts of aged RGR decreased by more than 99.9% at eight days. In all samples, reducing and digestible sugars increased, and stachyose decreased by the aging treatment. Sucrose content was highest in the 6% ethanol sample (18.2% at six days). These results indicate that the ethanol addition can be applied to the aging treatment of the RGR for improving qualities (sweetness, digestibility, and microbial growth), and can be considered for the stable production of high quality aged RGR.

This study was carried out to identify medicinal mushrooms with protective effects against oxidative stress in PC12 neuronal cell line, followed by evaluation of their antioxidant property. Extracts of medicinal mushrooms, including Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), antler-shaped Ganoderma lingzhi extract (AGLE), Hericium erinaceus extract (HEE), and Sanghuangporus baumii extract (SBE), were screened for cytotoxicity using MTT assay. None of the extracts up to 10 μg/ml concentration affected cell viability. These extracts were further checked for their protective effect against oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Exposure to 50 μM H₂O₂ induced ROS generation in PC12 cells, which was inhibited only by treatment with AGLE. In addition, inhibition of H₂O₂-induced ROS generation by AGLE was found to be in a dose-dependent manner (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/ml). Microscopic examination of DCF fluorescence for detection of ROS showed a similar pattern. Further, antioxidant activity of AGLE was determined by ABTS radical cation assay, and its IC50 was found to be 46.90±0.31 μg/ml. Taken together, these results suggest that AGLE may help to alleviate oxidative stress in PC12 neuronal cells.

영지버섯과 기타 약용버섯류를 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 농축한 뒤, 100 μg/ml의 농도로 처리하여 아질산염 소거 능을 실험한 결과 양성대조구인 Ascorbic acid는 25%의 소거능을 보이는데 반해 영지버섯 중 ASI 7080은 40%이 상 소거하는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 다음으로는 상황버섯 이 37%를 보였다. ASI 7002도 양성대조구보다 높게 나 타났.고, 그 이외의 다른 실험구는 양성대조구인 Ascorbic acid보다 낮은 아질산염 소거능을 보였다. NO assay 실험을 한 결과, 양성대조구로 쓰인 Ascorbic acid는 항염증 효능이 55%인데 반해 ASI 7002는 78.5% 로 가장 높은 항염증 효능을 보였으며, 그 다음으로 ASI 7063이 67.5%를 보였다. 기타 약용버섯류인 동충하초는 71.2%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 노루궁뎅이 버섯은 59.7%의 소거능을 보였다. 영지버섯 ASI 7002를 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 농축한 뒤, 농도별(10, 50, 100 μg/ml)로 처리하고 LPS 10 μg/ml 처리한 RAW 264.7 cell 에서 RNA를 추출하여 cDNA를 합성한 후 Real-time PCR kit 를 이용하여 염증 관련 유전자인 iNOS와 COX-2와 TNF-a의 primer를 Table 1과 같이 제작하였고, iNOS와 COX-2와 TNF-a의 발현정도를 본 결과 세 유전자 모두 농도 의존적으로 발현이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 도로 기층용 콘크리트의 굵은골재 입경에 따른 재령 7일 압축강도 특성을 분석하였다. 골재는 서울 인근에서 채취한 굵은골재 최대치수 25mm 및 40mm의 골재를 사용하였으며, 굵은 골재의 입도분포는 그림 1 및 그림 2와 같다. 또한, 도로 기층용 콘크리트의 배합은 고속도로공사 전문시방서에 의거하여 도로 기층용 콘크리트 기준을 만족할 수 있도록 표 1과 같이 배합표를 제시하였다. 압축강도 측 정을 위해 KS F 2403에 의거하여 ∅150×300mm의 시험체를 제작하여 23±2℃의 항온항습실에서 양생 후 KS F 2405에 의거하여 재령 7일의 압축강도를 측정하였다.

익명으로 행하여진 표현에 있어서 표현 내용은 물론이고 익명성은 그 자체로 보호할 가치가 있으 며, 이는 온라인 익명표현에 대하여도 마찬가지이 다. 온라인 익명표현의 익명성 보호와 다른 법익들 은 균형을 이루어야 하는바, 이러한 균형은 익명표 현에 대한 이용자정보제공제도에 있어서 절차적인 측면과 정보제공 판단기준이 되는 실체적인 측면 모두에서 구현되어야 한다. 우리나라의 경우 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보 보호 등에 관한 법률(이하‘정보통신망법’이라 한 다), 전기통신사업법, 저작권법 등을 통하여 이용자 정보제공제도를 규율하고 있다. 현행 온라인 익명 표현에 대한 이용자정보제공제도를 절차적 측면에 서 살펴보면 정보제공 시 사법부의 판단을 받지 않 는다는 점, 제공되는 정보의 주체인 이용자의 의견진술 절차가 없다는 점 등이 문제점으로 판단된다 이용자정보제공의 판단 기준에 대하여 살펴보 면, 미국의 경우 판례상 크게 3가지의 판단 기준이 적용된 것으로 보인다. 우리나라의 경우 온라인 서 비스 제공자가 수사기관의 요청에 따라 이용자의 정보를 제공한 사실에 대해 온라인 서비스 제공자 의 손해배상책임을 인정한 사례에서‘구체적으로 는 침해되는 법익 상호 간의 이익 형량을 통한 위법 성의 정도, 사안의 중대성과 긴급성 등을 종합적으 로 고려하여 개인정보를 제공할 것인지 여부’를 결 정하여야 한다고 판시하여 이익 형량을 통하여 정 보제공 여부를 판단하여야 한다는 입장으로 보이 는 판결이 있다. 그러나 이익 형량을 통하여 정보제 공 여부를 판단하여야 한다는 기준은 불명확하고 명예훼손 등 본안심사 시 이중으로 이익 형량을 거 쳐야 하는 문제점이 있다. 피고 또는 피의자의 신원 을 확보해야만 입증할 수 있는 부분을 제외한 요건 사실 또는 구성요건을 모두 입증하여야만 신원 정 보를 제공하도록 하는 기준이 명확성과 절차적 경 제성 측면에서 더 나은 기준이라고 보인다.

최근 수목자원의 항암, 항당뇨 등의 생리활성 기능이 알려지면서, 이들 수목자원을 이용한 기능성 배지에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되어 오고 있다. 이전 연구에서 이들 수목자원을 유기성 배지자원으로 이용하여 수목자원의 기능성 성분이 담자균류인 느타리버섯의 함유성분이 분해 또는 다른 유도체화합물로 이행되는지를 검토한 결과, 느타리버섯은 수목자원 톱밥배지속의 함유성분을 분해 또는 다른 유도체화합물로 이행시키지 않는 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구는 기본 532배지에 유기성배지 자원인 구지뽕나무 톱밥 20, 30, 50% 첨가 배지 자원, 감태나무 20, 30, 40% 첨가 배지 자원, 산겨릅나무 20, 40% 첨가 배지 자원, 가래나무 20, 40% 첨가 배지자원 에서 생육된 느타리버섯의 Escherichia coli 와 Staphylococcus aures에 대한 항균효과, Candida albicans에 대한 항진균효과, 항산화효과, 콜레스테롤 억제 효과 등의 생리활성을 비교 평가하였다. 실험에 사용된 공시재료는 구지뽕나무, 감태나무, 산겨릅나무, 가래나무를 사용하였고, 532배지에 각각의 톱밥을 20, 30, 40, 50% 첨가하여 느타리버섯(춘추2호)을 접종 하여 2개월 동안 생육시킨 후 생리활성 평가의 공시재료로 사용하였다. E. coli에 대한 항균 효과를 검토한 결과 모든 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯에서 유의성 있는 결과는 나타나지 않 았다. S. aureus에 대한 항균효과를 검토한 결과 모든 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯에서 유의 성 있는 결과는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 구지뽕, 감태나무 첨가한 배지에서 생육된 느타리버 섯은 control배지와 비교하였을 때 약간의 효과를 보였다. C. albicans에 대한 항진균효과를 검토한 결과 모든 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯에서 유의성 있는 결과는 나타나지 않았다. 그 러나 구지뽕, 감태나무 첨가한 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯은 저농도에서 control배지와 비교 하였을 때 약간의 효과를 보였으며, 구지뽕나무 50%를 첨가한 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯은 약간의 효과를 나타냈다. 물질자체의 항산화효과를 검토한 결과, Quercetin과 비교하였을 때 유의성 있는 결과는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나, control 배지에서 생육한 느타리버섯과 다른 배 지들을 비교 검토하였을 때, 모든 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯은 control 배지에서 생육된 느 타리버섯보다 약간의 항산화효과를 가지고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 산화적 스트레스에 대한 세포 보호효과를 검토한 결과, 모든 배지에서 유의성 있는 결과를 나타나지 않아, 모든 배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯은 항산화효과가 없는 것을 알 수 있었다. control 배지에서 생육한 느타리 버섯보다 감태나무 40% 첨가한 배지에서 생육한 버섯이 콜레스테롤 억제 효과를 보였다. 그 러나 표준시약과 비교하였을 때 모든 배지에서 생육한 느타리버섯은 콜레스테롤 억제 효과는 미미한 것으로 나타났다.

최근 수목자원의 다양한 생리활성 기능이 알려지면서 이들 수목자원을 이용한 기능성 배 지 자원에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되어 오고 있다. 이전 연구에서 이들 수목자원을 유기성배지 자원으로 이용하여 수목자원의 기능성 성분이 담자균류인 느타리버섯의 함유성분이 분해 또 는 다른 유도체화합물로 이행되는지를 검토한 결과, 느타리버섯은 수목자원 톱밥배지속의 함 유성분을 분해 또는 다른 유도체화합물로 이행시키지 않는 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구는 수목자 원 톱밥배지의 조성비율에 따른 느타리버섯의 대사산물을 NMR분석, PLS-DA(Partial least sqares discriminant analysis, 부분최소자승판별분석), PCA(Principle Component Analysis, 주 성분분석)로 분석하여 각 배지별 생육된 느타리버섯을 판별가능여부를 검토하였다. 수목배지 자원으로 항암, 항당뇨등의 생리활성 기능이 있는 것으로 알려진 가래나무, 구지뽕나무, 감태 나무, 산겨릅나무, 옻나무를 사용하였고, 532배지에 각각의 톱밥을 20, 30, 40, 50% 첨가하여 느타리버섯(춘추2호)을 접종하여 2개월동안 생육시킨후 NMR 분석용 공시재료로 사용하였다. 또한, 532배지에 홍삼박 4, 8, 12, 40%를 첨가한것과, 홍삼농축액 30, 60g을 첨가하여 느타리 버섯균을 접종하여 2개월 후 NMR 분석용 공시재료로 사용하였다. NMR을 이용하여 공시재 료의 Chemical shift를 비교 분석한 후, PLS-DA, PCA분석을 한 결과, 기본배지인 532배지에 서 생육된 느타리버섯과 수목자원배지에서 생육된 느타리버섯과 확연히 분리가 되었다. 또한, 첨가율에 따른 느타리버섯의 대사산물 비교분석 결과, 수목자원 톱밥배지의 첨가율에 따라 생 육된 느타리버섯은 대체적으로 구분을 할 수가 있었으나, 분리가 되지 않는 것은 가래나무 20, 30% 첨가하여 생육된 느타리버섯, 구지뽕나무 20, 50% 첨가하여 생육된 느타리버섯, 산겨 릅나무 20% 첨가하여 생육된 느타리버섯 등으로 나타났다. 홍삼박과 홍삼농축액을 첨가하여 생육된 느타리버섯은 홍삼박 4, 40%와 홍삼농축액 30g 첨가하여 생육된 느타리버섯은 기본배 지에서 생육된 느타리버섯과 모두 분리가 되었으나, 홍삼박 8, 12%와 홍삼농축액 60g을 첨가 하여 생육한 느타리버섯은 기본배지와 분리되지 않았다.

This study was conducted to select candidates from plant resources for the purpose of improving or treating Alzheimer’s disease, a type of dementia. One hundred and eighty-four plant extracts at a final concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖ were screened to determine their capacity to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by in vitro assay. From this AChE assay, seven plant extracts - including methanol ext. and water ext. of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark), methanol ext. of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (stamen/ovary), methanol ext. of Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), methanol ext. of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), ethanol ext. of Cinnamomum cassia Blume(bark) and ethanol ext. of Carthamus tinctorius L. (fruit) - showed effective inhibition activity ranging from 18.7% to 63.1%. The selected extracts were testified their inhibition activities on AChE and BuChE (butyrylcholinesterase) at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖. In the AChE assay, five extracts including methanol ext. of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), methanol ext. of Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), methanol ext. of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), methanol ext. and water ext. of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark) showed inhibition activity of 15.0%~73.5%, 19.5%~63.5%, 81.6%~58.5%, 69.9%~80.5%, and 54.8%~78.3%, respectively, at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖. In the BuChE assay, the extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), and Coptis chinensis (rhizome) showed inhibitory capacities of 58.9~81.6%, 45.8%~72.4%, and 33.1%~55.4% at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖, respectively. In conclusion, it is suggested that Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS, Coptis chinensis (rhizome) and Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark) could be selected as candidate materials for improving or treating Alzheimer’s disease on the basis of further study.

Background : Medicinal wild vegetables refer to wild medicinal plants whose aerial parts are edible. Recent researches for developing a functional food product from medicinal wild vegetables have been actively reported. The objective of this study is to test anti-diabetic activity of 2 medicinal wild vegetables, Allium victorialis and Aster koraiensis. Methods and Results : The medicinal wild vegetables were extracted using water and ethanol. Several medicinal wild vegetables were screened for anti-diabetic activity using α-glucosidase inhibitor screening test (colorimetric). It utilizes the ability of an active α-glucosidase to cleave a synthetic substrate and releasing a chromophore (OD 410 ㎚). In the presence of an α-glucosidase specific inhibitor, the enzymatic activity is greatly reduced which is detected by a decrease of absorbance readings. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of acarbose was compared with wild vegetables extracts at 1 ㎎/㎖. And A. victorialis and A. koraiensis extracts were selected. α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of A. victorialis and A. koraiensis extracts were confirmed in various concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that A. victorialis and A. koraiensis could be good candidates for anti-diabetic material.

Background : It is known that Platycodon grandiflorum has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory macrophages. But the change of bioactivity of platycodon grandiflorum according to steaming is not well known. In this study, We investigated the effects of steaming on anti-inflammatory activity of 70% ethanol extracts of platycodon grandiflorum. Methods and Result : The cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells treated with platycodon grandiflorum extracts was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the concentration of NO in culture supernatants were determined using nitric oxide (NO) assay. And western blotting was performed to quantify the expression of iNOS, a protein related to NO production. As a results, it was confirmed that no cytotoxicity was observed at 25, 50 and 100 ㎍/㎖ platycodon grandiflorum extracts in RAW264.7 cells. The production of NO and the expression of iNOS were induced by LPS and suppressed by all platycodon grandiflorum extracts in proportion to the number of steaming in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that a steaming process can increase anti-inflammatory activity of platycodon grandiflorum extracts.

Background : The health-promoting effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, particularly flavanols and flavonols, which account for 30% of a fresh leaf’s dry weight, but the ingredients of the polyphenol content vary depending on the species. This study was conducted to select some candidates with superior anti-oxidative and anti-allergy effects from among seven cultivars of green tea. Methods and Results : Green tea extracts were prepared by extraction with ethanol and by evaporation of the solvent at low pressure. To evaluate their anti-allergy effect and cell viability, the samples were tested for ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity and MTT assay of the RBL-2H3 cells, respectively. The anti-oxidation effects of the samples were analyzed with a DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, four extracts including Camelia sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, C. sinensis var. Chamnok and C. sinensis var. Fushun showed effective ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖. At 50 ㎍/㎖, C. sinensis var. Saemidori had the highest cell viability as 86.1%, and all of the samples showed cell proliferation above 70% at 25 ㎍/㎖. The extract of C. sinensis var. Kemsull showed a 60 - 70% inhibitory effect on the DPPH radical at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the extracts of C. sinensis var. Ryohu, C. sinensis var. Saemidori, C. sinensis var. Yabukita showed lower DPPH inhibition effects at around 10 - 30%. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that the extracts of C. sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, and C. sinensis var. Chamnok have more prominent anti-oxidation and anti-allergy effects than other cultivars, and thus could be utilized as resources for improving health.

Background : Acetylcholine is related with various functions, including cognition and behavior, and increased activity of cholinesterase has been reported in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As such, the inhibition of cholinesterase activity could be a means of ameliorating neuronal degenerative diseases such as AD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause neuronal cell damage. The AchE inhibitory effects of Sorghum bicolor (SB) have been revealed by research. This study was conducted to compare the cholinesterase inhibitory effects and anti-oxidative effects of SB extracts according to their extraction conditions. Methods and results : Eight extracts were prepared from SB seed, which was extracted using three different methods including room temperature extraction, reflux extraction at 85℃, and accelerate solvent extraction (ASE) at 50℃ by using distilled water and/or ethanol as a solvent. AchE and BuchE inhibition activities of the extracts were measured in vitro, and their inhibitory activities on ROS, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell proliferation were analyzed in lipoppolysacchride–treated BV2 mouse microglia cells. According to the results of the experiments, the 50% ethanol extract obtained by room temperature extraction showed a BuchE inhibitory effect of 40% at the final concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖, while the other 50% ethanol extracts showed a BuchE inhibitory effect of around 20%. The 100% Ethanol extract obtained from reflux extraction at 50 ㎍/㎖ showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO generation as 58.3%, whereas the 50% ethanol extract obtained from ASE extraction at 50 ㎍/ ㎖ showed the highest inhibitory effect on ROS generation as 56.0%. Conclusion : The results of the experiments show that the 50% and 100% ethanol extracts prepared under different temperature, pressure and solvent conditions have more effective on strong cholinesterase inhibition, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects..

Background : Obesity is a type of metabolic diseases caused by unbalanced in take and consumption of calories. 3T3-L1 is differentiated into adipocytes by various hormones and transcription factors and accumulates intracellular lipid. Therefore, it is important to inhibit the adipocyte differentiation precess for effective obesity inhibition. Aster yomena and Aster glehui are medicinal plant of Compositea family that grows widely in Korea. Aster genus plants have been used to treat snakebite wound or bruises in oriental. The aim of this study was comparison of inhibitory effect oxidation and adipocyte differentiation with Arial parts of A. yomena (AY) and A. glehni (AG). Methods and Results : AY and AG were cultivated from Pyeongchang in Korea, 2018. AY and AG were extracted by 70% ethanol (-E) and water (-W) at room temperature. AG-W has higher phenolic content (6.92 ± 0.23) and AG-E has higher flavonoid content (8.22 ± 0.19) than other extracts. AG-E has higher radical scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS assay (IC50 value; 104.88 ± 10.50 and 30.06 ± 0.27). In cytotoxity assay, all extracts concentrations of lower 100 ㎍/㎖ were nontoxic to the cells and can be applied for the next assay. The anti-adipogenic effect of extracts were determined in 3T3-L1 cell by Oli Red-O (ORO) staining. The lipid diplot stained with Oil red O was dissolved to determine by microplate-reader. AG-W significantly reduced the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells (70.49%) compared with other extracts (AG-E, AY-W and AY-E). Conclusion : Theses results reveal that the water extract of AG has utility as a functional food material for preventing obesity.

Background : Exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, pigmentation and severe skin damage. Astragalus membranaceus (AG) has been used as a traditional medicine and have been studied various physiological activities. During the roasting process, bioactive substances is change including antioxidant substances. The aim is study the antioxidant effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory effect of the roasted A. membranaceus (R-AG). on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Methods and Results : To prepare of R-AG samples, roasting machine was used. AG and R-AG were extracted to water and 70% ethanol. AG samples were evaluated the antioxidant potential by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2`-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activities. Additionally, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents was compared with antioxidant ingredients. AG and R-AGs were analyzed with HPLC determine the major compounds such as calycosin, mononetin and glycosides. The antioxidant activities of R-AG increased and changed in major compounds. In UVB exposed HDF cells, AGs did not affect cell viability and R-AG inhibited ROS more effectively than AG. Conclusion : From these results, R-AG can inhibit oxidative stress induced UVB in HDF cells.

Background : Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is important medicinal resource in korea. Gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) are major active compounds of G. elata, and ρ-cresol is major cause of off-odor like pig slurry from G. elata. The off-odor can decrease the quality of fresh G. elata as well as its products. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the influence of extraction temperature on bio-active and odorous compounds of G. elata extract. Methods and Results : G. elata was extracted with distilled water at 0, 30, 60, and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60, and 120 min. Gastrodin and 4-HBA contents were analyzed by using a HPLC-UVD, and ρ-cresol content was analyzed by using a SPME-GC-MS. Gastrodin content increased as increasing extraction temperature and time, and showed the highest value in extract at 90℃. 4-HBA content showed the highest value at 60℃, and increased as increasing extraction time. Total content of gastrodin and 4-HBA was higher in extract from G. elata at 60℃ for 120 min than other extracts. ρ-Cresol content was varied according to extraction temperature, and was lower in extract at 30 and 60℃ than 0 and 90℃. Conclusion : These results indicated that the extraction temperature can affect the bio-active components and off-odor of G. elata extract, and 60℃ is appropriate to improve the qualities including bio-active component and off-odor of G. elata extract and its products.

Background : Gastrodia elata (GE) is a perennial herb that belongs to the orchidaceae and is used as a medicinal or food material. Known pharmacological agents include gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. It is used as medicinal herb that is traditionally used for headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy and infant seizures. It is used for medicinal herbs such as sedation, hypnosis, epilepsy treatment, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotection, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, memory improvement, anti-aging, antiviral, anti-tumor. The purpose of this study was to find the extraction method with the highest oxidative stress inhibition and to optimize the pharmacological effect of the extract. Methods and Results : GE was freeze-dried to obtain 5 g, and then extracted into 50 ㎖ of water. Extraction temperature was 0, 30, 60 and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60 and 120 min, respectively. After centrifugation, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 ㎛ filter. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability, total phenol content, neuronal cell line (PC12) cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress scavenging activity in neurons were measured by this extract. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability and total phenol content increased with increasing temperature and extraction time. However, at 60℃ and 90℃ extraction temperature, there was no significant difference. The cytotoxicity of 2 ㎎/㎖ of GE extract was significantly increased in the extract group of 90℃ after 20 hours. Conclusion : From the above results, the water extraction conditions to optimize the pharmacological activity of GE were 120 minutes at 60℃ or less.